[Routledge Companions 01] • The Routledge Companion to Nineteenth Century Philosophy by Moyar, Dean -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Routledge Philosophy Companions PRAISE FOR THE SERIES CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTRODUCTION

1 2

Part I GERMAN IDEALISM

1 SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS, SYSTEM, DIALECTIC

Kant’s critical thought

The method of Kant’s Critique The execution of Kant’s Copernican revolution

The first stage of Idealism: Grounding the Critique

The concept of representation Reinhold’s search for a first principle of philosophy Fichte’s first principle The emergence of phenomenology Fichte on the unity of theoretical and practical philosophy The need for a system of philosophy

Hegel’s completion of German Idealism

Hegel’s transformation of Idealist methodology The science of the experience of consciousness Hegel’s Logic and the end of Idealist thought

Note References Further reading

2 EPISTEMOLOGY IN GERMAN IDEALISM

Introduction Kant’s transcendental idealism

Critique of metaphysics Sensibility and understanding: the dual-compositional theory of knowledge Appearance and thing-in-itself

The early debate about transcendental idealism Fichte’s subjective idealism

The foundation of knowledge Dogmatism, idealism, and skepticism

Hegel’s absolute idealism

Justifying knowledge without first epistemic principle Idealist history of self-consciousness Skepticism, dialectic, and absolute idealism

The legacy of idealist epistemology References

3 THE PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE OF KANT, SCHELLING AND HEGEL

Introduction Kant

Critique of Pure Reason Metaphysical foundations of natural science Critique of Judgment Opus Postumum

Schelling

The inclusion of nature The way out of the absolute The fundamental structures of nature Potentizing as the ground for the gradual structure of nature Criticism

Hegel

The place of nature in Hegel’s overall system Hegel’s objective-idealistic concept of nature Space and time – motion and mass Relative motion and the absoluteness of the motion of light Philosophy of the organic Emergence of the psychic from nature The relevance of the Hegelian philosophy of nature

Note References

4 THE MORAL THEORY OF GERMAN IDEALISM

Kant

Freedom The moral law Duties of virtue The realm of ends Autonomy

Fichte

Ethics and the Wissenschaftslehre Will and the deduction of the moral law Deduction of the applicability of the law Conviction and conscience Fichte’s rigorism The intersubjectivity of reason The doctrine of duties

Hegel

The task of philosophy Freedom and right Abstract right Morality Ethical life Civil society as the key to modern ethical life

Concluding remark References Further reading

5 THE POLITICAL THEORY OF KANT, FICHTE AND HEGEL

Modern political philosophy The foundations of Kantian right Kantian political freedom Fichte’s argument for right as mutual recognition From recognition to a politics of mistrust Hegel’s critique of social contract theory Property and ethical value in Hegel ’s Philosophy of Right Hegel’s institutionalism and holism An open-ended legacy References

6 THE AESTHETICS OF SCHELLING AND HEGEL

Synopsis Historical background Philosophy of art

Criticism of their predecessors: from taste to art Method and aims

Art: the presentation of the absolute in sensible form

Artistic representation: the unity of form and content Beauty in art and nature

Art as self-consciousness: creativity and reception

Schelling: unity of conscious and unconscious, finite and infinite Hegel: freedom and expression

Presentation of the absolute in the arts: art forms, content and history

Artistic content System of the arts Art, history, and modernity

References

Part II PHILOSOPHY AS POLITICAL ACTION

7 AFTER HEGEL: THE ACTUALIZATION OF PHILOSOPHY IN PRACTICE

Dimensions of the post-Hegelian debate

Religion and philosophy The relation between philosophy and religion in Hegel Strauss’ critique of Hegel The future of philosophy

Laying to rest the Hegelian spirit: three models of post-Hegelian Philosophy

The emancipation of self-consciousness in Bauer The reduction of Hegel’s ‘Spirit’ into human self-consciousness Objectification and dissolution: Bauer’s philosophy of history The emancipation of human beings in the anthropology of Feuerbach The emancipation of the species in Hess’s philosophy of history

The Aufhebung of philosophy, or the actualization of philosophy?

