Freud for Scholars by Freud, Sigmund -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

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Title Page Table Of Contents Direct Topic Links Topic Locator ····························· Definitions And Fundamental Tenets Of Psycho-Analysis

Definitions of psycho-analysis <106> The fundamental tenets/shibboleths/corner-stones of psycho-analytic theory <2708>

The existence of an unconscious portion of the mind. <437> Division of the mind into conscious and unconscious parts. <437> Importance of the unconscious. <437> Division of the mind into agencies <710> Two primary/basic instincts at work in the mind <543> Importance of early period of life/childhood <1715> Importance of sexuality, both in health and in illness. <6> Infantile sexuality. The Oedipus complex. <1287> A sexual aetiology for the neuroses <609> Dynamic view of mental processes. [See topic 589] Repression and resistance <2709>

The Mental Apparatus

In general <4400> Origins. As originally being in the nature of a reflex apparatus (arc) <4703> developed in response to the exigencies of life (external dangers, internal needs). <4703> Structure

The mind as an apparatus, a compound instrument, extended in space, comprised of several portions. <835> As being extended in space <1711> The concept of a stratification of the psyche <3794> The spatial viewpoint. <4840> When using the spatial metaphor, don't always necessarily <4840> mean a different locality but, rather, a different mode of functioning. <4840> The question of localization of function in the brain (brain 'centres') <5166> Events within the psychical apparatus as flowing in a given direction. <3883> As starting out from stimuli and moving (at first) toward hallucination and later in the direction of motor activity. <3883> Role played by memory in bringing about repetitions of experiences of satisfaction. <3883> Division of the psychical apparatus into agencies ('systems') [See also under 'The agencies'] <737>

Dynamics

A dynamic view of mental processes <589> The concept of there being some kind of mobile energy at work in mental life <1201> The forces at work in the mind - the instincts. [See also under 'The instincts'] <1058> Importance of the economic viewpoint <590>

Division into conscious and unconscious parts

Introduction

In general <5614> Existence of an unconscious portion of the mind. Its importance. [See also topic 1049] <1180> Four possible states for a mental process (conscious, preconscious, unconscious, repressed). <438>

Consciousness

The question of consciousness, in general. <224> Consciousness as constituting a negligible portion of mental life. <224> The bulk of our mental activity as being unconscious. <224> The property of consciousness

How a mental process becomes conscious. <238> Relationship to perceptual organs. <238> By coming into association with the word-presentations of things (mnemic residues of speech). <238> Ideas as representing the instincts <650> Ideas as becoming conscious through word-presentations/verbal-presentations <4340> State of consciousness a mobile quantity - may or may not attach to mental processes at any given time. <3980> Stimuli may arise from two directions - from the external world and from the interior. <4849> The latter can only be perceived as feelings in the pleasure-unpleasure series. <4849> The fact that the system responsible for consciousness has no memory <4852> The mechanism of attention <4016> The mechanism behind hallucinations <1093> The role played by consciousness in mental life in general <4848> The biological function of consciousness <5550>

The unconscious

Introduction

The existence of an unconscious portion of the mind. <1049> The concept of unconscious mental processes, unconscious mental activity. <1049> The bulk of our mind as being unconscious. <237> The basic unconsciousness of mental life, in general. <237> Our definition of the unconscious <1060> The unconscious as being what is truly psychical <1052> An unconscious portion of the mind as being an unavoidable assumption if we are to <1055> make any headway in an understanding neurotic symptoms and analogous phenomena <1055> Refutation of notion that consciousness is all there is. <1183> Over-estimation of the property of consciousness. <1183> Overestimation of the role played by consciousness in mental life. <1183> Consciousness not a necessary accompaniment of mental events. <1183> Justification for the concept of (the case for) unconscious mental processes. <1183> How we arrive at a knowledge of unconscious mental processes. <1183> Knowledge of unconscious mental processes arrived at through inference. <1183> Types of things (mental processes) that can be unconscious <788> (emotions, affects, thoughts, impulses, phantasies). <788> Proofs of the existence of unconscious mental processes <788> (solutions to problems arrived at without conscious intervention, hypnotic phenomena). <788> An idea or impulse may be unconscious and yet still be active <3676> Relevance to the neuroses. Importance of unconscious mental processes in the neuroses. <2521> How we may become aware of unconscious mental processes <1053> A problem. Three different types of unconscious. <441> Sub-division of what is unconscious into preconscious, unconscious and repressed. <441> General distinctions between them. <441>

Preconscious

In general <225> Relationship of preconscious state to mnemic residues of speech (word-presentations) <1194>

The unconscious proper

Characteristics of <1063> Further sub-division into unconscious and repressed <1050> The (ordinary) unconscious <1070> The repressed unconscious <1071> The repressed unconscious only capable of being made conscious in the face of a resistance <1069> A mental process' being unconscious not necessarily due to repression <4862> Conditions under which changes in rules governing states may occur

In general <1082> In sleep <1083> In parapraxes <1086> In jokes <1087> In the neuroses <1088> In psychosis (exception to requirement that resistances must be overcome) <1084>

Relationships between the various states

In general <4031> Distinctions between the various states. What distinguishes conscious, preconscious and unconscious mental processes. <235> Distinctions between preconscious and unconscious states <1064> Distinctions not absolute or permanent <1067> The possibility of there being more than one record of the same material <1068> Discussion of state prevailing in higher animals <1092>

The agencies

The id

Introduction

The very existence of such an agency <4716> Choice of nomenclature for <1009> As the oldest of the provinces <230> Initially the only agency <1196> Processes within the id as being wholly unconscious <231> As being far larger than the ego <763> What it is. What's in it, what goes on in it. Nature and characteristics of. <232> General description of. Characteristics of processes in, in general. <729> As having no direct contact with the external world <1725> Content of, in general. <821> Contains everything that is inherited, present at birth / laid down in the constitution. <822> As representing the past <289> As being the representative of the body's needs <730> As being the point at which the body's needs first make themselves felt <829> Instincts as finding their first psychical expression here <831> As being the home of the instincts <828> As containing the repressed <1316> Relationship between the repressed and the infantile <5564>

Characteristics of mental processes in the id

In general <1007> Mental processes within the id as being governed by different rules. <233> As being governed by the primary process. <233> Characteristics of the primary process. <233> Absence of logic in. No conflict in. <734> No such thing as a 'No' in. No negatives in. <5134> No sense of reality in. No reality testing performed by. <3843> Timelessness of processes in <525> Absence of anxiety in <1724> As having no concern for self-preservation. <292> Processes within the id as being governed by considerations of discharge. <292> Press only for immediate satisfaction of needs. <292> Processes within the id as being under the sway of / obeying / being governed by the pleasure principle. <422> Processes within the id as being governed by considerations of pleasure-unpleasure. <422> The ultimate aim of mental activity being an endeavour to obtain pleasure and avoid unpleasure. <422> As being unable to do anything but wish <4811>

Dependant relationships

Vis-à-vis the ego <732>

Conclusion

As representing the true essence and purpose of our existence. <863> The unconscious wishful impulses in the id as representing the true core of our being. <863> The ultimate aim of life is the satisfaction of the instincts in the id. <863>

The ego

Definition of <905> Origins

In general <3950> The ego and the id as originally having been one <2130> The ego as having developed out of the id, as a sort of cortical layer, <229> through the modifying influence of the external world. <229> The ego as being an outgrowth or modified portion of the id <823>

Characteristics and functions of

As being in direct contact with the external world <1734> As being equipped with the organs for reception of stimuli <825> As serving as a protective shield against stimuli <826> As occupying an intermediate position between the external world and the id <358> As being the agency we know best <1733> Content of, in general. <5785> Characteristics of processes within the ego <5782> Relationship to consciousness. Large portions of the ego are preconscious or unconscious. <222> Preconscious state as being found only in the ego <1099> As controlling the gates to consciousness <688> As acting as a screen between the id and consciousness <4846> As controlling access to voluntary movement <687> As owing its origin and therefore its most important characteristics to external reality <1735> As owing its primary allegiance to external reality <1776> As being the home of our logical thought-processes <1098> Mental processes within the ego as being governed by the secondary process <1208> As displaying a trend toward unification and synthesis <741> As representing the present <291> As representing the external world in the mind <1732> Relationship to the pleasure principle. As being governed by the reality principle. <257>

Tasks. Responsibilities. Dependant relationships.

Tasks the ego is faced with, in general. <1904> Vis-à-vis the id

Relationship between the ego and the id, in general. <1752> Energy within the ego as being in a bound state. As working with much smaller quotas of energy. <4022> As raising mental processes in the id to a higher level <1737> As acting as an intermediary between the id and external reality. <751> As mediator between the id and the external world. <751> As being the representative of the id in the external world <1909> As being a facade for the id <735> As being responsible for securing satisfaction for the instincts in the id <677> As being the servant of the id <676> As being the agency responsible for reality-testing <1101> Conditions under which reality testing is allowed to fall into abeyance (dreams, psychosis, hypnosis). <1749> Role played by the ego in the function of time <5780>

Dangers faced by the ego

In general <2163> Dangers faced by the ego on three fronts <1765> Dangers posed by the external world <1944> Dangers posed by the id <1751> Satisfaction of impulses in the id as leading to conflict with the external world <1945> Demands of the id treated as external dangers <1947> As adopting a defensive attitude toward the id <1907>

Defensive functions

Defensive functions, in general. <1924> Repression. Justification for. <1949> Act of repression as preventing an internal demand from becoming an external danger <1941> Scene of the fight thus transferred from the outside to the inside <1948> Ego's main task as being that of controlling the id. <1010> As exercising control over the satisfaction of instincts. <1010> Its task vis-à-vis the id as being mainly an inhibitory one. <1010> Censorship function. Presence of a censorship function in mental life. <780> Existence of a censorship function between the id and the ego <780> The possibility of there being more than one layer of censorship <4863> As the agency responsible for repression <592> As being responsible for the restriction of satisfactions <3952> As allowing satisfaction when circumstances are right <1939> As exercising an influence over events in the id <1736> The manner in which it does so <1738> As the agency entrusted with the task of / responsible for self-preservation <692> Anxiety. Role in. Function of. Use of. <1747> As being dependent on the id for love <602>

Vis-à-vis the super-ego

In general <1739> The (simple) picture painted above as applying only till the age of +- 5 years <1825> Super-ego. Existence of. <1950> The super-ego as a third force which ego has to take into account <1951>

Dependant relationships (summary)

Dependant relationships, in general. <805> What the ego tries to do, in general. <1952> An ideal action on the part of the ego <849> The normal state of affairs. The state of affairs when things are going well. <3245> The state of affairs when things go wrong <465> The concept of defence, in general. [See also ‘Neurosis In General’ > ‘Defence mechanisms’] <1767> Defence by ego, in general. [See also topic 1984] <1753> Internal reality harder to escape from than external reality <1754>

Sources of energy. Relationship to instincts. As operating on borrowed forces. <761> As being far smaller than we had thought it to be. Ego not master in its own home. <1205> Horse and rider analogy for <1224> Clown in circus analogy for <2074>

The super-ego

Introduction

The existence of such an agency <5804> General discussion of <234> As being located within the ego <764> As occupying intermediate position between id and external world <1835>

Origins

Origins of, in general. <845> Origins in mastery of Oedipus complex. [See also topic 412] <782> As a precipitate of the Oedipus complex <850> As heir to the Oedipus complex <1828> As representing a prolongation of the parental influence of childhood <852>

Functions and characteristics of

In general <781> As the critical agency <1808> Censorship functions <1246> As being responsible for the limitation of satisfactions <866> As a punishing agency <3931> As the home of the ego-ideal <1041>

Dependant relationships

Vis-à-vis the ego

In general <853> As a third force with which the ego has to contend <854> Relationship when things are going well <1829> Relationship when things go wrong <1830>

Vis-à-vis the id <855>

Miscellaneous topics

Further characteristics of the super-ego <1832> Addition of other figures (relatives, teachers) and influences (social milieu) to those of parents. <851> As being more severe than original parents. Explanation for. <1826> Criticisms of ego based not only on deeds but on its thoughts and intentions <1827> Phylogenetic influences. The super-ego as a representing the influence of the past. <290> As uniting the influences of the present and the past <1837> Sources of energy, in general. <1833> Role of narcissistic (and more especially homosexual) libido in <490> Role of the destructive instinct in <303> Role played by in pathology, in general. <857> Role played by in the unconscious sense of guilt <537> Role played by in obsessional neurosis. [See also topic 553] <736> Role played by in melancholia. [See also topic 478] <846> Role played by in paranoia. [See also topic 3397] <847> Relationship to 'conscience' as we know it (as being not quite the same) <1042> The concept of criminals out of an unconscious sense of guilt. Criminality in general. <766>

Miscellaneous topics

Metapsychology - definition and discussion of term. <2199> The pleasure and reality principles

The pleasure principle

In general <2239> Alternative designations for the pleasure principle <2196> The whole question of pleasure and unpleasure (quantitative and qualitative aspects) <3935> The mental apparatus as, in general, being governed (regulated) by the pleasure principle. <772> The pleasure principle as applying in both in the ego and the id <4812> Apparent contradictions to the above assertion <2215>

The reality principle

Replacement of the pleasure principle by the reality principle. Reasons for. <3413> The reality principle, in general. <2221> The reality principle as a modified version of the pleasure principle <2221> Contrast between the pleasure and reality principles <256> Relationship of the sexual instincts to the pleasure principle (recalcitrant, hard to educate). <2223>

The primary and secondary processes

Two distinct modes of mental functioning <3958> Different laws as governing mental processes in the id and ego. Distinctions between them. <1314> Primary process (condensation, displacement, tendency to discharge). <3280> Secondary process <3281> The secondary process as being a later development. <4816> The secondary process as simply overlaying and inhibiting the primary process. <4816> The primary process as an integral part of normal mental life <5042> Role played by primary process in psychopathological structures (dreams, parapraxes, neurotic symptoms). <4878> The concepts of bound and free energy <4023> Relationships between the primary process, secondary process, pleasure principle and reality principle. <4024>

Other

Introduction of the economic viewpoint in mental functioning <2201> The tendency to keep the quantity of excitation in the mind as low as possible, or at least constant. <2209> Fechner's 'constancy principle', principle of 'the tendency toward stability', the 'Nirvana Principle'. <2209> Relationships between the three agencies, in general. <423> Diagrams illustrating the relationships between the three agencies <5842> The strengths and weaknesses of the ego <3031> The ability of the ego to influence processes/events in the id <5786> The ego as representing the present, the id the organic past and the super-ego the cultural past. <1834> Distinctions between the ego and the id <1144> How the ego may avoid unpleasure. <2001> External reality by flight or actively changing it. <2001> Internal reality by defence (though it cannot ever really escape it). <2001> Distinctions between the unconscious proper and the repressed <1198> The ideal situation of the agencies working together in harmony <902> The state of affairs when things go wrong <1318> Relationship between the agencies not always one of antagonism - often work together toward common goals. <4632> Use of the term 'unconscious' in its descriptive, dynamic and systematic (topographical) senses. <1192> Objections to the use of the use of the term 'subconscious'. <1192> Relationships of the agencies to the various states of consciousness <1156> Comparison of state of affairs in the individual to whole nations <424> Similar psychical organization may be assumed to exist in higher animals <860>

The Instincts

Introduction

The energies or forces at work in the mind <1051> Broad definitions of an instinct <378> As holding to a dualistic view of the instincts. [See also topic 2257] <871> Only two basic instincts. Broad definitions of each. Aims of each. <870> Endogenous/somatic origins of. Origin in cells/organs of body. [See topic 774] What do the instincts want? <771> The question of satisfaction - of how satisfaction is achieved. <255> The need to bring about particular changes in the external world for their satisfaction <3947> The need for specific objects in the external world for their satisfaction <3942> The ability of one instinct to fill in for another <4166> Role played by the instincts in mental life, in general. <5337> The instincts as the ultimate source of all psychical activity <867> As corresponding to the forces of attraction and repulsion in the inorganic world <295>

The sexual instinct

In general <48> The popular view of the sexual instinct

In general <312> The popular view as being in error. Facts contradicting the popular view. <313>

The perversions <379> Foreplay. [See also topic 5312] <1632> The unmistakable presence of the sexual instinct in childhood. [See also topic 1519] <315>

The psycho-analytic view of the sexual instinct

In general <952> Existence of sexual needs <790> As extending the scope of the term 'sexual' <2606> As being present from birth and undergoing development in childhood <3268> Extension as called for by the perversions <2592> Loosening of tie with reproduction. <957> Embraces the obtaining of pleasure from any suitable area of the body. <957> Distinguishes 'genital' from 'sexual' <319> The sexual instinct as being made up of a number of component instincts <310> Erotogenic zones. Each component instinct as having its origin in a specific area of the body. <608> (Oral erotism, an anal erotism, a urethral erotism). <608> Each component as having a particular aim <2767> Each component as requiring a particular object for its satisfaction <2766> Each component as seeking pleasure for its own account <1522> As only later, after a period of development in childhood, being united toward a common goal <2625> (subordination) under the primacy of the genitals. <2625> Science as having been scarcely unaware of the presence of sexuality in childhood <2595> The presence of sexuality in childhood. [See also topic 315] <1519> The libido as undergoing development in early childhood <1403> Development as occurring in phases <959> Characteristics of infantile sexuality <2607> The concept of organizations of the libido (oral, anal-sadistic, phallic, genital). <626> Development of the ego in childhood <1284> Benefits of our enlarged view of sexuality <2608> Reasons we have gone into infantile sexuality and its development in childhood in such detail. <1517> Role of infantile sexuality in the neuroses and perversions. <1517> The sexual instinct as being comprised of both a somatic and a psychical component <3203>

Somatic origins

In general <3205> The sexual process <3209> Origins in the organs of the body. [See also topic 774] <307>

Psychical manifestations. The libido.

Origin of the term <2813> As representing the aims of the sexual instinct <1958> Correspondence with Eros of the philosophers (Plato) <308> Aims of, in general. <2814> Properties and characteristics of the libido

In general <3154> As being a force <1959> As being capable of increase, diminution, displacement, satisfaction. <3155> As being a mobile force, as being fluid. <942> Primary narcissism. <1188> The ego as the main reservoir of the libido. <1188> The concept of auto-erotism <620> Need for external objects. Early object relationships. <622> Forms of early sexuality in which an extraneous object is required. The concept of object-choice. <622> Relationship between object-choice and auto-erotism <2641> Behaviour of the libido. Vicissitudes the libido may undergo. <1187> Narcissistic libido (ego-libido), object-libido; distinctions between them. <5315> Transformation of one into the other. <5315> Libidinal cathexis <908> As flowing out to (cathecting) objects. <236> Hypercathexis, withdrawal of cathexis. <236> Object love. Object-cathexis. Amoeba analogy. <236> Attachment to ideas representing its aims. <3207> Return to the ego. Secondary narcissism. <5323> Overcoming of object-cathexes through identification with the (lost) object. <940> Distinction between primary and secondary narcissism. <940> The concept of there being only a fixed quota of libido available for object-cathexes <2139> Concept of fixation. Possibility of fixation on particular objects. <306> Dangers of narcissistic fixation. [See also 'The narcissistic neuroses'] <944> Behaviour of the libido in the id and super-ego <939> Knowledge of libido gained from study of the sexual function <309> (more particularly, from its manifestations as object-libido in the transference neuroses). <309> Difficult to get to know much about narcissistic libido <5326> The question of narcissistic satisfaction <938>

Infantile sexuality. Development of the sexual instinct in childhood.

In general <1615> The primary narcissistic phase

Ego and id as yet poorly differentiated <1644> Primary narcissism. <1643> All the libido stored in primitive ego-id. <1643>

The oral phase

In general <2636> The first erotogenic zone - the mouth. <1606> Oral erotism <5350> Sexual manifestations during this phase. Detachment from the need for nourishment. <2648> Pleasure from the mouth. Thumb-sucking. Auto-erotism. <2648> Relation to objects. Object-choice. The first object-cathexis - the mother's breast. <1605> Choice of object attached to a vital need. <1605> Satisfaction at the breast as prototype for all later forms of sexual satisfaction <5255> Psychological development. Ego begins to be differentiated from id. <1597> The oral organization of the libido <5277>

The anal-sadistic phase

In general <2637> A new erotogenic zone - the anal orifice. <1607> Anal erotism <5351> Return to auto-erotism <5333> Sexual manifestations during this phase. Holding back stools. <5264> Manifestations of cruelty/sadism during this phase <5274> Pity as mental barrier against cruelty <5273> The anal-sadistic organization of the libido <5278> Ambivalence as being characteristic of this phase <5279>

Narcissism <5669> The phallic phase

In general <5280> A new erotogenic zone - the genitals. <5267> No distinction made as yet between the sexes <625> Genital erotism <5352> Sexual manifestations during this phase. <5268> Initially associated with micturition. Early infantile masturbation. <5268> The phallic organization of the libido; subordination to primacy of genitals. <5072> Infantile sexuality reaches its peak <2054> Paths of the two sexes begin to diverge <963>

The Oedipus complex

In general <329> Origin of name <331> The legend itself <4489> The concept of aim-inhibited sexual impulses <965> Choice of object in <5282> Content of, in general. <1664> Content, in boys. <332> The boy's relationship to his mother, in particular. <5130> The boy's relationship to his father, in particular. <4483> Content, in girls. <333> The girl's relationship to her father, in particular. <5131> The girl's relationship to her mother, in particular. <4484> As being comprised of both positive and negative aspects <631> Note on the explicitly sexual nature of the impulses involved <5133> The Oedipus complex as being a universal complex <4491> As, under conditions of civilization, being inevitably doomed to come to an end. <1665> Mastery of the Oedipus complex, in general. <409> Repression of the Oedipus complex. Reasons for. <1771> Role played by castration complex in its mastery <995> Mastery of the Oedipus complex in boys <410> Mastery of the Oedipus complex in girls. [See also topic 3472] <411> Role played by its mastery in the formation of the super-ego. [See also topic 782] <412> The Oedipus complex as a source of the unconscious sense of guilt <5827> Role of brothers and sisters in (sibling rivalry) <2250> The concept of death-wishes against loved-ones <2369> Possible variations in the Oedipus complex <5828> Role played by the Oedipus complex in neurosis. <632> The Oedipus complex as the core / kernel / nuclear complex of the neuroses. [See also topic 189] <632> Importance of the Oedipus complex in other areas (religion, morality). <1702> The Oedipus complex in creative writing (Hamlet, Macbeth). <4492>

The castration complex

In general <334> Discovery of the anatomical distinction between the sexes <3891> Consequences, in general. <3893> Content and consequences in boys <335> Content and consequences in girls (penis envy) [See also topic 3472] <336> Differing roles of the castration complex vis-à-vis the Oedipus complex in boys and girls <2044> Castration complex as bringing development to a close and ushering in the latency period in boys <964> Phylogenetic reinforcement <1680> Role played by the castration complex in other areas <5529> (neurosis, myths, legends, fairy tales, men's sense of superiority over women, anti-semitism). <5529> Circumcision as a symbolic substitute for castration. [See also topic 264] <1681> Other castration symbols <2840>

Latency period

In general <163> Certain component instincts need to undergo suppression, as being unserviceable, <2651> or undergo transformation before being included in final organization. <2651> Erection of barriers of shame, disgust, pity, morality, reaction-formation, sublimation <4821> (at cost of perverse components of sexuality). <4821> Erection of the barrier against incest <5339> Sexual manifestations during this period <5251>

Puberty. The genital phase.

Concept of diphasic onset of sexuality <322> The transformations of puberty (physiological, anatomical, changes in aim, object). <5291> Physiological and anatomical changes in particular <5307> Sexual instincts reach their full height <2659> Attainment of a final organization under the primacy of the genital zone. <1610> The genital organization of the libido. <1610> Characteristics of this final organization. <1610> The leading zones in men and women. <3870> The concept of the vagina taking over the role of the clitoris in females. <3870> Appearance of new aims <5302> Aims as differing in the two sexes <5299> The new sexual aim in males <5300> The new sexual aim in females <5301> The sexual development of females as actually undergoing a kind of involution <5303> Requirement for objects, in general. <5334> Revival of the Oedipus complex (and associated object-choices) <2660> The concept of diphasic choice of object. <1532> The need for new objects to replace the earlier ones. Problems associated therewith. <1532> Finding of a substitute object <5297> Note that it actually represents a refinding of the object <5332> Role played by phantasy in the finding of an object during this phase <5341> Sexual manifestations during this period (masturbation) <5295> Distinctions from infantile sexuality <5292> Directions taken by sexual life in later life determined by sexual development in childhood <2662> Differentiation between men and women <5329> Necessity for the convergence of the affectionate and sensual currents <5304> Special types of object-choice made by men <5841> Role of phylogeny in development <5245>

Reasons for having gone into sexual development in childhood in such detail

In general <1633> Why the importance of infantile sexuality and its development? <1633> Relevance of this early period of development for later health/neurosis. <1633> Certain erotogenic zones have been renounced as unserviceable <3801> What becomes of these perverse components of sexuality? <5100> Possible outcomes <2624> (i) suppression. <2624> (ii) diversion to higher, asexual aims - sublimation. <2624> (iii) fixation on original aims and objects - perversion. <2624> (iv) repression - unconscious fixation on original aims and objects - neurosis. <2624>

Miscellaneous topics relating to the developmental process

Our knowledge of infantile sexuality and its development initially obtained <2612> from the analyses of the phantasies of adult neurotics <2612> Development usually proceeds smoothly and goes unnoticed <2614> The phases do not necessarily always follow each other in strict succession. <337> Development takes place gradually and a certain degree of overlap may occur. <337> The possibility of fixation

The process of development as not always proceeding smoothly. <627> The possibility of fixation on earlier aims and objects. <627> Factors which may exercise an influence on the developmental process <5354> Relationship between repression and fixation. [See topic 5684]

Consequences of fixation

In general <1667> Relationship between fixation and perversion. <345> Role played by fixation in the perversions. <345> The age at which these fixations occur <5196> The possible outcomes of fixation/inhibition in detail ... <5476> Analogies for fixation <5831> Perversion Neurosis

Adult sexuality

The perversions

Introduction

In general <474> Earlier theories for the perversions (degeneracy, disease). <5207> Attempted definition of normal sexuality <3716> Attempted definition of perversion <3859> Re-iteration of infantile roots of sexuality <5243> The disposition to perversion as being present in everyone. <887> The presence of perversion in even the most normal sexual life. <887> The question of what distinguishes the normal from the abnormal. <887> Perversions as being traceable to infantile sexuality <3250> Perversions as being traceable to component instincts <5223> The sexual instinct as breaking up into its component parts in the perversions <2619> Relationship of the perversions to specific erotogenic zones of the body (oral orifice, anal orifice, the eyes). <5224> These zones then behaving like a portion of the sexual apparatus <5225>

Factors playing a role in the perversions

In general <5213> Role played by constitutional factors in <5194> Role played by accidental factors in <5195> Role played by fixation in <5347> As representing failures in the developmental process <5377> Role played by frustration in (thereby reinforcing the perverse elements of sexuality) <5200> Role played by regression in <5356> Role played by phantasy in <5478> Forces opposing the perversions (disgust, shame, pain, morality, aesthetic and moral ideals). <5209> Role played by disgust in interfering with the libidinal overvaluation of the sexual object <5192> The phenomenon of perversions manifesting themselves as pairs of opposites (active and passive forms) <623> We are in the habit of regarding the connection between the sexual instinct <5181> and sexual object as being closer than it really is <5181> Relationship to neuroses. Neuroses as the negative of the perversions. [See also topics 429 and 628] <5099> Three possible outcomes of the development process - manifest perversion, neurosis or normal sexual life. <5235>

Classification of the perversions

In general <889> Deviations with respect to aim Deviations with respect to object <723> Deviation with respect to both aim and object <724>

Selected perversions

Homosexuality

Introduction Commonly held views on homosexuality Factors playing a role in Male homosexuality Female homosexuality Therapeutic considerations <2299>

Exhibitionism (being looked at) and voyeurism (looking, scopophilia). <1655> Sadism and masochism <326> Fetishism <133> Sexually immature persons as sexual objects (paedophilia) <5184> Fellatio <5625> Animals as sexual objects (bestiality) <5185> Coprophilia <5198> Necrophilia <5210> Other <1658>

Miscellaneous topics

The phenomenon of infantile amnesia. The tendentious nature of memory.

The phenomenon of infantile amnesia. The whole question of memory and remembering. <323> Mnemic material as in general being subject to distortion. <323> Role played by the pleasure principle in. <323> Nothing ever really forgotten. <323> Reasons for infantile amnesia. As being due to the sexual content of this early sexual period. <323> The nature of childhood memories in general. Their unreliability. <323> The untrustworthiness of our memory, in general. <323> Practical applications. <5002> Implications, in the light of the above (testimony in courts of law, legends of a people). <5002>

Further characteristics of the sexual instinct

Diphasic onset of sexual development. <2664> As being a biological peculiarity of human species. <2664) Other peculiarities of the sexual instinct in the human species. <5496> (More strongly developed, constant, no longer periodic.) <5496> Diphasic onset as the determining factor in man's predisposition to the neuroses. [See topic 2938]

Further notes on aim

Aims working independently of each other <2776> Possibility of one aim replacing another (displacement) <2777> Possibility of aim being replaced by non-sexual one - sublimation. <2779> Possibility of activity being replaced by passivity <2773>

Further notes on object-choice

In general <3861> The instinct (the need) as having been there before the object. <910> Instinct less closely tied to the object than was formerly thought. <910> Objects capable of being exchanged. <910> Possibility of choice of self as object - narcissism. <910> The significance of early object-choices <1285> The after-effects of infantile object-choice <5344> Other factors from childhood exercising an influence on object-choice <5345> Types of object-choice ('anaclitic' or 'attachment', narcissistic). <1283>

Other

Resistance to notion of sexuality in children <617> The notion of the child being 'polymorphously perverse' <3860> Masturbation in childhood <4576> Early sexual researches. The sexual theories of children. <328> Role played by in symptomatology of later neurotic illness. <328> The notion of erotogenic zones serving a dual purpose <5258> Ramifications for the neuroses. Pathways of mutual influence. <5289> The question of sexual excitation <5308> The question of sexual tension <5309> Sexual excitation as being of a continuous character <1650> Sexuality as an endogenous source of excitation from which the organism cannot escape <3756> Sexuality as a recurring need <678> Sources of sexual excitation <4495> (mechanical agitation, thermal stimuli, contact with the skin of the sexual object, <4495> visual stimuli, muscular activity, affective processes, intellectual work). <4495> Foreplay. Fore-pleasure. [See also topic 1632] <5312> The question of sexual satisfaction; how achieved; factors standing in the way of sexual satisfaction. <806> Conditions under which changes in the distribution of the libido may occur (sleep, illness, psychosis). <1230> A chemical basis for sexuality. <3753> The concept of a specific sexual substance or substances lying behind the sexual process. <3753> Constitutional factors <5288> Ego vs. id as the great reservoir of the libido <1927> The ego-instincts (instincts of self-preservation) as, too, being libidinal in nature. <2791> Modification of views required, in the light of the above, <2794> as to the nature of the conflict in the transference neuroses. <2794> Secondary narcissism - a return of the libido to the ego as implying a desexualization of aims. <2793>

Female sexuality. Female psychology. <3472>

The death instinct

Existence of <5011> In general <41> As being opposed to the aims of the sexual instinct <2113> Question of nomenclature for <300> Nature and characteristics of, in general. <274> Originally directed inward <1292> Silent while it works internally <879> Later diverted outward <2809> Only comes to our notice when diverted outward as 'aggression' <880> Necessity for diversion outward <881> Association with muscular apparatus <1961> Certain measure of aggressiveness necessary if aims of libido to be attained <5206> Vicissitudes of the death instinct. [See also topic 1012] <1116> Harder to follow vicissitudes of the death instinct than of the libido <1117> Role in neurosis, in general. <489> Role in the super-ego. Unconscious sense of guilt. <302> Dangers holding it back poses to health. [See also topic 915] <882> Mention that some portion of it always remains directed inward <883> Proofs for the existence of a death instinct <2179> Aggression as being an intrinsic part of human nature. [See also topic 3157] <2182> Must manifest itself somewhere <2945> The problem of masochism. Masochistic trends in mental life. <2249> The sense of self-esteem. Origins of. Dependencies. <1234> Role of the death instinct in strife/war. [See also topic 915] <2151>

The two instincts as a whole

In general <297> The aims of the two contrasted <1000> As only being interested in satisfaction <1722> Physiological aspects <1962> Origins in specific organs of the body <774> Correspondence with physiological processes of anabolism and catabolism <2807> Not confined to any particular province of the mind. <298> Both instincts or energies present and active in all three agencies. <298> Possibility of their fusion/defusion <2150> Never found in pure form. [See also topic 1595] <1721> Interaction between the two instincts, in general. <294> May co-operate or stand in opposition to each other <2149> The possibility of co-operation between the two instincts <907> Opposition/conflict between the two instincts <2086> The one instinct as modifying the effects of the other <2162> The concept of the libido serving to neutralize the destructive instinct <299> All the variegated phenomena of life can be explained in terms of <874> the interaction/interplay of these two basic instincts/forces <874> The conservative nature of the instincts <868> Instinct as a compulsion to repeat. The repetition compulsion. [See also topic 167] <2194> How definition of the libido fits in with the conservative nature of the instincts <873> How definition of the death instinct fits in with the conservative nature of the instincts <872> Short summaries of the development of Freud's views on the instincts <2753> As always having held to a dualistic view of the instincts. <2257> Distinction between sexual and other non-sexual instincts. <2257> The ego-instincts. The self-preservative instincts. <2257>

Initially the exact nature of the ego-instincts was unclear <2755> Initially only the sexual instincts were accessible to investigation <2756>

Neurosis In General

In general <619> A common model for all the phenomena. Same mechanisms at work in as in dreams, parapraxes and jokes. [See topic 2187] Definitions of neurosis <817> A psychology for the neuroses <4939> Distinctions between our and other views on neurosis <4194> The layman's view of neurosis <5087> The normal state

In general. The state of affairs when things are going smoothly. <26> Health as being defined in terms of dynamic relations between the agencies <1868>

The neurotic state

In general. The state of affairs when things go wrong. <1425> Characteristics of the neurotic state <27> The unconscious mental life of neurotics, in general. <4567>

Distinction between normal and neurotic state not all that great, nor absolute. <4258> Fine dividing line, no fundamental distinction between the two. <4258> Same mechanisms at work in neurotics as in normal people. <4258> Neurosis as not being due to the operation of pathological influences. <4258> Distinctions quantitative rather than qualitative. <4258> [See also topic 3904] <4258> Commonness of the neurotic state <2170> The psycho-analytic view of the neuroses

The metapsychological approach. [See also topic 2199] <1897> Overview of factors playing a role in the neuroses <2669> The notion of unconscious mental forces being at work in the neuroses. <3330> The unconsciousness of the whole process. <3330> The unconsciousness of the mental processes at work in the neuroses. <3330> Neuroses as manifestations of the repressed, in general. <2517> Our theories of neurosis based on the instincts <3298> Role played by sexuality in the neuroses, in general. <3108> Role played by childhood in the neuroses, in general. <3109> Role played by the infantile factor in the neuroses, in general. <5533> Role played by infantile sexuality in the neuroses, in general. <5536> The neuroses as involving a conflict of sorts <5014> Basic conflict is between the ego and the id (claims of sexuality) <2673> The neuroses as having a hidden meaning <5526>

Defence mechanisms

In general

Defence mechanisms available to the ego, in general. <1984> Broad comparison of defence mechanisms <1996> Dangers of defence mechanisms. <2006> Damage caused by defence mechanisms. <2006> Defence measures instituted in childhood carried forward and repeated in adult life. <2006> Internal reality cannot ever be completely escaped. <2006> As calling for a constant expenditure of energy (anticathexis) on the part of the ego for their maintenance/upkeep. [See also topic 572] <2006> This expenditure as resulting in a weakening of the ego. <2006> As bringing about a loosening of ego's tie with the external world. <2006> As bringing about alterations in ego. <2006> Relationship between innate strength of instincts and damage done to ego <1847> The unnecessity (superfluity) of early defence mechanisms adopted in later life <2048> (one of the principles on which psycho-analytic treatment is based) <2048> No ego makes use of all the available defence mechanisms <2039> Pathology as lying within the ego rather than within the id <2424> Role played by heredity in determining the defence measures adopted by the ego <2129>