The metaphysics of species in Karl Marx Stirner’s fundamental criticism The overcoming of German ideology?

The end of the post-Hegelian discussion: Is everything ‘dead and gone’? Note References

Primary literature Secondary literature

Further reading

8 KARL MARX

Marx’s early writings

The critique of religion The critique of the state

The critique of political economy

The “core thesis” of mainstream social theory Value, abstract labor, and money The general formula of capital

The capital/wage labor relation Marx and contempory political philosophy

The moral equality principle Capitalism and the question of social ends The precarious and partial nature of improvements in workers’ consumption The limits of democracy Crisis tendencies Uneven development

The dialectic of world history Towards a Marxian alternative Appendix: a note on the Hegel/Marx connection References

9 TOCQUEVILLE, SOCIAL SCIENCE AND DEMOCRACY

Introduction Explaining democracy to the French Tocqueville’s idea of a social equilibrium Transition effects and equilibrium effects Short-term effects and long-term effects Partial effects and net effects Marginal effects and global effects No halfway houses The normative argument for democracy France or the United States? Note References

Part III RETHINKING THE SUBJECT

10 EARLY GERMAN ROMANTICISM:THE CHALLENGE OF PHILOSOPHIZING

Origins Philosophical influences

Kant Fichte Spinoza Schelling

Early romanticism’s alternative path

Novalis

The Fichte Studies The Allgemeine Brouillon

Schleiermacher Friedrich Schlegel

The aftermath of early romanticism Current debate References

11 SCHOPENHAUER

I II III IV References Further reading

12 KIERKEGAARD AND GERMAN IDEALISM

The theory of the stages or existence spheres Fear and trembling Philosophical fragments Concluding unscientific postscript Works of love Critiques of Kierkegaard References Further reading

13 NIETZSCHE

Introduction The early Nietzsche The middle Nietzsche The late Nietzsche Nietzsche, truth and post-modernism Nietzsche on affirmation Nietzsche and sublimation Perspectivism Will to power Nietzsche’s politics References

Works by Nietzsche Works by others

Further reading

14 BERGSON

Introduction Bergson’s reception of Kant Thinking beyond the human condition Duration Intuition Bergson’s critique of ethical rationalism Conclusion Note References Further reading

Part IV ENGAGING NATURALISM

15 COMTE’S POSITIVIST DREAM, OUR POST-POSITIVIST BURDEN

Introduction Comte’s positivism Comte’s three-stage law Pre-scientific history: theology Pre-scientific history: metaphysics The coming scientific era Comte’s dream: a technoscientific “ending” A technoscientific “ending”: our burden? References

16 DARWIN’S PHILOSOPHICAL IMPACT

Synopsis 1. Introduction Darwin and his context Darwin’s naturalism The pragmatic naturalization of inquiry A Darwinian metaphysics Darwinian psychology and social ecology Conclusion References

Works of Darwin Other citations

Further reading

17 THE PHILOSOPHY OF RACE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

The task of a philosophical history of race The introduction of the scientific concept of race as a response to polygenesis Race mixing and the philosophy of history Eighteenth-century environmentalism and nineteenth-century Lamarckianism Darwinism, eugenics, and the miscegenation debate Conclusion References Further reading

18 PSYCHOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY

Psychology before 1800 Psychology in German-speaking lands Psychology in Great Britain Evolutionary psychology American psychology Introspective methods in the laboratory

Unconscious mental states Relations between philosophy and psychology Psychology in the early twentieth century

References Further reading

19 DILTHEY AND THE NEO-KANTIANS: THE DISPUTE OVER THE STATUS OF THE HUMAN AND CULTURAL SCIENCES

Introduction Kant: replacing a psychology of the soul with a cultural anthropology Dilthey’s theory of the human sciences Neo-Kantianism I: the Southwest School’s distinction between idiographic and nomothetic sciences and philosophy as theory of values Neo-Kantianism II: the Marburg School: critical philosophy as philosophy of culture References