Repression and symptom formation

In general <42> A common model for all the phenomena. Same mechanisms at work in neurotic symptoms, dreams, parapraxes and jokes. [See topic 2187] Broad definition of a symptom <744> Overview of the process of symptom-formation <430> Unwanted impulse <791> Impulse made up of two components - its affective cathexis and the idea representing it. <3147> Defence against unwanted impulse. Repression. <3146> Attempts by repressed to return <797> The defensive struggle. <798> Censorship. Necessity for distortion before entry into consciousness (inadmissibility to consciousness). <816> Necessity for roundabout paths to satisfaction <2068> Return of the repressed in distorted form as the symptom <799> Repression

In general <1588> The repressed. Its being unconscious (and a particular type of unconscious). <220> The psychological mechanism of repression, in general. [See also topic 215] <2235> Repression as being a normal process (as occurring in normal people as well) <4006> The unconsciousness of the process <745> Central role played by repression in the neuroses and symptom formation <269> Reasons for undertaking repression. Motives for defence. <362> (Unacceptability of impulse to the ego, avoiding unpleasure, <362> avoiding danger, avoiding conflict, deference to super-ego). <362> Defence as being tendentious in nature. <1998> Ego as being under the sway of the pleasure principle. <1998> A censorship function in mental life. [See also topic 780] <2829> The ego as the agency responsible for repression. [See also topic 592] <4184> Role played by the super-ego in repression <1160> Role played by the pleasure principle in the process of repression <4857> Unwanted impulses. The nature of the impulses undergoing repression. Reasons for unacceptability. <746> Surprising frequency of sexual impulses. <746> As explaining why it is mainly impulses of a sexual nature <4924> that provide the motive force for neurotic symptoms <4924> Mechanism of repression

How effected, in general. <215> (Denial of entry of the idea to consciousness. Dissociation of affect from idea.) <215> As being internal correlate of flight from dangers in the external world <4809> Institution of an anticathexis [See also topic 2006] <4830> Note that it is not only the 'push' exercised by the forces of repression <4680> but also the 'pull' (attraction) exercised by previously repressed material <4680> Relationship between repression and fixation <5684> Role played by civilization in repression. Phylogenetic reinforcement. 'Organic' repression. <5417> Analogies for repression (the copying of a book, the burial of Pompeii). <1990>

Types of repression

Primary repression. Secondary (after-) repression. Distinctions between them. <3331> Primary repression. All the primary/decisive repressions take place in early childhood. <3399> [See also topic 1759] <3399> Secondary repression <1976> Only repressed (infantile sexual) impulses can give rise to a symptom <4778> Impulses, wishes and memories, rather than perceptions, as undergoing repression. <4860>

Latency period

In general <795>

Consequences of repression. Return of the repressed. Symptom formation.

In general <838> What becomes of the impulse following its repression? <471> Repression as rendering/keeping the unwanted impulse unconscious <5217> The repressed impulse as remaining very much alive in the id <567> The repressed impulse as retaining its upward urge (drive). <216> As continuing to press for satisfaction in the id. <216> The repressed impulse has simply been isolated psychically <3639> The repressed impulse as acquiring a certain measure of independence <5793> from the ego in consequence of its repression <5793> The repressed idea as forming a nucleus or centre of crystallization for <3644> a second psychical group divorced from the ego <3644> Dissociation of cathexis (affect) from the idea to which it properly belongs <4026> Displacement of the cathexis onto a substitute idea <2922> (an idea with a passport / an entree into consciousness and activity) <2922> Association of the cathexis with / attachment of the cathexis to a substitute idea <2922> The repressed impulse can only become conscious by coming into association with (through the medium of) <2922> a (trivial/nonsensical) preconscious idea which is acceptable to consciousness <2922> The concept of a 'false connection' <2922> Attempts on the part of the repressed to return <4827> Compromise. Return of the repressed in distorted form as the symptom. <2696> Failure of repression <1691> Repression as an ongoing process, <572> requiring a constant expenditure of energy ('anticathexis') on the part of the ego for its maintenance. <572> Ego now faced with an ongoing defensive struggle with derivatives of the repressed. <572> Feelings of unpleasure now attached to the substitutes. <572> [See also topic 2006] <572> Economic considerations. Increase in the strength (reinforcement) of the impulse. Reasons for. <796> (e.g. repressed impulse/wish receives organic reinforcement.) <796> The case of successful repression <4825> Characteristics of the repressed <3661>

Symptoms

In general <5091> Symptoms as manifestations of the repressed, in general. <2849> Symptoms as a return of the repressed, in general. <552> Symptoms as the return of a repressed (unwanted) impulse <2998> Symptoms as a return of the repressed in distorted form <2071> Symptoms as distorted representatives of the repressed <5771> Symptoms as distorted derivatives of the repressed <610> Symptoms as distorted expressions of the repressed <785> Symptoms as distorted expressions of repressed impulses <3531> Symptoms as distorted expressions of repressed wishes <1105> Symptoms as substitutes, in general. <1112> Symptoms as substitutes for the repressed <5698> Symptoms as substitutes for repressed impulses <728> Symptoms as substitutive satisfactions <600> Symptoms as products of a conflict between two opposing forces or agencies <721> Symptoms as the outcome of a conflict between ego and id <3610> Symptoms as representing part satisfaction for both parties to the conflict. [See also topic 4720] <3001> Symptoms as providing part satisfaction for a repressed impulse in the id <3434> Symptoms as representing satisfactions, but in roundabout fashion. <3015> Symptoms as substitute actions <2918> Symptoms as wish-fulfilments <3120> Symptoms as partial fulfilments of repressed wishes <3018> Symptoms as also representing defensive efforts on the part of the ego. <2065> Symptoms as also serving purposes of defence. <2065> Symptom as comprised not only of the repressed impulse but also the ego's defensive efforts against its return. <2065> Symptoms as representing, at the same time, partial victory for the impulses in the id <2931> and partial failure of the ego's defensive efforts. <2931> Symptoms must provide satisfaction for both parties to the conflict. [See also topic 3001] <4720> Symptoms as products of a compromise. Symptoms as compromise-formations. <3000> Symptoms as compromise structures. <3000> Symptoms as representing partial failures of repression <521> Repression in the neuroses as only being partially successful <5454> Reasons for the unintelligibility of symptoms <2693> (content as having been subject to the primary process, censorship, distortion before entry into consciousness). <2693> Role played by the primary process in symptom-formation (displacement, condensation). <3299> Role played by displacement in symptom formation <4428> Role played by condensation in symptom-formation <3875> Role played by the censorship in symptom-formation. Necessity for distortion before entry into consciousness. <573> Symptoms as psychopathological structures <4940> Symptoms as being determined <3409> Symptoms as being overdetermined <2425> Symptoms as having significance <2069> Symptoms as having a sense <5721> Symptoms as having meaning <809> Symptoms as having a hidden meaning <5702> Symptoms as being capable of interpretation <5701> Symptoms as having more than one meaning (and can hence be 'over-interpreted' ) <4407> The various meanings of a symptom need not necessarily be compatible with each other <5124> The intimate nature of the material involved in the formation of symptoms <5447> The material lying behind symptoms usually being of a sexual nature <5449> At least one of a symptom's meanings will be found to be a sexual one <5136> Sexual origin of symptoms not always easy to see at first <4049> Symptoms as substitutive (ersatz) sexual satisfactions <520> Symptoms as constituting the person's sexual activity <637> Symptoms as representing the realization of a sexual phantasy <5092> Symptoms as having a bisexual meaning <5484> Symptoms as reflections of frustrated libido <784> Symptoms as possessing a compulsive, daemonic character. <180> Symptoms as possessing an independence from the ego. <180> Symptoms as being in the nature of unwelcome guests <5085> Symptoms as, in general, being alien to waking thought. <4869> Symptoms as distorted (watered-down) expressions/versions of repressed impulses <3016> Symptoms as distorted substitutes for the original impulses <3017> The unconsciousness of the processes involved in symptom formation <3137> Conditions under which the repressed may return <217> Analogy with pressure of water against a dam wall. <1864>

Arriving at the meaning of symptoms

In general <4559> Similarity to the procedure adopted in arriving at the meaning of dreams <4663> Nature and characteristics of the repressed material which emerges. <4191> (May appear alien to the subject, but no different to normal waking thought.) <4191> Role played by words in the formation of symptoms <4560> The concept of a 'language' of the neuroses <5552>

Reaction-formation

In general <98> Mechanism <1985> Purpose served by <5361> Role played by in obsessional neurosis. [See also topic 450] <1988> Role played by in everyday life <1989> Role played by in character-formation. [See also topic 2177] <5364>

Conclusions

Repression as resulting in the preservation, rather than the hoped-for annihilation, of the repressed material. <5566> The indestructibility (immortality) of the repressed <4694> The timelessness of the repressed <5041> The material as having become pathogenic precisely on account of its repression <5067> Repression as being particularly prone to failure in the case of the sexual instincts <2678> Repression as being a sine qua non for symptom-formation. [See topic 269] The importance of the dynamic viewpoint <720> Repression in early childhood. Dangers faced by the young ego. <3938> Repression as, at the time, having served a useful purpose but later failing in its function. <4858> Justification for repression (as being a defence mechanism readily available / on hand to the ego) <3641>

Miscellaneous topics

Affect in the neuroses, in general. <4627> Relationship between instinct and affect <3094> The question of why something which should lead to pleasure instead produces / leads to unpleasure <3867> Relationship between symptoms (neurosis) and gaps in the patient's memory (amnesia). <532> [See also topic 1713] <532>

Aetiological factors in the neuroses

Aetiology in general

Aetiological factors in the neuroses, in general. <3283> The requirement for the necessary motive force for the formation of symptoms <4792> Predisposing factors. Precipitating factors. Distinctions between them. <1511> Necessary preconditions <3303> Predisposing factors <1501> Precipitating factors (releasing causes) <509> Specific and non-specific aetiological factors <4111> Requirement for specific aetiological factors <3292> Non-specific (contributory) factors <4141> Concurrent (auxiliary) causes. [See also topic 3196] <3308> Relationship between concurrent factors and specific factors. Relative roles played by each. <3392> Distinction between preconditions and specific causes <4138> The question of a specific aetiological factor (or factors) for the neuroses <3362> Importance of early period of life and sexuality in the neuroses, in general. <1493>

The importance of early childhood

In general <1562> Importance of the past in, in general. <4996> Importance of early childhood. Reasons for. <994> Presence and development of sexuality during this period. <994> Immortality of wishful impulses dating from this period. <994> Traumas with greatest effect as occurring during this period. <994> The neuroses as having their origins in childhood. <994> The concept of childhood neuroses. <994> Neuroses can only be acquired in early childhood. <994> Adult neuroses always a revival of a preceding childhood neurosis. <994> Repressed impulses playing a role in the neuroses always of an infantile character. <994> Consequent necessity for an analysis to go back to this early period. <994> The presence and development of sexuality in childhood <2934> Role played by repressed infantile sexual impulses in the neuroses, in particular. <4935> Role played by infantile sexual researches in the neuroses <5512> Analogies illustrating the importance of this early period of life <4254> What others put down to heredity we can explain in terms of <3425> damage done / inhibitions formed / traumas experienced in early childhood <3425> Dangers faced by young ego (the instincts). Defence mechanisms adopted by the ego (repression). <1768> The concept of the ego not being able to take flight from certain internal dangers <3910> (endogenous stimuli - hunger, thirst, respiration, sexuality). <3910> These endogenous stimuli as arising continuously but only manifesting themselves (psychically) <3910> periodically through principle of summation. <3910> Need for a 'specific action' to bring about their satisfaction. <3910> Damage done to ego by early defence mechanisms adopted <1769> All the primary / most important / decisive repressions are instituted during early childhood. <1759> [See also topic 3399] <1759> Repressions instituted during this period cannot be remembered. Reasons for (sexual content). <3483> Early repressions later prove to be unsuccessful. Reasons for (resurgence of sexuality at puberty). <1772> Could neurosis be avoided if the child weren't forced to institute these repressions? <1778> Necessity for these early repressions (from the point of view of civilization) <1780> Note that ego sides with reality, even at this early age. <1782> The concept of the development of the ego lagging behind that of the instincts <1781> Early development as determining the later course taken by the libido <1600> Trauma in childhood. Role played by trauma in the neuroses. <355> Trauma as being comprised of both positive and negative aspects <171> Fixation to trauma. Role of sexuality in trauma. <177> The Oedipus complex, as relevant to neurosis. <189> The Oedipus complex as the core / kernel / nuclear complex of the neuroses. [See also topic 632] <189> The castration complex, as relevant to neurosis. [See also topic 334] <190> The father-complex <192> Ambivalence <284> Seduction, sexual abuse during childhood. <1599> Infantile amnesia as being due to early efflorescence of sexuality. [See also topic 323] <158> Infantilism in mental life, in general. <5017>

The importance of the sexual instinct

In general <383> Sexuality as an essential need, like any other biological function. <383> A sexual aetiology (basis) for the neuroses. Always something sexual involved. <383> Sexuality as the specific aetiological factor for the neuroses. <383> A libidinal theory for the neuroses. <383> Psycho-analytic theory of the neuroses based on the libido and its vicissitudes. <383> Why the sexual instinct and no other? <4594> Sexuality as the least easily controlled (most unruly) of the instincts <4594> Sexuality as an imperative need which the ego cannot escape <3115> Role played by perverse sexuality in <429> Relationship between neurosis and perversion. <429> Neuroses as the negative of the perversions. <429> [See also topics 628 and 5099] Role played by (latent) homosexuality in <4589> Accounting for the situation in manifest homosexuals <5220> Reasons for increased strength of perverse sexuality in the neuroses. Frustration. Regression. <5143> Analogy with stream of water which, when it meets with an obstacle in its path, <5118> is dammed up and flows back and fills old channels which had formerly run dry. <5118> Link with infantile sexuality <2058> Symptoms as substitutive sexual satisfactions. [Brief. Details at topic 520.] <2671>

Economic considerations

Importance of the economic factor <427> At the end of the day, quantitative disharmonies to blame. <802> An economic theory for the neuroses <2543> Neurosis as being primarily an economic problem <1297> The economic problem vis-à-vis the ego. Expenditure on repression. <1689> Frustration

In general. The majority of people fall ill, in some way or other, from frustration. <586> Sexual frustration, in particular. <814> Reinforcement of the libido during certain periods of life (puberty, menopause, loss of object/spouse). <2929> Frustration as leading to a damming up of the libido <44> Frustration as leading to a reinforcement of the perverse components of sexuality <1965> Types of frustration, in general. <1692> External frustration, in general. <45> Internal frustration, in general. <46> Factors which may bring about a revival of (stir up) the repressed <3822> An 'hydraulic model'. <3963> (Analogies: Interconnecting pipes, pressure on dam wall, filling of subsidiary channels. <3963> Cathexes in one direction lowering those in another.) <3963> Principle of 'collateral reinforcement' <2256> Principle of summation <3201> Role played by civilization in frustration of the libido. [See also topic 67] <1596> The highest achievements of mankind at the expense of the sexual instinct <1784> The problem with a purely quantitative approach. <1492> The question of the ability to tolerate frustration. [See also topic 911] <1492>

In the end, a person must love, or else fall ill. <5838>

Regression

The possibility of regression, in general. <5829> Role played by regression in the neuroses, in general. <5730> Forms of regression, in general. <1954> Regression of the libido (e.g. to earlier objects). <1955> Developmental regression (e.g. of the sexual organization to earlier stages). <1957> Regression of the ego <1956> Role played by frustration in regression <2008> Relationship between repression and regression <4683> Relationship between fixation and regression. <2009> Role played by fixation in determining the point to which regression will return <2009> (and, possibly, the type of illness of which the person will fall ill). <2009> Regression as leading to a defusion of instinct. Consequences of defusion. <1879> Analogies for regression <5830>

Anxiety

In general <116> Neurotic anxiety, in general. <1507> Infantile anxiety / anxiety in children, in general. <5338> Views on, in general. <3590> Relationship to sexuality, in general. <3998> The original theory. <364> Anxiety as a straightforward/direct transformation (and discharge) of frustrated (pent-up) (dammed up) libido. <364> Anxiety as being physiologically similar to processes occurring, and affects experienced, at birth. <3218> Anxiety attack as being physiologically similar to (as a surrogate for) <3220> the processes taking place in the act of copulation <3220> Shift in views. The later amended theory. <365> Anxiety as a signal generated by the ego in response to a situation of danger. <365>

Dangers faced by the ego, in general. [See also topic 2163] <4749> External and internal dangers. Distinctions between them. <3225> Neurotic anxiety as being in response to internal dangers <4100> Explanation of neurotic anxiety, using the ego's response to external dangers as a starting point. <4099> Internal dangers, in general. <4097> The different types of internal danger, and the types of anxiety in relation to these. <1045> Anxiety in relation to the instincts (neurotic anxiety) <1756> Anxiety in relation to the super-ego (moral anxiety) <1757> Castration-anxiety <4759>

Tie up between the two views of anxiety <1046> Why the particular affective state of anxiety? <3762> Anxiety as the central problem in the neuroses <4076> As being an invariable accompaniment of most neuroses <382> Role played by anxiety in repression, symptom formation and the neuroses, in general. <842>

The death instinct

In general <1564> Note that the sexual instinct never found in pure form. <1595> Always found in various alloys with the death instinct. <1595> [See also topic 1721] <1595> Vicissitudes of the death instinct <1012> (Initially turned inward. Later turned outward as aggression. Renunciation of. Made over to the super-ego. <1012> Unconscious sense of guilt. Need for punishment. Need for suffering.) <1012> Role played by the unconscious sense of guilt in the neuroses. [See also topic 2492] <3100> Role played by the death instinct in the need to remain ill. <1983> Role played by the death instinct in the resistances. [See also topic 1466] <1983> Self-injury in the neuroses. Suicide in the neuroses. <5010> Death-wishes against parents, siblings, rivals. <3830> Death instinct as the possible source of all conflict <2142>

Heterosexuality will not tolerate homosexuality, and vice versa. <2180>

Relationships between libido, anxiety, aggression and the unconscious sense of guilt. <1223> Relationship between anxiety and guilt <1122>

Motives for illness

Motives for illness. Gain from illness. <5082> The concept of illness serving a definite purpose (having a definite aim/end in view). <5082> Primary gain from illness. Secondary gain from illness. Distinctions between them. <5082>

The repetition compulsion

In general. [See also topic 2194] <167> Justification for (e.g. children's play, religion). <2253>

Heredity and constitution

In general. <1490> Relationship between the inherited disposition and current (accidental) factors. <1490> The concept of a complemental series (aetiological series, aetiological equation, complemental relation). <1490> Other examples of a complemental series. <1490> Electrical analogy for <4144>

Phylogenetic influences. The question of inherited memory traces. The archaic heritage. [See also topic 213] <580> Stock noxae (non-sexual factors - tiredness, overwork, exhaustion). <3196> Other factors playing a role in the neuroses

In general <1508> Prolonged period of dependency in childhood <2937> Diphasic onset of sexuality. [See also topic 2664] <2938> Withdrawal from reality in neurosis <1567> Flight into illness <636> Role played by phantasy in the neuroses <643> Role played by symbolism in the neuroses. The symbolic content of symptoms. <3584> Role played by masturbation in <4585> Role played by organic repression of pleasure in smell in <5602> Types of onset of neurosis <1123> Period of onset of neurosis <182> Choice of neurosis <360> Relationship between the perverse disposition and the form of neurosis of which the person falls ill <5231>

Miscellaneous topics

Differences between our and earlier views on the role played by sexuality in the neuroses <3460> Differences between our and other views on the role played by sexuality in the neuroses <3309> Relationship between the normal and the abnormal. <3904> The one as being able to throw light on the other. <3904> [See also topic 4258] <3904> Most of what we know we have learned from the study of abnormal states <1215> The notion that we can, in general, learn more from severe cases than from simple ones. <5037> Neurosis as an attempt at cure <186> Relationship between the neuroses and higher productions of mind <641> Wherein does the essence of neurosis lie? <3835> Where does the blame ultimately lie? <2936>

The Neuroses

Classification

Great division into neuroses and psychoses (narcissistic neuroses) <47> Division of neuroses into actual neuroses and transference neuroses (psychoneuroses) <3481> Division of actual neuroses into neurasthenia and anxiety neurosis <3486> Division of transference neuroses into phobias, conversion hysteria and obsessional neurosis. <3493> Distinction between neurosis and psychosis. [See topic 55] In practice most neuroses are of mixed aetiology <2185> The problem of diagnosis - distinguishing between the various neuroses. <3492>

The actual neuroses

In general. Absence of a psychical mechanism. Sexual aetiology for. <1420> Due to specific sexual noxae rather than psychological factors. <1420> The nature of the sexual noxae involved. <1420> Distinction from psychoneuroses. <1420> The whole question of harmful sexual practices. <1420> Direct relationship found to exist between specific sexual noxae <1420> and the form of actual neurosis of which the person falls ill. <1420> Distinction between neurasthenia and anxiety neurosis. <1420>

Often possible to understand fluctuations in the course of illness in terms of <3501> changes which have taken place in the sexual life of the person concerned. <3501>

Neurasthenia

In general. The symptomatic picture. <3170> Aetiology. Mechanisms at work in. <3215> An acquired disorder. Specific sexual aetiology for. No psychical mechanisms involved. <3215> Nature of the sexual noxae involved (male and female forms). <3215> The question of masturbation, in general. <3175> Relationship of masturbation to addictions. <3175> Role played by heredity in <3498> Particular symptoms <4084>

Anxiety neurosis

Introduction

In general. The symptomatic picture. <3169> Anxiety neurosis as an independent clinical entity. <3228> Reasons for separation off from neurasthenia. <3228>

Aetiology. Mechanisms at work in.

In general <4060> An acquired disorder. As having a purely physiological basis. <3178> No psychical mechanism involved. <3178> A specific sexual aetiology for. <3178> The sexual noxae involved (male and female forms). <3178> Sexual theory as accounting for periodic nature of attacks <3178> Counter-arguments to sexual aetiology for <3192> Refutations of counter-arguments. Proofs of sexual aetiology. <3192> Mechanism behind anxiety in. [See also topic 364] <4094> Role played by heredity in <3285>

Particular symptoms

Anxiety attacks <4061> Respiratory (dyspnoea) <3647> Cardiac (angina-like pains, palpitations). <3648> Gastrointestinal disturbances <3183> Glandular (sweating) <4063> Vascular (congestion) <4065> Paraesthesias <3185> Locomotor system (vertigo, fainting). <4064> Pavor nocturnus <4066> Chronic symptoms <4087> Other <3187>

Relationship to other neuroses

In general <3227> Points in common with neurasthenia <4112> Distinctions from neurasthenia <3168> Mixed forms. Often found in conjunction with neurasthenia. Reasons for. <4110> Relationship to psychoneuroses, in general. <5370> Relationship to conversion hysteria <3265> Relationship to phobias <3167> Relationship to hypochondria <3677>

Therapeutic considerations

In general. <3505> Benefits which flow from recognition of sexual aetiology for neuroses. <3505> Neurasthenia, in particular. <3520> Anxiety neurosis, in particular. <3514> Relationships between actual neurosis and psychoneurosis <3521> Importance of sexuality in both <3478>

The transference neuroses

Introduction

In general. Distinction from actual neuroses. <2173> Psychological basis for <4114>

Phobias

The symptomatic picture <2959> Aetiology. Mechanisms at work in.

In general <176> Role played by anxiety in. <3166> Relationship to anxiety neurosis. Distinctions from anxiety neurosis. <3166> Symptoms in as exaggerations of normal fears <4570> Displacement (transposition of affect, 'false connection') in. <4080> Role played by condensation in <5535> Role played by trauma in <4075> Role played by sexuality in <3282> Role played by the castration complex (castration anxiety) in <4050> Role played by words in <4561> Role played by projection (externalization of the danger) in <5781> Secondary protective measures. <4081> Secondary symptoms (defensive measures) overlaying or replacing the original phobia. <4081>

Typical phobias

Typical and atypical (specialized) phobias <4068> Two distinct classes of phobia - those relating to physiological dangers and those relating to locomotion. <4070> Physiological dangers (heights, snakes, vermin). <4072> Locomotion <4073> Railway phobia <5149> Agoraphobia <3195> Animal phobias <5774> Other phobias <5845>

Relationship to other neuroses

Place in classificatory system <5542> Relationship to obsessional neurosis <4117> Relationship to hysteria <5541> Hysterical phobias. [See also topic 4747] <5455>

Therapeutic considerations <5525>

Anxiety-hysteria

In general <5543> Mechanisms at work in <5773> Role played by constitutional factors in <5546> Relationship to anxiety neurosis <5655> Relationship to phobias <5547> Therapeutic considerations <5548>

Conversion hysteria

Introduction

In general <493> Characteristics of the hysterical state <3606> The symptomatic picture. Typical symptoms. <100> Pre-psycho-analytic views on (medieval times, Charcot). <2871> Origin of the term 'Hysteria' <5147>

Aetiology. Mechanisms at work in.

In general <5073> As having little to do with intellect <3719> A purely psychological theory for <5064> Psychical meaning behind the symptoms <3668> Original views on - trauma-based theory for. [See also topic 522] <2191> Role played by unconscious memories in. Hysterics as suffering from reminiscences. <3408> Hysterical symptoms as mnemic symbols from the past. [See also topic 522] <3408> Role played by early childhood in. <4449> Timelessness of memories involved in. <4449> A psychosexual aetiology for <5060> Role played by sexuality in <5051> Role played by fixation at the phallic stage in <5593> Role played by perverse sexuality in <3804> Role played by the component instincts in <5480> Role played by the erotogenic zones in. <5226> These zones behaving as though they were a portion of the sexual apparatus. <5226> Role played by bisexuality in <5481> Displacement of sensation in. <4590> The concept of 'displacement upwards'. <4590> The concept of hysterogenic zones <5263> Role played by repression in <5078> Repression as affecting mainly the genital zones <5262> Return of the repressed in <4675> Role played by regression in <5775> The conversion mechanism <1115> Reasons for unintelligibility of symptoms <5515> Role played by the primary process in (condensation, displacement). <5514> Role played by reaction-formation in <4486> Transformation of an element into its opposite in <5516> Reversal of chronological order in <5517> Role played by phantasy in <2406> These unconscious phantasies as corresponding in every detail <5121> with the recorded actions of perverts <5121> These unconscious phantasies as corresponding with <5374> the imaginary creations of paranoiacs (which become conscious as delusions) <5374> Role played by the Oedipus complex in <3809> Role played by the aggressive instinct in <5591> Role played by the super-ego in (guilt-related symptoms) <4718> Symptoms as self-punishments (self-injury) <5151> Gaps in memory in <3598> Role played by symbolization of thoughts in. <3657> The symbolic content of symptoms. <3657> Role played by words (and their double meanings) in <5571> The concept of a language of hysteria <5554> The concept of hysterical symptoms 'joining in the conversation' <3656> Role played by identification in <3833> Role played by masturbation in <3872> Affect in <4628> Precipitating causes, in general. <5574> Exciting causes in something apparently innocent <5153> Economic considerations <2407> Constitutional factors <5065> The question of a hysterical disposition <3669> The concept of 'somatic compliance' <5079> The concept of hysteria exploiting a genuine organic complaint for its own ends <3611> The unconsciousness of the mental processes at work in. <3670> The whole conversion process as being involuntary and unconscious. <3670>

Hysterical symptoms

In general <5216> As the expression (and realization) of the patient's most secret and repressed (sexual) wishes <5052> As the realization of an unconscious phantasy <5479> As having a (hidden) sexual meaning <5137> As wish-fulfilments <3894> As compromise formations <5482>

Typical symptoms

Aphonia <5076> Avoiding company <5074> Belle indifference <3650> Hysterical amnesia <3556> Hysterical attacks <3797> Hysterical blindness. [See also topic 5649] <5650> Hysterical pains <3607> Hysterical paralyses <3605> Hysterical phobias <4747> Hysterical vomiting <5069> Loss of appetite <5148> Motor phenomena (tics) <3608> Overreactivity <3406> Visions <4674>

Therapeutic considerations

In general. [See also topic 522] <3721> Interpretation of the symptoms. Translation of the symptoms into what they really mean. <3649> Diagnosis. The problem of distinguishing hysterical symptoms from genuine organic illness. <494> Absence of expected auxiliary signs (e.g. pain) <3654> Physical manifestations often do not correspond to what would be expected on purely neuro-anatomical grounds <3454> The characteristic indefiniteness with which hysterics describe their symptoms <3652> Distinction of hysteria from malingering <5081>

Obsessional neurosis

Introduction

A psychical basis for <4203> The symptomatic picture. Typical symptoms. Characteristics of persons suffering from obsessional neurosis. <99> Characteristics of obsessional symptoms <3985> (illogical, nonsensical, cannot be suppressed, inamenable to reason/influence, <3985> alien, like intruders/unwanted guests). <3985> Distinction of obsessional symptoms from the normal (where reasons for the compulsion are known) <3987>

Aetiology. Mechanisms at work in.

In general <1003> Obsessions with a traumatic aetiology <3150> Role played by repression in <3992> Role played by displacement (transposition) in. The 'false connection'. <3398> Role played by substitution in <3766> Role played by objects in <3901> Role played by sexuality in <4043> Role played by the component instincts in <5559> Role played by perverse sexuality in <5558> Role played by latent (repressed) homosexuality in <5557> Role played by the scopophilic and epistemophilic instincts in <5600> Role played by childhood in <5372> Role played by the infantile in <5565> Role played by the aggressive instinct (sadism) in <118> Regression to anal-sadistic phase in <119> Role played by fixation at the anal-sadistic stage in. <3173> Role played by (repressed) anal erotism / anal-sadism in. <3173> Role played by defusion of instinct in <5590> Transformation of love into hate in <5221> Role played by hostile/death-wishes against loved ones (parents, siblings, spouse) in. <3831> Role played by the super-ego in. [See also topic 736] <553> Role played by the unconscious sense of guilt in <554> Role played by the censorship and distortion in <4227> Secondary defensive symptoms (measures) in, in general. <3340> Role played by reaction-formation in. [See also topic 1988] <450> Role played by the affects in, in general. <4186> Role played by reversal/transformation of affect in <2400> Role played by ambivalence in <568> Role played by anxiety in. Relationship to anxiety neurosis. <451> Role played by the castration complex in <4579> Role played by phantasy in <5569> Role played by (infantile) masturbation in <3851> Role played by words in (double meanings, ambiguity) ('verbal bridges'). <3921> Use of external associations in. Looseness of these associations. <5570> Role played by symbolism in <5446> Diphasic nature of certain symptoms in <5572> Precipitating causes in <5575>

Typical symptoms

Categories of obsessional symptoms, in general. <4059> Avoidances <4167> Compulsive collecting (hoarding) <4207> Conscientiousness <3343> Excessively intense (supervalent) trains of thought <5126> Guilt-related symptoms, in general. <4205> Hindrances. Inhibitions (abulias). <5442> Isolation <5598> Measures undertaken to prevent betrayal <4211> Obsession for protecting <5607> Obsession for understanding <5605> Obsessional (self-)prohibitions <5146> Obsessional actions <2370> Obsessional brooding and speculating ('brooding mania') <4055> Obsessional cleanliness (fear of dirt, mysophobia). Obsessional washing. Hand-ceremonials. <4057> Obsessional commands <5582> Obsessional counting (arithmomania) <4056> Obsessional deliria <5581> Obsessional doubt (folie du doute, 'doubting mania'). <3182> Uncertainty. Self-distrust. Hesitation. Indecision. <3182> Checking. Repeating. <3182> Obsessional fears <5562> Obsessional ideas (idees fixes) <3152> Obsessional impulses <5441> Obsessional reflections <5585> Obsessional rituals/ceremonials <3153> Obsessional temptations <5584> Obsessional thinking <3240> Obsessional thoughts <5127> Obsessional touching (and not touching) of objects <3714> Obsessional wishes <5583> 'Omnipotence of thoughts' <248> Penances <5471> Penitential measures/acts <4208> Phobias <4215> Precautionary measures <4210> Preventative measures <3432> Protective measures <3581> Renunciations <4168> Self-punishments <3932> Self-reproaches <4175> Tics <3582> Undoing what has already been done <3241> Other <4214>

Miscellaneous topics

The phenomenon of two kinds of knowledge in <5578> Reason why obsessional ideas do not meet with belief <3344> The fact that obsessional ideas, and everything derived from them, <4217> meet with belief in obsessional neurosis. <4217> Reasons for the obsessional/compulsive character of the symptoms. <4185> Reasons for inamenability to influence of symptoms. <4185> (Due to origins in, and hence reinforcement received from, the repressed.) <4185> Reasons for persistence of the emotional state (affect) in <4058> Reasons for absurdity, unintelligibility of the symptoms in. <4054> Relationship between primary and secondary symptoms (defensive measures) in <4216> The symptoms as, after interpretation, possessing a meaning. <5445> The intimate nature of the material finding expression in the symptoms <5450> The concept of a language of obsessional neurosis <5553> Return of the repressed in. <5510> The tendency to failure of the repressions/reaction-formations in. <5510> The neurosis as eventually attaining its goals in a roundabout manner. <5510> The unconsciousness of the mental processes at work in the neurosis <4772> Relationship to religion. Obsesssional neurosis as a private religion. [See also topic 11] <2985>

Therapeutic considerations <3347>

Relationships between the various neuroses

Similarities and distinctions, in general. <3235> What the various neuroses share in common. <3232> All the neuroses as sharing a common mechanism up to a certain point. <3232> Differences <3233> Distinctions between the actual neuroses and the psychoneuroses <2841> Relation between anxiety neurosis and hysteria <3238> Points in common between obsessional neurosis and hysteria <4113> Distinctions between obsessional neurosis and hysteria <2698> Relationship between obsessional neurosis and phobias <3073> Distinctions between hysteria and phobias <5540>

The Narcissistic Neuroses (Psychoses)

The narcissistic neuroses, in general

Introduction

In general <5835> The theory of narcissism <2785> The narcissistic nature of these disorders <479> Distinction from transference neuroses <3244> Difficulties presented by the narcissistic nature of these disorders <5320> Characteristics of, in general. <54>

Aetiology. Mechanisms at work in.