Part V UTILITARIANISM AND BRITISH IDEALISM

20 MILL: LOGIC AND METAPHYSICS

Introduction Associationism Platonism and anti-Platonism Mill vs. the metaphysics of intuition: the ontology of virtue Mill vs. the metaphysics of intuition: Coleridge Mill vs. the metaphysics of intuitionism: logic and philosophy of science Certainty and the methods of science Material objects Other minds The science of human being References

Works by John Stuart Mill Works by other authors

Further reading

21 MILL’S CONSEQUENTIALISM

The tangles of Utilitarianism Broader complexities and contradictions Varieties of consequentialism Three Millian themes

Empiricism Egalitarianism Progressivism

Mill’s consequentialism References

22 BRITISH IDEALISM: THEORETICAL PHILOSOPHY

Introduction T. H. Green F. H. Bradley Bradley and Russell on propositions Bradley and Russell on relations

Interpreting the internality thesis Bradley on relations: a closer look Internality and unreality Russell, internality and unreality Bradley’s arguments for the unreality of relations and their terms

Truth Conclusion References

Bradley’s writings Russell’s writings Other writings

Further reading

23 BRITISH IDEALISM: PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Introduction The social responsibility of the philosopher Idealism and the state Individualism and socialism The state and social justice Idealism and human rights The state and international relations Conclusion References Further reading

Part VI AMERICAN PRAGMATISM AND IDEALISM

24 C. S. PEIRCE

Portrait of the philosopher as a young scientist Sketch of a “system” as an interminable task A high faith in knowledge and a contrite sense of fallibility Logic: a normative theory of objective inquiry The pragmatic clarification of meaning and the Peircean ideal of community (1) Peirce’s Pragmatism (2) Community, Meaning, and Truth The claims of rationality and experience / the relationship of theory to practice Decisive steps toward a historical critique of experimental reason References

25 WILLIAM JAMES

A brief biography of James Difficulties in interpreting James James and the problem of epistemic responsibility Renouvier, radical empiricism, the reality of relations, and a pluralistic universe James as psychologist James’s pragmatism James’s theory of truth Scientific methodology and the open universe James’s radical empiricism and pluralism References Further reading

26 JOSIAH ROYCE

Colleagues and contexts Royce’s idealism

The purposive nature of thought The possibility of error Self-consciousness and social consciousness Conceptions of being

Royce’s ethics

The virtue of loyalty The ethical community

Remaining challenges Acknowledgements References

Writings of Josiah Royce Collections

Further references

Part VII NEW DIRECTIONS IN PHILOSOPHY OF MIND AND LOGIC

27 POST-KANTIAN LOGICAL RADICALISM

LOGICAL RADICALISM LOGIC IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Theories of concepts, judgments, and inferences Main authors and texts

THE TRANSCENDENTAL TURN IN PHILOSOPHICAL LOGIC

Kant and Hegel

Kant on transcendental and general logic Hegel’s logic

Challenges to the formality of logic

Herbart and Drobisch: the formality of logic Trendelenburg and material content Lotze and cognitive content Fischer and transcendental content Reactions to symbolic and mathematical approaches to logic

Challenges to the traditional analysis of judgments

The structure of judgments The priority of judgments Judgments and inference

RESULTS AND INFLUENCES References Further reading

28 FRANZ BRENTANO

Life and works Metaphysics Psychology Descriptive and genetic Logic, truth and language Practical philosophy Brentano on the history of philosophy Brentano’s influence and legacy Reference Further reading

29 GOTTLOB FREGE

Introduction Life and works Contributions to logic

Frege’s logical project Function and argument Syntax and axiomatization of the core logic Value-ranges, extensions and Russell’s paradox The philosophy of logic

Frege’s philosophy of mathematics

Criticisms of rival views The definition of number Logicism and its prospects

Language and metaphysics

Objects and the Hierarchy of Concepts Sense and reference Thoughts and truth

Frege’s legacy References

Frege’s Principal Works Works by others

Further reading

30 EDMUND HUSSERL

Synopsis Life and early work Philosophy of arithmetic Intentional objects

Logical Investigations

Prospects References Further reading

INDEX

← Prev
Back
Next →

← Prev
Back
Next →