In general <1437> Withdrawal from external reality in <1227> Withdrawal of the libido into the ego in. Megalomania in. <4149> Kinship with the state of sleep and dreams. [See also topic 1419] <2980> Suspension of reality-testing in <5800> Disintegration of the psyche in <3088> Ego as approximating to the id in. <1794> Presence of primary process near the surface. <1794> Inroads made by the id into the ego in <4774> Id as overpowering the ego in <4710> Role played by wish-fulfilment in <4362> Hallucinatory (wish-fulfilling) psychosis (delusional insanity). <3134> Commonness of this type of disorder. <3134> Remodelling of reality in <4247> Role played by phantasy in <5432> Weakening of ego in <4713> Role played by the super-ego in <3777> Role played by censorship in ('Russian censorship') <3880> Role played by repression in <4678> Return of the repressed in <4673> Regression in <1688> Role played by childhood in <4677> Role played by secondary revision in <5836> Predisposing factors. <2971> Fixation at primary narcissistic stage of libidinal development. <2971> Precipitating factors (painful reality, increase in strength of instincts, relative weakening of ego). <1798> Economic considerations. Importance of the economic factor. <4711> A question of the relative strengths of the various forces at the time. <4711> Alterations of the ego in, in general. <1903> Splitting of the ego

Splitting of the ego in the process of defence, in general. <5849> Splitting of the ego in the psychoses <1800> Role played by disavowal of reality in splitting of the ego <1815> The possibility of an abnormal ego co-existing alongside a normal one <1853> Splitting of the ego found elsewhere <1807> Splitting of the ego in fetishism <1814> Splitting of the ego in religion <1818>

The unconsciousness of the whole process <3132>

Typical symptoms

Delusions. Delusions as always having a core of truth to them. <2975> Hallucinations (auditory, visual). <2977> Conditions required for formation of. <2977> Connection with the state of sleep and dreams. <2977> Role played by memories in. <2977> Peculiarities of speech. [See also topic 3667] <3055> Negativism <5844>

Miscellaneous topics

The symptomatic picture / symptomatology easily explained in terms of our theories <3053> The concept of 'psychosis of defence' <3140> The concept of 'flight into psychosis' <3127> The concept of 'psychosis of overwhelming' <3098> Acute hallucinatory confusion (Meynert's 'amentia') <3771> The ego's break with reality never really complete <1799> Symptoms as representing an attempt at reconstruction / restitution / recovery <387> Multiple personalities. Role played by identification in. <3816> Distinction between neurosis and psychosis. Distinction not absolute. <55> A certain amount of resistance as a sine qua non of normalacy <1080> What was learnt from the narcissistic neuroses <2787> (behaviour of the libido in the ego, the ego-instincts as being libidinal in nature). <2787>

Therapeutic considerations <4018>

Melancholia

In general <278> Early theories for (including relationship to neurasthenia) <3754> Mechanisms at work in <408> The concept of normal prototypes of the pathological <3929> Mourning as the normal prototype for melancholia <3930> Melancholia as involving the loss of an object <3370> The work of mourning <3660> The mechanism of identification <3045> Identification with the lost object in melancholia <593> Role played by the super-ego in. [See also topic 846] <478> Super-ego's criticisms as in fact applying to the lost object <3042> Mechanism at work in melancholia as possibly the only way in which an object-attachment <3043> can be overcome <3043> Role played by the aggressive instinct in <4315> Role played by regression in <5808> Role played by ambivalence in <5809> Periodic/cyclical forms of the disorder <3339> Turnaround into mania. Explanations for. <507> Melancholic attacks following the suppression of a large amount of affect <1278> The unconsciousness of the whole process <5812> A possible organic basis in certain cases <506> Suicide in <5811> Therapeutic considerations <5392>

Paranoia

Introduction

In general. Typical symptoms. <1254>

Aetiology. Mechanisms at work in.

In general <3355> Projection in <640> Delusions in <198> Delusions as serving the purposes of defence. <198> Delusions as serving the purposes of wish-fulfilment. <198> Reasons for strength of delusions ('false connection'). <198> A core of truth in every delusion. <198> Economic factors in <759> Withdrawal libido from objects in. Narcissism in. <2876> Predisposing factors. Fixation at the stage of narcissism in. <5737> Regression in. Regression to stage of narcissism in. <5739> Forward surge of auto-erotic current in <3900> Role played by the super-ego in. [See also topic 847] <3397> Hypercathexis of the super-ego in <2879> Role played by repression in <4231> Return of the repressed (in distorted form) in. <4226> Role played by censorship in <4222> Paramnesia in <5005> Over-attention to (hypercathexis of) manifestations of the unconscious in other people <2379> Role played by sexuality in <3785> Important role played by (latent, repressed) homosexuality in. <657> Reversal of affect in. [See also topic 2400] <2389> Role played by the aggressive instinct in <3786> Role played by reaction-formation in <5592> The transformation of love into hate in. [See also topic 2442] <2469> Role played by the Oedipus complex in <3810> Role played by the father-complex in <5663> Role played by phantasy in (alienation of parentage, exaltation of parentage, systematic nature of). <3826> Role played by identifications (and their dissolution) in <3899> Precipitating causes <1803> Certain symptoms as representing attempts at reconstruction/restitution/recovery <5752>

Typical symptoms

Jealousy, in general (different grades of, role played by projection in). <1801> Delusions of jealousy (delusional jealousy, jealous paranoia). <2382> Delusions of reference <2380> Delusions of being followed, watched, observed, criticized. <3193> Delusions of persecution (persecutory paranoia) <2365> Delusions of grandeur. Megalomania. <1255> Delusions of world-catastrophe. Delusions of 'the end of the world'. <5731> Religious delusions. <5659> Erotomania <5679> Eating disorders. Delusions of being poisoned. <3846> Auditory hallucinations. Voices. <2386> Visual hallucinations. <2387> Hypochondriacal symptoms <5667>

Miscellaneous topics

Further notes on delusions

In general <2398> The work of delusion-formation <5660> Certain delusions as representing a return of the repressed, but in distorted form. <4228> The content of delusions as being determined <5666> Delusions as having a meaning <5668> Alterations undergone by the ego in order to accommodate the primary delusions <3356> Secondary delusions as being designed to fit in with the primary delusions <3357> The concept that the delusion may have been present in the unconscious <2396> long before its emergence / irruption into consciousness <2396> The uninfluencibility of delusions. Reasons for. <4232> Distinctions between obsessional ideas and delusions <3131>

Further notes on hallucinations

In general <4652> Content as being determined <4653>

The concept of 'organ-speech' (hypochondriacal speech) <5788> Weakness of memory in <3358> Absurdity in as expressing ridicule and derision <5664> Splitting of the ego in. [See also topic 1800] <1806> Presence of the same (repressed) material in normal and neurotic people <5027>

Therapeutic considerations <2376>

Schizophrenia

Introduction

In general. Typical symptoms. <444> Usual period of onset at puberty or early adult life. Reasons for. <3191>

Aetiology. Mechanisms at work in.

In general <3224> Narcissistic nature of the disorder. <2962> Turning away from the external world in. <2962> Withdrawal of the libido from objects in. <2962> Fixation at the stage of narcissism in <5673> Role played by regression in. Regression to stage of narcissism in. <2963> Role played by repression in <5749> Return of the repressed in distorted form in <5748> Delusional formations as representing attempts at reconstruction/restitution/recovery. <426> The predominance of what has to do with words over what has to do with things in <5789> Role played by identification in <5807>

Typical symptoms

In general <3666> Peculiarities of speech (neologisms). <3667> Words, rather than the thing-presentations themselves, as being subjected to primary process. <3667> [See also topic 3055] <3667> Hallucinations <5750>

Miscellaneous topics

Resemblance of some philosophical writings to those of schizophrenics <1261> Relationship between schizophrenia and paranoia <5674> Origins of the designations for <5744> Suggestion of the alternative designation 'paraphrenia' for paranoid schizophrenia <3881>

Therapeutic considerations <5751>

Miscellaneous Disorders

Traumatic neurosis <1502> Inhibitions <2722> Hypochondria <3179> Disorders of the sexual function

In general <357> Anaesthesia (frigidity) in females <5330> Impotence, ejaculatio praecox in males. <4967>

Character formation

Character in general <5008> Factors playing a role in formation of, in general. <265> Role of defence mechanisms in <2042> Role played by the super-ego in <2043> Role played by sexual instinct in <5623> Role played by identification in <1410> Role played by sublimation in <5493> Role played by repression in <5637> Role played by reaction-formation in. [See also topic 5364] <2177> The perverse sexual disposition of childhood as, through the reaction-formation it stimulates, being the source of a number of our virtues. <5362> Role played by fixation in <5636> Role played by trauma, especially negative reaction to, in. <172> Role played by repetition compulsion in <169> Character types <3239> Relationships between particular erotogenic zones (component instincts) <5359> and certain character traits, in general. <5359> Character traits having their origin in (repressed) anal erotism <5630> Relationship between anal erotism and money (gold) <3805> The triad of orderliness, miserliness (parsimony, thrift) and obstinacy often being found together. <1809> The relationship between urethral erotism (micturition, bed-wetting, nocturnal enuresis) and ambition. <4446> The concept of a man's attitude in sexual matters acting as a template for his attitude in other areas <5595> Libidinal types <5846>

Other

'Housewife's psychosis' <5066> Feeling of derealization. Depersonalization. <5847>

Practical Applications. The Unconscious In Everyday Life.

In general

General introduction <582> The common model. <2187> Same mechanisms at work in and responsible for dreams, parapraxes, jokes and neurotic symptoms. <2187> Determinism in mental life <581>

Dreams

Introduction

Introduction <2573> Freud’s early views on the nature of dreams; attempts at interpretation; use of in treatment; <3596> realization of their importance. <3596> How Freud came upon dream-interpretation. <3596> The state of sleep <288> Why conditions prevailing during the state of sleep allow for the formation of dreams <1306> Broad definition of dreams <341> Earlier literature dealing with dreams <2422> The layman's view of dreams <680> The creative writer's view of dreams <5431> Various questions relating to dreams. <1210> Why the need to dream? Do they have any value? What purpose do they serve? <1210>

General characteristics of dreams

The psychological characteristics of dreams <110> (nonsensical, absurd, childish, long/fleeting, alien, strange). <110> Suspension of reality-testing in. <110> Belief attaching to dream-content. <110> Hallucinatory nature of. <110> Lack of moral sense in. <110> Tendency to condensation, displacement; replacement of one element by another. <110> Generally forgotten soon after waking. <110> Suspension of reality-testing in, in particular. <4301> Egoistic nature of <4494> The looseness of the basis on which associations are formed <4513>

Preliminary findings and conclusions

In general. <2563> Broad descriptions of what dreams are and the mechanisms behind them <2272> Concept of the dream being the dreamer's response to certain external or internal disturbing stimuli <4916> Unconscious mental processes at work in <4845> Distinction between manifest and latent content <128>

Manifest content as being only a facade <1218> Manifest dream as being negligible portion of total dream content <2325>

Dreams as having a disguised/hidden/concealed meaning <4344> As adhering to a dynamic theory of dream-formation <2569> Dreams as having the same underlying basis as neurotic symptoms. <445> As, too, representing a return of the repressed, but whose form is determined by <445> the psychical conditions prevailing during the state of sleep. <445> Distinction between dreams and neurotic symptoms. [See also topic 1300] <445> Nature of the psychical forces at work in the formation of dreams <4276> As constituting a return of the repressed, but in distorted form. <113> A note that all psychical activity set in motion by a wish <4708> Dreams as wish-fulfilments. [See also topic 1638] <111> Wish-fulfilment not always clear or obvious. Dreams as disguised wish-fulfilments. <3983> Dreams as valid psychical phenomena <4382> Dreams as being significant mental acts <2601> As being capable of interpretation. [See also topic 122] <4274> As, after interpretation, being seen to occupy an assignable place in the person's mental life. <4275> Factors contributing to the dream's strangeness/unintelligibility. <585> (Nature of underlying material, censorship, distortion, primary process, pictorial form of representation.) <585> The notion of an object evading the censorship under cover of something else <4645>

Types of dreams

Division of dreams into those where wish-fulfilment is clear and those where it is not <4685> Simple dreams. Dreams in which the wish-fulfilment is relatively clear (undisguised wish-fulfilments). <4387> Children's dreams (dreams of the simple infantile type) (frank wish-fulfilments) <595>

Reasons why this is so (no great distinction yet between id and ego) <4693>

Transition from children's dreams to adult dreams. <4392> (Further development of psyche, censorship, necessity for distortion.) <4392>

Dream instigators. Potential disturbers of sleep.

In general. Possible sources of disturbance to sleep. <1302> Non-psychical stimuli <4334> External stimuli, in general. <1304> External (objective) sensory stimuli <4320> Internal stimuli, in general. <4330> Internal somatic (organic) stimuli. <1305> (Natural bodily functions and needs - hunger, thirst, voiding of bladder, <1305> need for warmth, sexual needs.) <1305> Internal (subjective) sensory stimuli <4321> Internal psychical stimuli <2392> Recent events and experiences, in general. <4425> Waking interests, events, preconscious wishes carried over from waking life. <4378> Previous day's residues. [See also topic 344] <4378> Non-wishful instigators in particular <4695> (thoughts, worries, intentions, unsolved problems, distressing anticipations). <4695> Note on whether it must be events and experiences from the preceding day <4418> Events and experiences from the recent past <4424> Wishes as dream-instigators <5823> Types of wishes seeking fulfilment in adult dreams <4687> Repressed wishes as dream-instigators, in general. <4439> Repressed wishes as providing the major motive force for the formation of dreams <1308> Repressed sexual wishes as dream-instigators, in particular. <4538> Role played by perverse sexual wishes, in particular. <4921> Role played by repressed homosexual impulses, in particular. <4539> Repressed wishes generally from the past <4482> Role played by repressed infantile sexual wishes, in particular. <4932> Repressed infantile wishes as constituting the main dream-instigators. <4452> (Indestructibility of these wishes.) <4452>

The formation of dreams. The dream-work.

Definition of. Function of. Aims and goals. <604> Mechanisms involved in the formation dreams, in general. <695> Overview of the process of dream-formation. <695> Components of the dream-work (condensation, displacement). <695> [See also topic 2580] <695> Role played by the ego in the formation of dreams

In general <1332> The state of the ego during sleep <3971> (withdrawal of perceptual cathexes) <3971> Withdrawal of cathexis never complete <4912> The ego's wish to go on sleeping <1414> Other wishes on the part of the ego which may exercise an influence over the direction taken by the dream <4724> Partial relaxation of censorship during sleep <4909> Censorship. Distortion. Why the need for distortion? <1335> Censorship and distortion as expression of the same forces which, during the day, <1335> were responsible for the complete repression of the unconscious wish. <1335> Methods used by the dream-work to evade the censorship. <3083> (Use of acceptable preconscious material, condensation, displacement, reversal into the opposite.) <3083> Secondary revision <109>

Role played by the primary process in the formation of dreams

In general <1325> Characteristics of the primary process <1339> Condensation (the marked tendency to condensation in dreams). <343> (Identifications, creation of composite figures/structures, compromise formations.) <343> Condensation involving words, in particular. <4514> (Similarity of sound, use of verbal ambiguity, neologisms.) <4514> Displacement <342> Combined condensation and displacement <4893> Substitution. Replacement of one object with another. <1150> Representation through the opposite. [See topic 3570]

Role played by the id in the formation of dreams

In general <3996> The question of a necessary motive force for the formation of dream. <2570> Requirement for reinforcement from a repressed wish for the formation of a dream. <2570> Relationship between preconscious material and the repressed wish <4701> Analogy with entrepreneur <3854>

Further discussion of certain topics.

Question of where the dream actually gets formed <1323> Logical links holding the material together as being lost in the course of the transformation process <4896> Passage of id material into the preconscious ego accompanied by a passage of the primary process into the ego <1319>

The content of dreams

In general <126> Relationship to waking life. Material from the present. <4280> Material provided by external and internal sensory stimuli <4455> Preconscious material, in general. <2430> Recent material (including requirements of), in general. <4303> The previous day's residues, in particular. <344> (Inevitable appearance of residues from the previous day in dreams.) [See also topic 4378] <344> Memory and knowledge <4285> Material from the past, in general. <4415> Memory far more extensive in dreams than in waking life. (Dreams as being hypermnesic.) <1310> (Dream-work as having access to material from early childhood.) <1310> Material from childhood (infantile material), in particular. <268> Representation of events from childhood in dreams <4608> Role played by infantile sexual researches in dreams <5342> Repressed material in dreams. <1311> The emergence in dreams of impulses and desires we didn't know we harboured. <1311> Sexual material in dreams. <4512> The great majority (but not necessarily all) dreams as having an underlying sexual content. <4512> Bisexuality in dreams. Satisfaction of homosexual impulses in dreams. <4596> Seemingly innocent dreams may contain crudely sexual content. <4597> Sexual content not always obvious or apparent. <4597> The castration complex in dreams <5840> Death-wishes in dreams. [See also topic 4481] <4403> Use of symbols in dreams [See also topic 2335] <127> Prehistoric material in dreams. <1312> Dream-work as having access to archaic/phylogenetic material. <1312> Words, speeches in dreams. <4431> Intellectual activity in dreams <4530> Numbers and calculations in dreams <4613> Periods of time in dreams <5152> Judgements in dreams <4621> The drawing of conclusions in dreams <4630> The expression of astonishment/surprise in dreams <4626> Expressions of criticism in dreams (annoyance, repulsion). <4637> Interpolations in dreams <4638> Absurdity, nonsense in dreams. <4615> Dead people coming alive again in dreams <4617> Proper names in dreams <4616> Affects in dreams <4351> Mood in dreams <4636> Phantasy in dreams <4510> Feeling of satisfaction in dreams <4631> The feeling of reality in dreams <4580> Doubt and uncertainty in dreams <4656> The 'either-or' relationship in dreams (both in the text of the dream and in reporting the dream) <4899> Repetition in dreams. Significance thereof. <4581> Variations in the degree of intensity in various portions of the dream. Reasons for. <4543> Choice of material, and the way in which it is chosen. <4299> Apparent preference for indifferent material. Reasons for. <4299> Content of dreams as being overdetermined. <4299> Relationship between manifest and latent content of dreams. <4299> Dreams in which part of the content (and often the most important part) is only remembered later <4657> Dreams which are forgotten, or cannot be recalled in their entirety, <4659> but can be recalled after certain resistances have been overcome. <4659> Pathological material in dreams. [See also topic 2393] <2429>

Considerations of representability. The means of representation.

In general <4564> The move over from an essentially verbal form of expression to a pictorial (hallucinatory) one. <4548> Modes of expression at the dream-work's disposal. <4548> Symbolism in dreams. <2335> Knowledge and use of symbolism as being something primitive and inborn rather than learned. <2335> Used from an early age. <2335> Symbols used - male (phallic) and female. <2335> (Including typical dreams - birth dreams, dreams of falling, flying, being naked, glued to the spot, tooth dreams.) <2335>

Male symbols, in particular. <3824> Female symbols, in particular. <3825> Experiments involving symbolism in dreams <4586> Use of symbolism elsewhere <2515> (myths, legends, fairy-tales, folklore, popular customs, superstition, jokes, psychoneuroses, <2515> fetishism, in unconscious mental life in general). <2515>

Archaic modes of thought in dreams, in general. <5489> (As found in ancient civilizations, myths, fairy tales, superstitions, <5489> unconscious thinking, dreams and the neuroses.) <5489> Regression in dreams. As providing an explanation for the hallucinatory character of dreams. <4668> Use of indirect modes of representation in, in general. <4936> Use of allusion in <4441> Representation through the opposite. <3570> Reversal into its opposite. <3570> Reversal of chronological relations in dreams <5518> Representation of time in dreams <4531> Representation of logical relations in dreams <4527> Representation of causal relations in dreams <4532> Representation of similarity in dreams <4535> Representation of contraries in dreams <4533> A note on 'the antithetical meaning of primal words' (K Abel) <4534> Linguistic expression, verbal transformations in dreams <4366> (play on words, use of puns, similar-sounding words, verb ambiguity). <4366> Replacement of a thought expressed in the optative by representation in the present tense <4885> Analogy with the task faced by the painter/sculptor <4529>

Typical dreams

In general <4475> Dreams of the infantile type in adults <4880> Dreams of convenience (e.g. as prompted by internal organic stimuli). <4384> (as undisguised wish-fulfilments / simple satisfactions of the need) <4384> Dreams with an intestinal stimulus <4603> Dreams with a urinary stimulus <4602> Arousal dreams <4723> Dreams of being naked / in a partial state of undress <4473> Dreams of being inhibited, glued to the spot, paralysed. <4471> Dreams of flying, falling through the air, floating, swimming. <4472> Oedipus dreams <4578> Dreams of the death of persons of whom the dreamer is fond. [See also topic 4403] <4481> Examination dreams <4496> Dreams of missing a train <4587> Dreams with a dental stimulus (tooth-dreams) <4588> Dreams of fire <4592> Dreams of passing through narrow spaces or of being in water (birth dreams) <4600> Rescue dreams <4604> Lying dreams <2270> Hypocritical dreams <4402> Dreams of impatience <4437> 'Biographical' dreams <4571> Dreams in which one has a feeling of having been there once before (deja vu) <4599> Dreams in which robbers, burglars, ghosts play a part. <4606> Dreams of paranoiacs (persecutory dreams) <2393> (including the topic of the inclusion of pathological thought-material in the dream-content in general). <2393> [See also topic 2429] <2393> Dreams during analytic treatment. The ability of analysis to influence a dream's content. <4610> Transference-dreams. <4610> Recurrent dreams (which may undergo distortion over time) <2343>

Technique of interpretation

Aims/goals of dream interpretation. What dream interpretation sets out to achieve. Its task. Dream interpretation technique.<122> Approaches to dream interpretation (including older/earlier methods). <122> Our approach - free association to each of the elements of the dream. <122> Justification for free association. <122> General technical rules. <122> The dream's manifest content as being strictly determined by the latent content. <122> Necessity for dreamer's own associations (except where symbols are employed). <122> Note on the quantity of material which emerges relative to the sparsity of the manifest dream. <122> Significance of glosses, comments, judgements passed by the dreamer regarding the dream. <122> The possibility of interpreting one's own dreams <3886> Interpretation of dreams as the counterpart to the dream-work. <4873> As proceeding in the reverse direction and undoing the transformations bought about by the dream-work. <4873> The concept of a language of dreams <5580> Analysis vs. synthesis <4524>

Further discussion of certain topics

Dreams as being simply another form of thinking <2414> The dream as being a substitute for a rational process of thought <4871> The concept of a preconscious thought-process being 'drawn down into <4777> and being subject to the workings of the unconscious' <4777> Dream-work as being an unconscious working-over of preconscious thought processes. <1330> Strangeness/unintelligibility of dreams explainable in terms of this. <1330> The concept of the manifest and latent content being two different versions <4497> (a transcript) of the same material <4497> Motives for censorship <4426> Distortion in dreams, in general. <2346> Analogies for distortion in dreams taken from everyday life. <4398> (Need for distortion, censorship, need to adopt indirect mode of expression.) <4398> Characteristics of the latent dream-content (the dream-thoughts arrived at by interpretation). <598> As being completely logical and rational. As being no different to our waking thoughts. <598> Although some may seem alien, we are forced to acknowledge them as our own. <598> The forgetting of dreams. Most dreams as being forgotten soon after waking. Explanations for. <3978> Doubts as to accuracy of what is remembered after waking. <3978> Role played by external and internal sensory stimuli in the content of dreams <4459> (as providing material for the dream-work, how woven into the dream, <4459> the way in which it is deliberately misinterpreted in the interests of preserving sleep). <4459> Dreams as representing a regression to earlier, more primitive, infantile <4705> modes of operation of the psychical apparatus. <4705> Miscellaneous technical questions

How dreams instigated by external sensory stimuli are created in so short a space of time. <4323> The ingenuity which the dream-work displays, considering how quickly the dream was formed. <4323> Possibility of the dream having already been partially formed in the day-time. <4323> Use of phantasies by the dream work. <4323> Miscellaneous questions relating to external sensory dream-instigators <4326> Miscellaneous questions relating to internal somatic dream-instigators <4328> Detailed discussions of what constitutes a wish <4801> How the dream succeeds in doing away with the disturbing wish, seeing that the wish <4729> retains its cathexis, and hence its upward drive, throughout the night. <4729> The concept that it is far more expedient for the ego to relax its repressions during sleep and allow dreams to be formed thanto maintain a high level of expenditure on repression <4732> Reasons why the sleeping ego feels safe in lowering its expenditure on repression. <4732> (Access to consciousness and voluntary movement cut off during sleep.) <4732> Other ways in which the dreamer could have reacted to a dream-instigator (e.g. woke up). <4457> The question of whether the material which emerges in association to the dream-elements <4503> was present at the time of the formation of the dream <4503> All the processes involved in the formation of dreams as being unconscious <4506> Dreams occurring on successive nights, <4620> successive dreams on the same night as working over the same material. <4620> The possibility of there being two or more meanings for a dream (the possibility of 'over-interpretation') <2352> More than one wish may be fulfilled in a dream <4422> Can a dream ever be completely interpreted? <4499>

Problem areas

In general <1260> Types of dreams apparently running counter to the wish-fulfilment theory of dreams, in general. <2245> Dreams that appear to be the reverse of a wish-fulfilment <4405> Anxiety-dreams <123> Analogy of role of ego with that of the town's night-watchman <1418> Masochistic dreams (including role played by super-ego in) <4411> Role played by super-ego in the formation of dreams <4696> Dreams occurring in the traumatic neuroses <2247> Role played by the repetition compulsion in dreams <4434> Replies to criticisms of wish-fulfilment theory of dreams <4393>

Necessary distinction hasn't been made between manifest and latent content of dream <4394> What is pleasurable for one agency need not necessarily represent pleasure for the other <4462>

Need for slight revision of wish-fulfilment theory of dreams <1417> in the light of anxiety and masochistic dreams <1417> The question of the distinction, if any, between dreams of normal people and neurotics. <4583> A note that the censorship function is also the guardian of mental health <4709> Difficulties facing the expositor <4375> (underlying material usually of an extremely intimate nature, volume of material involved). <4375> A note on the fact that dreams with an obviously sexual content noticeably absent from <4834> early editions of The Interpretation of Dreams. Reasons for. <4834> Significance of our findings in relation to dreams, in general. <4867> Ethical/moral significance of our findings in relation to dreams <4866> Other possible functions of dreams (e.g. biological) <4868> Refutation of notion that dreams may have other 'secondary' functions <4743>

Summary. Conclusions reached.

Recap of what dreams are <1341> Overviews of the process of dream-formation <2580> (unwanted impulse > repression > partial failure of repression > compromise > <2580> return of the repressed in distorted form). <2580> [See also topic 695] <2580> Dreams as wish-fulfilments. [See also topic 111] <1638> The function of dreams is to preserve sleep. <405> Dreams are the guardians of sleep. <405> As binding unconscious excitations by allowing them to become preconscious <4740> Dreams as significant mental acts (no insignificant dreams) <4430> Dreams as giving expression to repressed material <5024> Dream as being in the nature of a compromise <1333> As being compromise-formations <4742> Relationship of dreams to mental processes in infants (wishful-cathexes, hallucinatory wish-fulfilment). <3973> Summary of factors responsible for the unintelligibility of dreams <3248> Summary of factors giving dreams their final form (condensation, displacement, censorship, secondary revision). <4517> The value of dreams (both from a theoretical and practical point of view). <472> Theoretical: Dreams as falling into the category of psychopathological structures. <472> Their understanding as helping to explain the neuroses/psychoses. <472> Because dreams occur in normal people as well, <472> their understanding throws light on unconscious mental processes in general. <472> An understanding of dreams throws light on other <472> structurally-related psychical phenomena - parapraxes and jokes. <472> Dreams as the royal road to a knowledge of unconscious mental processes. <472> Practical: Their interpretation as giving access to unconscious psychical material. <472> Serves as a useful analytic tool. [See also topic 102] <472> Possible diagnostic value - may serve as premonitors of physical or mental illness. <4327> Summary of distinctions between our and other views on dreams <2560> (the ancients, scientific, lay views). <2560> Reasons why dreams are held in such low esteem (e.g. by the scientific community). <4890> Apparently deal with trivialities. <4890> The purported ability of dreams to foretell the future (premonitory dreams, prophetic dreams). <4346>

Relationship of dreams to other phenomena

Relationship to neurotic symptoms <726> Distinctions from neurotic symptoms <1300> Relationship to psychosis. Dream as a brief psychosis. [See also topic 2980] <1419> Relationship to day-dreams <4342> Relationship to jokes <4515> Relationship to myths, legends, creative writing. <1313>

Parapraxes

Introduction

Introduction of concept. <120> Broad listing of phenomena in this category. Enumeration of phenomena in question. <120>

Mechanisms at work in

In general <4949> Relationship to neurotic symptoms. Same mechanisms at work in as in dreams, jokes and neurotic symptoms. [See topic 2187] Role played by repression in <3553> Role played by the primary process in (displacement, condensation). <4974> Role played by displacement in, in particular. <4976> Role played by condensation in, in particular. <4977> The unconsciousness of the mental processes at work in <4950> As, too, being disguised wish-fulfilments. <4803> As, too, representing a return of the repressed in distorted form. <4953> As, too, representing partial failures of repression. <5044> As, too, being compromise formations. <4782> As being valid psychical acts <5822> As having a sense. As having a hidden content and meaning. <3095> As being significant <1262> As being relevant in the context of the person's unconscious mental life <2081> As being motivated <937> The motivation as being unconscious <1001> As having a hidden intent <3276> As having a hidden purpose <3968> (as serving an unconscious purpose, as being purposive acts). <3968> As betraying our innermost thoughts, feelings, intentions and wishes. <2166> As representing part satisfactions for repressed impulses <3266> As being a manifestation of the interfering influence of the repressed <1040> As arising from the mutual interference of two intentions <5821> Their nature and content as being strictly determined <1225> As representing the outcome of a conflict between two opposing forces or agencies <3529> As representing a part satisfaction for both parties to the conflict <3527> As being capable of interpretation <3096> Distinction from neurotic symptoms <5047>

Categories/classes of parapraxis

General examples <1405> Slips of the tongue <389>

More general disturbances of speech (in rhythm, execution of whole speech). <4992> Perseverations <5631>

Slips of the pen <400> Misreading <466> Mishearing <390> Failures (lapses) of memory <468>

The mechanism of forgetting (inability to recall things) in general. Psychological basis for. <1228> The forgetting of words <4960> Forgetting of proper names, names of places with which one is familiar. <467> Related phenomenon of paramnesia - remembering names incorrectly. <467> Other parapraxes relating to proper names. <4540> Deliberate or unintentional distortion (mutilation) of proper names. Significance of. <4540> The disagreeable feeling when one comes across someone with the same name as oneself <4966> The contagiousness of name-forgetting <4968> The forgetting of words of a foreign language <4957> The forgetting of impressions and experiences (knowledge) <4997> Paramnesias in relation to impressions and experiences <5004> The forgetting of intentions (forgetting to carry out intended actions) <391> Errors of memory (unaccompanied by paramnesia) <5022>

Mislaying of objects <433> Losing objects <434> Leaving objects behind <2021> Unintentionally carrying off objects <5016> Bungled actions (breaking of objects) <469>

Bungled actions with potentially serious consequences <5012> (as seriously endangering the health or lives of others) <5012>

Self-injuries (including suicide) <2692> Errors, in general. <5021> Errors of judgement <5023> Misprints (compositor errors) <5820> Disowning (disavowal) <5001> Combined parapraxes <1004> Same motive as finding expression in different parapraxes <1005>

Technique of interpretation

In general <436> Role played by symbolism in <5141> Role played by 'verbal bridges' (switch-words, associative bridges) in. <4993> The looseness (superficiality) of the basis on which verbal associations are formed <4955> (but there usually being a deeper connection) <4955>

Symptomatic acts. Chance actions.

In general <435>

Further discussion of certain topics

The phenomenon of an element undergoing intensification, being ultra-clear. <4959> Role played by secondary factors in parapraxes (tiredness, lack of attention, distraction, etc.) <4964> The concept that actions which are performed automatically are performed better than <5035> those to which attention is paid <5035> Analogies for role played by secondary factors in <4965> The nature of the repressed material lying behind parapraxes <4994> Problems facing the expositor (intimate nature of the underlying material) <2691> As being common, both in normal people and in neurotics. <2183> The popular view of parapraxes and symptomatic acts. <917> As being generally overlooked. <917> People as generally being reluctant to acknowledge the significance of their own parapraxes. <4982> As experiencing distress when their attention is drawn to their parapraxes. <4982> Role played by in inter-personal relations, in general. <1> All human beings as possessing the ability to interpret manifestations of the unconscious in other persons <3329> As attaching psychological significance to the parapraxes of others <4990> As being an important source of information of what is going on in the unconscious mind of the other person <1011> Parapraxes (and their interpretation) as an important source of misunderstandings in human relations <5019> The study of one's own parapraxes and symptomatic acts as the road to self-knowledge <5018> As serving as a warning for the future. As a forerunner of things to come. <996> The meaning and significance of a parapraxis may only become clear months or years later <2172> The value of parapraxes, in general (theoretical and practical). <2557> Employment as a therapeutic tool. [See also topic 103] <1265> Possible objections to theory for <5033> Relationship between parapraxes and dreams <5026> Relationship between parapraxes and jokes <4980> Employment of parapraxes by creative writers <4987> Superstition <4614> Deja vu <5031> Deja raconte <5032>

Jokes

In general <2> Characteristics, typical features of. <5395> The tendency to economy in <5404> Same mechanisms at work in as in neurotic symptoms <371> Joke techniques <5397> Mechanisms at work in, in general. <819> The joke-work. Analogy with the dream-work. <498> Role played by the primary process in (condensation, displacement). <4784> Role played by condensation in, in particular. <4954> Role played by displacement in, in particular. <5405> Role played by repression in <5416> Role played by the censorship in <3429> Necessity for distortion before entry into consciousness. <5410> Necessity for indirect forms of expression in. <5410> The various forms of indirect expression used. <5410> Explanations for the pleasure derived from jokes, in general. <5400> Explanation of the pleasure derived from jokes along economic lines, in general. <4833> Explanation of the pleasure derived from innocent jokes <5425> Explanation of the pleasure derived from tendentious jokes along purely economic lines <5413> Return of the repressed in <5409> Jokes as allowing for a temporary lifting of repression <5396> Jokes as enabling a circumvention of the censorship <5419> The joke as a facade for something deeper behind it <5421> Categories of joke, in general. <497> Jokes characterized by condensation <5399> (either via the formation of composite words or accompanied by modification) (condensation jokes) <5399> Role played by words, verbal transformations in, in general <4556> (play on words, use of double meanings of words, puns). <4556> Role played by allusion in <4726> Role played by symbolism in <4938> Purposes served by jokes, in general. <5412> Tendentious jokes. Purposes served by. <5414> The psychogenesis of jokes <5427> Role played by subjective determinants in appreciating a joke (having a 'sense of humour') <5428> Laughter. Mechanism behind. <5429> Humour <5430> The comic <5406> Relationship between jokes and the comic <5407> Relationship of jokes to repartee <5403> Relationship of jokes to irony <5408> Relationship between jokes and riddles <5402> Analogy of jokes with dreams <372>

Psycho-Analytic Treatment

Introduction

Psychotherapy, in general. <3691> Psycho-analytic treatment, in general. The approach. What goes on. [See also topic 3699] <647> Distinction from conventional psychiatry (makes no use of medication). <1877> Distinction from other therapeutic approaches. [Brief. Main discussion at topic 2404.] <1877>

Theoretical background

Review of fundamental premisses <1168> (unconscious mental processes, importance of childhood, <1168> important role played by instincts, importance of sexuality, dynamic view of mental functioning). <1168> Review of aetiological factors <1666> Possibility of mixed neurosis (actual neurosis along with a psychoneurosis) <1845> The normal state of affairs <1427> The state of affairs when things have gone wrong <1428> Cognisance of the fact that it is only acquired (accidental, sexual) factors that we can exercise an influence over. <3494> Cannot influence heredity, disposition, demands of civilization. <3494> Suitability for treatment. <1461> Only transference neuroses suitable. <1461> Requirement for a relatively normal ego with which one can deal. <1461> Cases not suitable. Reasons for. <1899>

Aims and goals of treatment

Aims and goals of treatment, in general. <1432> Strengthening the patient's ego. <512> Extending the ego's domain of control over the id. To replace id with ego. <512> To arrive at a knowledge of the unconscious material <1280> The insufficiency of anamnestic methods for arriving at a knowledge of such material <3414> Distinction of psycho-analysis from anamnestic methods <3414> The material we are looking for <1444> Making the patient aware of his repressions <3114> The undoing of repressions. Making the repressed material (pre-)conscious. <1161> Making the patient aware of, and overcoming, his resistances. <1926> Implications

The necessity for an analysis to go back to early childhood. <1841> The necessity to analyse the childhood neurosis upon which the later adult neurosis is based. <1841> The necessity for going into the patient's sexual life. <2480> As being almost impossible to understand a neurosis <2480> without going into the sexual life of the person concerned. <2480> As, in fact, being the physician's obligation and duty to do so. <2480> Tendencies to secretiveness, prudery and hypocrisy when it comes to matters in sexual life. <3476> The fact that there are things which one keeps hidden not only from others but also from oneself <4443>

The therapeutic task

The technique, in general. <2078> The concept of the analyst as an ally. As forming a pact with the patient's ego. <1426> The intellectual task <1442> How treatment proceeds, in general. <3699> The nature and volume of the material which emerges <3365> The way in which the material emerges <3696> The order in which the material emerges <4246> The ego's attitude toward the emerging material <3700> Note that we don't overlook the role played by the ego in the pathological process. <2091> Work equally divided between ego-analysis and id-analysis. <2091> Tools at the analyst's disposal

In general <614> Free association

The method, in general. <455> Theoretical basis of. Justification for. Rationale behind. <455> Determinism in mental life. <455> All mental events determined (or even over-determined). <455> Necessary preconditions. The psycho-analytic pact. <455> The fundamental rule of psycho-analysis. <455> The attitude required on the part of the patient. <455> Technical aspects and rules. <455> Demands made on the analyst <5521> Attitude required of the analyst while employing the free association technique <2547> As the most important of the tools <2558>

Interpretation of dreams <102> Interpretation of parapraxes, symptomatic acts, chance actions. <103> Interpretations and constructions

In general <1445> The question of timing. The need for correct timing in imparting our knowledge to the patient. <1445> The need to distinguish between our knowledge and the patient's knowledge. <1445> Not sufficient to make content known to patient. <1445> Patient must accept and work through it for it to become his knowledge. <1445> The question of incorrect constructions. <1445>

The transference

In general <2706> Its inevitable appearance in the course of psycho-analytic treatment <3693> (or any other form of medical treatment, for that matter). <3693> The positive transference. [See also topics 1539 and 3705] <1542> The negative transference. [See also topic 2707] <1543> Distinction between the positive and negative transference <5767> Role played by the transference in treatment. Handling of, in general. <1843> As constituting an indispensible therapeutic tool. <1843> Cure as being obtained through resolution (mastery) of the transference neurosis <4143> Transference phenomenon as constituting proof of the role played by the sexual instinct in the neuroses <2703> The counter-transference <1577>

Other

Screen memories (childhood memories) <2324> Corroboration of interpretations by close family members, relatives. <5817> The concept of 'acting out' (instead of remembering) <203>

Factors affecting the outcome

Relative factors

In general <1546> Suitability for treatment. Patient's capacity to form a transference. [See also topic 1461] <86> Patient doesn't initially come to us with a conviction of the truth of psycho-analytic theories <2115> or of the curative powers, of psycho-analysis. <2115> The patient's intellectual capacity <1483> Ability to arouse intellectual interest in the theories of psycho-analysis in the patient <1536> Condition of the patient's ego (alterations in, split in). <1579> The fiction of a normal ego. <1579> The extent to which the aetiology is a traumatic one <1856> Constitutional factors. Innate strength of the instincts. Genetic predisposition. <1578> Quantitative relations. [See topic 911] The possibility of actual satisfaction of the instincts in real life <1547> Capacity for sublimation <1482>

Factors working in our favour

In general <2117> Upward drive of the repressed <1537> The positive transference <1539> Any intellectual interest in psycho-analysis which we may have aroused in the patient <3690>

Factors opposing our efforts

In general <3702> Resistances

Resistance, in general. <616> Reasons for resistance. <2675> Forms the resistance may assume. <2675> Relationship of resistance to repression. <2675> Resistances as being an expression of the self-same forces which initially instituted the repressions. <2675> Same forces responsible for repression and resistance. <2675> Distortion of the material coming forward as being due to the resistance <5385> Resistance as a quantifiable force. <1073> Resistance as being measured by the amount of effort required to make the repressed material conscious. <1073> Treatment as proceeding in the face of a resistance, in general. Patient meets us with a resistance. <2157> The resistances as opposing our efforts <1450>

The concept of resistance to recovery <638>

The resistances as opposing the patient's own recovery <5390> The sources of resistance as being unconscious <1462> Role played by the repressing ego, the forces of repression in the neuroses. <1925> The uncovering and overcoming of resistances as at least half the work, if not the primary task, of analysis. <1925> Handling of the resistances. <1925> Factors affecting the strength of the resistances <3953> The resistances as being more easily recognized than material in the id <2114> The concept of resistance to the uncovering of the resistances <2105> Role of resistances in the therapeutic outcome <2122> Analogies for resistance <5617> Forms of resistance

In general. <1451> Sources of resistance other than those emanating from the ego. <1451> Resistances emanating from the patient's ego (ego-resistances). <1476> Resistances emanating from the ego's wish to maintain (hold on to) <1476> (the ego's clinging to) its repressions. <1476> Resistances emanating from the super-ego (unconscious sense of guilt). <2492> [See also topic 3100] <2492> Resistances emanating from the patient's need to suffer, the patient's need to remain ill. <1464> Resistances attributable to the death instinct. [See also topic 1983] <1466> Resistances attributable to fundamental characteristics of the instincts themselves. <2133> Resistances attributable to masochistic trends within ego. <2133> The transference as a source of resistance, in general. <1555> The positive transference as a source of resistance <3705> The negative transference as a source of resistance <2707> The counter-transference as a source of resistance <104> The castration complex as a source of resistance / as the mental structure least subject to influence in males <1677> Penis envy as a source of resistance / as the mental structure least subject to influence in females <1704> Remembering, repeating, working through. The patient repeats instead of remembering. <5826> The relative absence of resistances, up to a certain point, in the psychoses. <3593> Their absence as being pathognomic for the psychoses. <3593>

Economic considerations

Importance of the economic factor. <911> Neurosis as being first and foremost an economic problem. <911> All a question of quantitative relations - <911> the relative strengths of the various forces playing a role in the neurosis. <911> Need for satisfaction of the instincts in real life. <911> Importance, in particular, of the sexual instinct. <911> The ego's ability to tolerate frustration. <911> The ego's capacity for sublimation. <911> [See also ‘Neurosis In General’ > ‘Aetiological factors in the neuroses’ > ‘Economic considerations’] <911> A note on the libido's reluctance to give up a form of satisfaction it has once enjoyed <3507>

Motives for illness. Primary gain from illness. Secondary gain from illness. [See topic 5082] Other factors

Constitutional factors. Innate strength of instincts. <515> Relative strength of the instincts at the time of falling ill. <515> Reinforcement of the instincts at certain times of life (puberty, menopause, loss of sexual object). [See also topic 2929] <515> Role played by Fate (marriage, loss of spouse). <5142> Unfavourable fixations of the libido. <1002> Unsuitablity of the narcissistic disorders for treatment. <1002> Age. Psychical inertia. Adhesiveness of the libido. <513> Secondary factors which may cause a relative weakening of the ego. [See also topic 3196] <1866> Notion that in certain cases, for a conflict to end in neurosis may be the most harmless and socially tolerable solution. <5837>

Analysis as . . .

In general <5387> The concept of neurosis being due to lack of insight <3595> Analysis as involving the elucidation of symptoms <5057> Analysis as a form of after-education, as an extension of self-knowledge. <1438> Analysis as the making conscious of what is pathogenically unconscious / repressed in the patient <3322> Analysis as the undoing of repressions, in general. <1714> Analysis as the undoing of repressions instituted (and hence damage done) in early childhood. <1760> Analysis as the undoing of infantile (and now unnecessary) repressions. <1760> Analysis as replacing repression with something better - with suppression (a condemning judgement) or sublimation. <4644> Analysis as enabling / bringing about the resolution of the patient's conflicts <5013> Analysis as the overcoming of resistances <1453> Analysis as the filling in of gaps in the patient's memory (removing amnesias). <1713> As the making conscious of what has been forgotten. [See also topic 532] <1713> Analysis as the uncovering, and working through, of past traumas. <1712> (The material emerges, symptoms are analysed, in the reverse order to which the traumas occurred.) <1712> Analysis as a taming of the instincts. <1859> (Note that we don't aim to do away with the instincts - merely to tame them.) <1859>

Achievements of an analysis

What a successful analysis achieves and how it achieves it. <267> Possible outcomes of treatment. <267> The undoing of repressions. Makes repressed material (pre-)conscious. <1226> Brings processes in the id under the domination of the ego <4731> Broadens of the compass of the ego <1454> Frees the patient from the reigns of sexuality <2743> Overcomes resistances. Benefits thereof. <1457> Enables sublimation of the instincts <576> Enables direct satisfaction for the instincts <649> The distinction between 'repression' and 'suppression' <3882> Relationship between sublimation and repression. Distinction from reaction-formation. <2394> Analogies for what analysis achieves <5618> Analogy with the finding of the solution to a parapraxis <3555>

Technical matters

When may an analysis be considered complete? <517> Is there any natural end to the treatment? <517> Bringing the treatment to an end <2156> Is a complete cure possible? <3845> When may a treatment be considered to have been successful? <2154> Variability of results obtained. Reasons for. <1872> Spontaneous cures. Is a spontaneous cure possible? Explanations for. <1296> The concept of one neurosis (or symptom) (or form of suffering) being replaced another <3300> Limitations of analytic treatment, in general. <5154> People's expectations in relation to an analysis <3680> (underestimation of the severity and depth of the neuroses) <3680> The value of an analysis, in general. <3681> Prophylactic value of an analysis. Permanency of the cure. <1855> Can a successful treatment prevent a person from falling ill later? <1855> Is it possible to stir up, and hence influence, a conflict which is not currently active? <1882> Ways of making a latent conflict active <1886> The problem of inaccurate amanuenses <3269> Attempts at speeding up / shortening the length of the treatment (e.g. setting a time limit). <1839> The dangers of getting results too soon <1840> Modifications in technique called for by the various neuroses <5639> Problems associated with making case histories public / facing the expositor <3597> (medical confidentiality, intimate nature of material involved, mass of material involved). <3597> Problems people may have with the free association technique (adopting of the required psychical attitude) <4372> Miscellaneous technical rules

In general <4241> Anything which interrupts / interferes with the progress of analytic work should be regarded as a resistance <4650> Negation <5843> Analysis / analytic treatment should be carried out / through, as far as is possible, in a state of frustration / abstinence / under privation. <1885> We do not concern ourselves with individual symptoms per se. <2729> Their resolution comes about as a by-product of the analysis. <2729> The taking of notes during an analytic session <5055>

Pros and cons of psycho-analytic therapy

Pros

As being powerful, and possibly dangerous, in the wrong hands. Analogy with surgery. <2720> As the most thorough-going of the therapeutic modalities <2481> Distinctions from other forms of therapy. <2404> (Simple anamnestic, hypnotic, suggestive.) <2404> Psycho-analysis as a deep therapy. <2404> As being the only means of arriving at a knowledge of the unconscious material. <2404> Analogies for, in general. <2404> Analogies illustrating distinction from other forms of therapy. <2404> Archaeological analogy for <3655>

Cons

Shortcomings, in general. <3683> Analysis as lengthy, time-consuming (and thus expensive) procedure. <3446> Psycho-analysis as being only for the rich. <2724> Attempts at making analysis accessible to the broad population. <2724>

The practice of psycho-analysis

Who shall practice psycho-analysis? The question of lay analysis. Requirement for a training analysis. <164> Qualities required of the analyst <5048> The analyst's own resistances <1718> The analyst's individuality <2159> Analysis as not allowing the presence of a third person <3713> The question of sexual relations between patient and analyst <1439> Note that we respect the patient's individuality - we don't try and mould him in accordance with our ideals. <2734>

Miscellaneous topics

The question of the role played by suggestion in analytic treatment <679> Doubts as to the believability of the material which emerges <3384> (the analyst forces material on the patient; the patient himself invents the material). <3384> Synthesis vs. analysis (unsatisfactory nature of the former) <2278> The question of self-analysis <404> Psycho-analysis of children <2600> Freud's own views as to psycho-analytic therapy, in general. <2403> Late therapeutic pessimism. Increased emphasis on the economic factor. <2403> Therapies in the future <1485>

Civilization And Society

Introduction

Definition of <903> Civilization and society as founded upon repression and renunciation of instinct. [Brief. See topic 65.] <1176>

Origins

In general <904> The civilization process <913> Adoption of the upright posture. Atrophy of sense of smell. <900> Abolition of the periodicity of the libido <960>

Early civilization

Origins in the darkest past. Father-murder (patricide). [See also topic 12] <66> The sexual lives of primitives <5644> Taboo observances, in general. <5645> Taboo on incest and the injunction to exogamy. [See also topic 263] <195> Origins of the sense of morality. [See also topic 262] <3827>

Civilization in relation to the instincts, in general.

Civilization and society are founded upon repression and renunciation of instinct <65>

Civilization in relation to the sexual instinct

Society's suppression of the sexual instinct, in general. <3533> Civilization at the expense of the sexual instinct, in particular. <368> Civilization as requiring the renunciation of certain erotogenic zones as unserviceable <3803> As a result of repression, the sexual instinct is forced to find alternative sources of satisfaction, <1787> to take detours, roundabout paths to satisfaction. <1787> Desexualization of the sexual instinct <1786> The possibility of its sublimation <5499> The sexual instinct as making a contribution to mankind's highest achievements <1785> Society's reasons for enforcing sexual repression. [See also topic 2864] <475> Monogamous marriage - general discussion of; problems associated therewith. <2375>

Civilization in relation to the aggressive instinct

The inborn human tendency toward aggression. [See also topic 2182] <3157> Civilization as requiring / being based on a renunciation of aggression <2866> Our relations with our fellow man. Role of the aggressive instinct in inter-personal relations. <2463> Development of the social instincts through reaction-formation/transformation. <2463> Dangers the aggressive instinct poses to society. <2864> As being the main reason why society imposes such heavy restrictions on the sexual instinct. <2864> [See also topic 475] <2864> Role played by religion in the civilization process <5472>

The problem with society. Reasons for unhappiness in society.

In general <539> Unhappiness in relation to the sexual instinct <2290> Unhappiness in relation to the aggressive instinct

In general. <915> The inevitibility of strife and war. <915> The aggressive instinct as the main source of human unhappiness. <915> Dangers suppression of the aggressive instinct poses for the individual. <915> Relationships between virtue, turning inward of the aggressive instinct <915> and the unconscious sense of guilt. <915> Need for the aggressive instinct to be turned outward to avoid falling ill. <915> The aggressive instinct as possible source of all internal conflict. <915> [See also under 'Neurosis' > ‘Aetiological factors in the neuroses’ >’The death instinct’] <915>

Other sources of human suffering <1918>

Paths to happiness

In general <2965> Active pursuit of pleasure <1914> Avoidance of unpleasure <1915> The chemical approach. Altered states of consciousness (e.g. alcohol). <1913> Religion <1920> Retreat into psychosis <2070>

Society's role in the aetiology/causation/genesis of neurosis

Society and the individual - general discussion of needs of each. <1044> Society and its cultural demands as being ultimately responsible for neurosis. <67> Neurosis as a by-product of the civilization process. <67> Neurotics as those / that class/group of people who founder on the civilization process. <67> Normal person as, too, being a product of repression, sublimation and reaction-formation. <2014> The role played by the repressed in mental life, in general. <4995> Relationship between the father and other / higher / later forms of authority <4448> Relationship between neurosis and higher productions of human mind <642>

Group Psychology

In general <652> Critique of the concept of a 'herd instinct' <2797> Man as a horde, rather than a herd, animal. <282> Group formation, in general. <2798> The simple case of two lovers <1617> Role played by aim-inhibited libido in ordinary friendships <2801> Role played by the libido in groups. <546> Groups as being based on libidinal ties. <546> Group as being based on (sublimated) homosexual ties, in particular. <2499> Role played by the aggressive instinct in groups, in general. <3040> Role played by reaction-formation against hostile impulses dating from the nursery <2799> The group's management of internal aggression. <207> Need for an external minority on whom to direct the aggression. <207> The 'narcissism of minor differences' <208> Role played by the leader in the group. <247> Man's need for a powerful figure in authority (father-figure). <247> The group as being based on a common love (and fear) of the leader <457> Role played by identification in <547> Role played by the super-ego in <276> Role played by the ego ideal in <5769> Effect of the group on the intellectual capacity of its members <3740> Nations as a whole as following the same dynamics as the individual <914> Nations as a whole may be neurotic <834>

Religion

Religion in general

In general <2023> Characteristics of all religions <420> (moral injunctions, calls for renunciation, penances, promised rewards). <420> Religion as a psychological problem in need of an explanation <4052> Viewpoints

In general <393> Role played by the past in

In general. <5460> Origins of religion in the prehistory, the childhood, of mankind. <5460> The core of truth / the historical truth in religion. <5460> Role played by trauma in, in general. <936>

Infantile aspects of religion <271> (man's weakness, need for a strong, all-powerful father-figure and protector). <271> Role played by the father-complex in. <271> Religion as an illusion <96> Religion as a neurosis

In general <4048> Renunciation of instinct in <5457> Role played by repression in <4045> Return of the repressed in <5461> Role played by wish-fulfilment in <4819> Role played by displacement in <5468> Role played by unconscious sense of guilt in <4047> Role played by super-ego in <1282> Role played by anxiety in (fear of divine punishment) <5458> Role played by projection in <4278> Religion as psychology projected into the external world <5029> Role played by the compulsion to repeat in <4773> Religion as an obsessional neurosis, in particular. [See also topic 2985] <11> Differences between religion and obsessional neurosis <5443> Religion as offering protection against neurotic illness <5635> Role played by civilization in <1037> Religion as the neurosis of mankind <151>

Religion as a delusion <13> Splitting of the ego in religion. [See topic 1818]

The religions

Primitive religion

Ancient origins of religion, in general. <5754> The mental lives of primitive people, in general. <5589> Animistic view of the universe <5646> Characteristics of primitive religions, in general. <558> Totemism

Totemism, in general. <5753> Precepts of, in general. <2016> Role played by the Oedipus complex in, in general. <2748> Prohibition on incest in. [See also topic 195] <263> The father-complex in. Patricide. [See also topic 66] <12> The sense of guilt in reaction to father-murder <285> Projection in <5647> God as a sublimation (elevation to a higher sphere) of the father <2828> Its two main precepts as constituting the origins of mankind's moral and social order. [See also topic 3827] <262> Evolution of later religions from totemism <197>

The ancient religions <5473>

Judaism

In general <395> Monotheism <131> The man Moses

In general <115> Moses, an Egyptian … <70>

Facts pointing in favour of this theory, in general. <396> His Egyptian name <107> Interpretation of the myth of his birth <108> Was said to have been 'slow of speech' <144>

The Exodus from Egypt <418> The murder of Moses <140> Disavowal of the murder. Latency period. Later return of the repressed. <141> Sense of guilt in reaction to the murder <1402> Moses’ murder as reinforcing in the Jews the universal sense of guilt from earlier patricide <2017> If Moses was an Egyptian. Ramifications. <71>

Monotheism as being of Egyptian origin <1936> Religions prevalent in Egypt at the time <132> The Egyptian religion which Moses passed on to his followers <142> Distinctions between Egyptian religions and monotheism <143> Circumcision as being of Egyptian origin. <264> Circumcision as a symbolic substitute for castration. [See also topic 1681] <264>

Moses' motives for doing what he did <130> The Jewish nation, in general. <5463> The Jewish nation as being assembled out of a number of different tribes <146> The Levites as originally being Egyptian <147> Moses' role in stamping the Jews with their unique character <246> Summary <145>

Christianity

In general <73> As an offshoot from Judaism, in general. <199> The figure of Christ <3850> Role played by disciples (the Apostles) in the establishment of Christianity <419> The psychological logic behind Christianity <202> Role of sense of guilt in <201> Symbolic significance of communion <283> The philosophy of universal love <2306> Distinctions from Judaism <421>

Other religions

Mahommedanism <210> Rationalistic religions of the East <5848>

Miscellaneous topics

The archaic heritage

The question of phylogenetic memory. [See also topic 580] <213> Symbolism as an example of <239> The child's reaction to trauma (the Oedipus and castration complexes) as examples of <240> Instinctual (unlearned) behaviour of animals as justification for <242> Importance for group psychology <241> Role played by inherited memory traces in religion <243> Role played by inherited memory traces in the neuroses <245> How acquired, passed on, later re-activated. <244> The notion of ontogeny repeating phylogeny <4684>

Other religious beliefs and their origin (belief in life after death) <4601> The Jews and anti-semitism <204> The role of religion in society <651>

Historical

Freud

Personal <2313> Early pre-psychoanalytic influences. Charcot, Brucke, Bernheim. <2317> Visits to Saltpetriere, Nancy. What was learnt. <2317> Wilhelm Fliess <612> Other figures who exercised an influence on Freud's thought. Opponents (e.g. Meynert). <3739> Persons admired by Freud. Goethe. Schopenhauer. Lichtenberg. <2824> Works regarded by Freud as being important <2844>

Early views on the mental apparatus

The Project. Lines of thought, theories emanating from it. <3675> The brain as the scene of action of our mental processes <286> (Neurones, contact-barriers, facilitations, memory, pain, <286> role of quantity and quality in, the property of consciousness). <286> The concept of already cathected neurones/systems being <3943> more susceptible to cathexis than uncathected ones <3943>

Psycho-analysis

Overview of development of views, theories and techniques

In general <366> Pre-psychoanalytic views on neurosis (Medieval times, Middle Ages, Charcot). <2858> Everything put down to heredity. <2858> Other views on neurosis (Janet). <2858> Over-emphasis on role played by heredity, degeneracy, chemical factors. Critique thereof. <2858> Freud's early views on the role played by heredity. <2858> The possibility of the neuroses having an acquired basis. <2858>

Breuer and the case history of Anna O.

In general <1277> Case history <492> Breuer's method <2893> What Breuer's method made possible <4155> Breuer's findings <500>

Freud enters the scene <2898>

Freud's early employment of Breuer's method. <2900> A new technique for arriving at a knowledge of unconscious material. <2900> Freud's extensions of the technique. <2900> The goal of treatment at this stage <4157> Freud's findings <511> Subsequent confirmation of findings on other patients <2478>

Original joint statement of findings

Hysteria as an acquired disorder, having a psychical basis with a traumatic aetiology. <522> Unconscious mental processes at work in. <522> Defence on the part of the patient's ego. <522> Suppression of affect. Strangulated affect finds employment in symptom through conversion. <522> Causal link between trauma and symptom. <522> Aims/goals of therapy. <522> Therapy aimed at re-establishing causal link between trauma and symptom, <522> thereby allowing abreaction of strangulated affect. <522> Treatment essentially of a cathartic nature. <522> Use of hypnosis as a therapeutic tool. <522> Analogy with 'traumatic neuroses'. <522> Traumas must have occurred in early childhood. <522> Role played by memories in. Hysterics as suffering mainly from reminiscences. <522> Role played by sexuality in. Traumatic experiences usually of a sexual nature. <522> Nature of the sexual traumas (seduction). <522> Mechanism of symptom formation. The conversion process. <522> Symptoms as a return of the repressed. <522>

Technical matters

In general <3348> Similarities/differences between hysteria and obsessional neurosis <3319> Early views on obsessional neurosis. <3316> Also traumatic aetiology, but event experienced is of an active/aggressive nature. <3316> Explanation of symptoms in terms of a 'counter-will' <3586> The concept of 'the putting into effect of antithetic ideas' <3609> Reasons for the perseveration of memories long after the event. <2956> The question of an adequate reaction to a psychical trauma. <2956> Adequate reaction not occurring in hysterics. As reason for retention and consequent <2982> pathogenicity of their memories. Hysterics as suffering from reminiscences. <2982> Explanation for the deferred action of early traumas. <3337> How early experiences of a sexual nature are able to exert their pathogenic effect. <3337> Through the re-activation of their memory-traces in later life. <3337> Deferred action of memories. <3337> Distinction of views from other earlier views on the aetiology of the neuroses <2904> (acquired, psychical mechanism, traumatic aetiology, defence, the sexual factor). <2904>

Parting of the ways

Breuer's theory of hypnoid states. Freud's criticisms thereof. <533> Other differences in views. <533> Acknowledgements to Breuer. Later retractions of these. <2490> Breuer's theoretical contribution <3671> The question of how much of the theoretical contribution is due to Breuer and how much due to Freud <3673> The value of Breuer's findings <3312> Importance of the case history of Anna O. <2897> Value of Breuer's method. <2897> Reasons for Breuer's abrupt withdrawal from the case and cessation of all further involvement in psycho-analysis <3579>

Freud's early views on the neuroses

In general. <3003> The neuroses as having an acquired basis. <3003> The actual neuroses as having a discrete physical mechanism. <3003> The psychoneuroses as having a psychical basis. <3003> Dynamic mechanism, based on conflict between opposing forces. <3003> Defence-based theory for the neuroses, with the mechanism of repression as its nucleus. <3003> Repression not necessarily a pathological phenomenon. <3003> Found in healthy people as well. <3003> Distinction of normal defence from pathological defence. <3003> A common mechanism for the psychoneuroses. <3003> Paths taken by repressed material in the formation of the symptom. <3003> Dissociation of affect from idea. <3003> Conversion in hysteria, attachment to surrogate idea in obsessional neurosis. <3003> The concept of a 'false connection'. <3003> Symptoms as representing a return of the repressed. <3003> Symptoms as representing failures of repression. <3003> Mechanism of repression. <3003> Greater appreciation of the role played by the instincts in the neuroses. <3003> A sexual aetiology for the neuroses. [See also topic 383] <3003> Ideas of a sexual nature as being main motive for defence. <3003> Importance of childhood. <3003> Relationship between sexuality and childhood. <3003> Presence of sexuality in childhood. <3003> The relationship of symptoms to sexuality not always obvious. <3003> The unconsciousness of the mental processes at work in the neuroses. <3003> What treatment called for at this stage <4221> Differences in the aetiology of the various neuroses <3022> Differing chronological requirements <3790> Conversion mechanism in hysteria. [See also topic 1115] <3026> Displacement of affect of anxiety on to surrogate object in phobias <3027> Attachment of affect to wrong/surrogate object in obsessional neurosis <3028> The concept of the process which takes place in hysteria being more advantageous <3090> than that occurring in the other neuroses <3090> Early views on paranoia - as, too, being based on defence. <3349> Symptoms as representing a return of the repressed in distorted form. <3349> Comparison between symptom formation in paranoia and obsessional neurosis <3353> Comparison between symptom formation in paranoia and hysteria <3354>

Modification of views

Abandonment of traumatic theory for the neuroses. Reasons for. <2169> Shift to dynamic aetiology for neuroses <2111> Greater appreciation of role played by sexuality in the neuroses. <2583> Greater appreciation of role played by perverse sexuality in the neuroses. <2583> Neuroses as the negative of the perversions. <2583> Appreciation of importance of childhood in <2584> Greater appreciation of role played by ego in. <2717> Greater appreciation of role played by 'defence' in. <2717> Focus shifted away from the repressed to the resistances. <2717> Intimation of notion of repression <540> Analogy for repression - rowdy man in hall. <542> Notion of a censorship function in mental life <2537> The resistance. [See also ‘Psycho-Analytic Treatment’ > ‘Factors opposing our efforts’ > ‘Resistances’] <1043> The seduction theory of neurosis

In general <2860> Criticisms of seduction / trauma-based theory. Replies to these. <3321> The believability of patients' confessions regarding seduction. <3314> The unreliability of anamneses in general. <3314> Abandonment of seduction theory. Reasons for. <2610> Greater appreciation of role played by phantasy in mental lives of neurotics. <2610> Relationship of phantasies to dreams. <2610>

Early classification of the neuroses

In general <3302> Possibility of neuroses without psychical mechanism - the actual neuroses. <3123> Separation off of 'anxiety neurosis' from neurasthenia <3176> Separation off of obsessional neurosis (and phobias) from neurasthenia. <3456> Obsessional neurosis as an independent entity. <3456> Separation off of hysteria from neurasthenia. <3718> Arguments against early theories <3575> Possible forerunners of early theories <3577>

Therapeutic technique

In general <3295> Distinctions between Breuer and Freud's technique and other techniques (suggestion) <3615> Basic requirement: Need for repressed impulses to be made conscious <3372> before they can be subject to the modifying influence of the ego. <3372> Hypnosis

The nature of hypnosis. Characteristics of the state. <2529> Theories for hypnotic phenomena. <3741> Overvaluation of the sexual object. The credulity of love as fundamental source of authority. <3741> Views on hypnotic phenomena and use of as a therapeutic technique <3738> Use of hypnosis as a therapeutic tool. <502> As bringing about a lowering of the resistances. <502> What was learned through the use of hypnosis <528> Practical difficulties associated with the use of hypnosis. <503> Abandonment as a therapeutic tool. Reasons for. <503>

Abandonment of cathartic method

Shortcomings in the cathartic method. <2479> Inadequate for arriving at knowledge of unconscious material. <2479> Dependence on hypnosis. <2479> As being a symptomatic rather than a causal therapy. <2479> Need for a new method. <2479> Move away from the cathartic technique. <2479> Realization of role played by transference in therapeutic outcome. <2479> Search now on for therapeutic technique, independent of hypnosis. <2526> The need for an independent means of arriving at a knowledge of unconscious material. <2526> Starts to work with patients in their normal waking state. <2526> First approaches. Remembers experiments he witnessed at Nancy (Bernheim). <536> Sought-after material there but inaccessible because of repression. <536> Only apparently forgotten. Can be remembered if sufficient pressure applied. <536> The inability to remember things as being motivated. <536> Adopts the 'pressure technique’. Advantages. Problems therewith. <536> What Freud learned from the ‘pressure technique’. <536> Abandonment of the 'pressure technique’. Reason for. <5616> Finds other means for arriving at a knowledge of unconscious material <583>

Free association. [See main entry at topic 455] <2532> Dream interpretation. [See main entry at topic 102] <519> Interpretation of parapraxes, symptomatic acts, chance actions. [See main entry at topic 103] <584>

Birth of the new technique of psycho-analysis. <2541> Distinctions from the cathartic procedure. <2541> Psycho-analysis becomes primarily an interpretive art <2540> Analogy with extracting the pure metal from the ore <5386> Summary of changes undergone in therapeutic technique <2736>

The movement

In general <377> As working alone in the first few years <2710> Begins to build up a band of followers around him <2711> The Vienna Psychoanalytic Society <139> Cool reception received in Germany. Rejection from scientific world. <2701> The breakaway movements <894> Freud's definitions of what is and isn't psycho-analysis <2713> Persons whom Freud credits with having made a contribution to psycho-analysis and its theories <2825> Translations and the translators of Freud's works <2846>

Psycho-Analysis In General

Resistances to psycho-analysis and its theories

In general. <607> Reasons for. Sources of. Guises under which these resistances may manifest themselves. <607> Criticisms usually based on ignorance <607> (criticisms usually made by people not qualified to do so). <607> Resistances often based on prudery i.e. on ethical/moral rather than on valid scientific grounds. <607> Resistances arise mainly in response to the emphasis psycho-analysis lays on sexuality. <607> Resistance to a sexual aetiology for the neuroses <3374> Resistance to assertion of an unconscious portion of the mind <3451> Resistance to assertion of a death instinct (even within psycho-analytic circles) <3130> Fears of the dangers posed by psycho-analysis to society as a whole <3463> Criticisms commonly applied to psycho-analysis and its theories

Criticisms of the method itself (validity, credibility of its findings). <1216> Believability/genuineness of what patient tells us. <1216> That we may perhaps have forced our own ideas on the patient. <1216> That all our findings based on studies of the abnormal. <1216> Over-concern with sexuality. That we put everything down to sexuality. <1216> (Note that we don't lose sight of the organic factor.) <1216> That psycho-analysis seeks to cure the neuroses by giving free reign to sexuality. <1216> That our notions of sexuality in children are derived from analyses of adults. <1216> That every dream is the fulfilment of a sexual wish. <1216> Dualistic view of the instincts. <1216> Objections to psycho-analysis as a whole. <1216> That psycho-analysis is a threat to all that is best and highest in society. <1216> That we put all criticism down to resistances. <1216>

Replies to criticisms

Refutation of criticisms, clearing up of misconceptions, in general. <5839> Replies to / refutations of criticisms relating to psycho-analysis as a form of treatment, in particular. <1888> Fear of the dangers posed by psycho-analytic treatment <1888> (may cause break-up of marriages, cause people to lose jobs). <1888> ('Better to let sleeping dogs lie' - the problem is the dogs aren't sleeping.) <1888> Distinction from philosophy. <2195> Theories arrived at from observation rather than speculation. <2195> Driven by practical necessity. <2195>

Origins of the name 'psycho-analysis' given to the science/procedure <2542> Freud as having had very little to retract in later years <2494> Freud's initial aversion to a sexual aetiology for the neuroses <3678> Freud as never having wavered from his sexual theory for the neuroses <3122> Psycho-analysis as not being a static science - its theories open to change and modification. <2845> Application of psycho-analysis in other fields. <2836> Its value from a broader perspective. <2836> Psycho-analysis and its findings not confined to field of psychopathology. <2836> Understanding of mental life in general. <2836> Understanding of human failings; improvement of humanity. <2836> Future prospects of psycho-analysis. <4302> Psycho-analysis unlikely to ever become popular or find widespread acceptance. <4302> Prospects for the future (therapy) <654> Psycho-analysis as Weltanschauung (philosophy of life) <2839>

Miscellaneous Topics

Freud's views on various topics

America/Americans <928> Communism <922> Orthodox medicine. [See also topic 398] <923> Philosophers <927> Religion <920> Civilized society/morality <5423> Society's sexual restrictions / greater sexual freedom <925> Society's need to come to terms with the claims of sexuality <3522> Marriage <918> Contraception. <4410> Benefits which would flow from a safe method of contraception which doesn't interfere with sexual enjoyment. <4410> Abstinence <5507> Homosexuality <921> Telepathy. Occultism. Belief in the supernatural. <930> Mysticism <4279> Fellow human beings <919> The value of life <5834> Scientific/technological advances <926> Education <5246> Upbringing of children <3602> Sexual enlightenment of children. <1893> Greater openness regarding sexual matters. <1893> Shakespeare <1701> Other <2276>

Critique of orthodox medical training and practice. <398> (Ignores the sexual factor; fails to take into account the patient's sexual circumstances.) <398> Critique of orthodox psychiatry <1172> Critique of 'alternative' medicine <4244> Role played by suggestion in orthodox medical treatment <564> Attempted explanations for other medical conditions

In general <3277> A neurotic aetiology for many common medical complaints <403> Anorexia <1141> Disturbances of vision. [See also topic 5650] <5649> Neurotic tiredness <601> Insomnia <4067>

Child psychology. The mental lives of children.

In general <4478> Value of <4391> Children as at first lacking the ability to distinguish between hallucinations/phantasy and reality <4904> Move away from wishing; abandonment of hallucinatory satisfaction. <4906> Learning to postpone satisfaction of desires. <4906> Learning to find satisfaction by bringing about appropriate changes in the external world. <4906> The megalomania of childhood <4447> Exhibitionism in <4477> Nocturnal enuresis; relationship to masturbation. Urethral erotism; relationship to ambition. <4593> Fire. Relationship to bed-wetting. Symbolic meaning of, in general. <5140> Night terrors (pavor nocturnus) accompanied by hallucinations (in children in particular) <4752> Children's play - function of, purpose served by. <4744> Observation of sexual intercourse between adults. Effects thereof. <4751> Parents' relation to their children <4625> Children's relation to their parents <5150> The child's relation to the father, in particular. <4619> Sexual abuse (seduction) of children <5254> Relationship between sexuality and educability <5353> A note on how we are blind to shortcomings in the loved object <4998>

Phantasy in mental life

In general <5006> Family romances <125> Retrospective phantasies <4511> Phantasy - as repetitions or modified versions of scenes from infancy. <4900> Transference phantasies <5579> Relationship between phantasy and day-dreaming <4640> Relationship between frustration and phantasy <5833> Relationship between the phantasies of the individual and myths <5343> The legends, myths and fairy tales of mankind, in general. <4972> Phantasy - analogies for. <5832>

Art and the artist (including creative writing). Art and neurosis. <449> Role of phantasy, day-dreams, unconscious mental processes in. <449> Roots of the concept of 'beautiful'/'beauty' in sexual excitation <5205> On the nature of our thought processes

In general. <3955> As being in the nature of small experimental cathexes. <3955> Our mental life as being governed by three polarities <5770> The ability of wishes/emotions/instincts to exercise an influence over the direction taken by our thought processes <4029> The ability of the pleasure principle to exercise an influence over / disturb our thought processes <4813> Our beliefs as being influenced by our wishes <4902> Man doesn't generally seek the truth - more inclined to seek wish-fulfilment. <272> The concept of knowing, and yet not knowing, something at the same time. <3632>

Great men <5549> Speech/communication as having its origin in the child's initial helplessness. <4020> Origins of speech/language in general. <4020>

Bibliography - Chronological Bibliography - Alphabetical About This Edition

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