Fundamentals of Microbiology · Body Systems Edition by Pommerville, Jeffrey C. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Page Copyright Brief Contents Contents Index of Boxed Features Preface Acknowledgments Dedication About the Author To the Student—Study Smart Part 1: Foundations of Microbiology

1 Microbiology: Then and Now

A Day in the Life of a Microorganism 1.1 The Discovery of Microbes Leads to Questioning Their Origins

Microscopy—Discovery of the Very Small Do Animalcules Arise Spontaneously?

1.2 Disease Transmission Can Be Interrupted

Vaccination Prevents Infectious Disease Disease Transmission Does Not Result from a Miasma The Stage Is Set

1.3 The Classical Golden Age of Microbiology Reveals the Germ

Louis Pasteur Proposes That Germs Cause Infectious Disease Pasteur’s Ideas Stimulate Disease Control Robert Koch Formalizes Standards to Equate Germs with Infectious Disease

1.4 With the Discovery of Other Microbes, the Microbial World Expands

Other Global Pioneers Contribute to the New Discipline of Microbiology The Microbial World Can Be Catalogued into Five Major Groups

1.5 A Second Golden Age of Microbiology Involves the Birth of Molecular Biology and Chemotherapy

Molecular Biology Relies on Microorganisms as Model Systems Two Types of Cellular Organization Are Realized Antibiotics Are Used to Cure Infectious Disease

1.6 The Third Golden Age of Microbiology Is Now

Microbiology Continues to Face Many Challenges Studies in Microbial Evolution Are Also Helping to Drive the New Golden Age Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

2 The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

2.1 Organisms Are Composed of Atoms

Atoms Are Composed of Charged and Uncharged Particles Atoms Can Vary in the Number of Neutrons or Electrons Electron Placement Determines Chemical Reactivity

2.2 Chemical Bonds Form Between Reactive Atoms

Ionic Bonds Form Between Oppositely Charged Ions Covalent Bonds Share Electrons Hydrogen Bonds Form Between Polar Groups or Molecules Chemical Reactions Change Bonding Partners

2.3 All Living Organisms Depend on Water

Water Has Several Unique Properties Acids and Bases Affect a Solution’s pH Cell Chemistry Is Sensitive to pH Changes

2.4 Living Organisms Are Composed of Four Types of Organic Compounds

Functional Groups Define Molecular Behavior Carbohydrates Consist of Sugars and Sugar Polymers Lipids Are Water-Insoluble Compounds Nucleic Acids Are Large, Information-Containing Polymers Proteins Are the Workhorse Polymers in Cells Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

3 Concepts and Tools for Studying Microorganisms

3.1 The Prokaryotes Can Form Multicellular Communities and Communicate

Prokaryotic Cells Exhibit Some Remarkable and Widespread Behaviors Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Share Similarities in Organizational Patterns Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Also Have Structural Distinctions

3.2 Classifying Microorganisms Reveals Relationships Between, and the Evolution of, Organisms

Classification Attempts to Catalog Organisms Kingdoms and Domains: Making Sense of Taxonomic Relationships Nomenclature Gives Scientific Names to Organisms Classification Uses a Hierarchical System Many Methods Are Available to Identify and Classify Microorganisms

3.3 Microscopy Is Used to Visualize the Structure of Cells

Many Microbial Agents Are in the Micrometer Size Range Light Microscopy Is Used to Observe Most Microorganisms Staining Techniques Provide Contrast Other Light Microscopy Optics Also Can Enhance Contrast Electron Microscopy Provides Detailed Images of Cells, Cell Parts, and Viruses Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

4 Structure of Bacterial and Archaeal Cells

4.1 There Is Tremendous Diversity Among the Bacteria and Archaea

The Domain Bacteria Contains Some of the Most Studied Microbial Organisms The Domain Archaea Contains Organisms with Diverse Physiologies

4.2 Prokaryotes Can Be Distinguished by Their Cell Shape and Arrangements

Variations in Cell Shape and Cell Arrangement Exist

4.3 Cell Structure Organizes Cell Function

Cells Are Highly Ordered Externally and Internally

4.4 External Cell Structures Interact with the Environment

Pili Are Involved with Several Cellular Processes Flagella Provide Motility The Glycocalyx Serves Several Functions

4.5 Most Prokaryotic Cells Have a Cell Envelope

The Bacterial Cell Wall Is a Tough and Protective External Shell The Archaeal Cell Wall Also Provides Mechanical Strength The Cell Membrane Represents a Selectively Permeable Barrier

4.6 The Cell Cytoplasm is the Compartment Within Which Most Growth and Metabolism Occurs

The Nucleoid Represents a Subcompartment Containing the Chromosome Plasmids Are Found in Many Bacterial and Archaeal Cells Other Subcompartments Exist in the Cell Cytoplasm Cytoskeletal Proteins Regulate Cell Division and Help Determine Cell Shape Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

5 Microbial Growth and Nutrition

5.1 Microbial Reproduction Is Part of the Cell Cycle

Binary Fission Is Part of the Cell Cycle Bacterial and Archaeal Cells Can Grow Exponentially

5.2 Microbial Growth Progresses Through Distinct Phases

A Bacterial Growth Curve Illustrates the Dynamics of Growth Some Bacterial Cells Can Exist In a Metabolically Inactive State Optimal Microbial Growth Is Dependent on Several Physical Factors

5.3 Culture Media Are Used to Grow Microbes and Measure Their Growth

Culture Media Are of Two Basic Types Culture Media Can Be Modified to Select For or Differentiate Between Microbial Species Population Measurements Are Made Using Pure Cultures Population Growth Can Be Measured in Several Ways Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

6 Microbial Metabolism

6.1 Enzymes and Energy Drive Cellular Metabolism

Enzymes Catalyze All Chemical Reactions in Cells Enzymes Act Through Enzyme-Substrate Complexes Enzymes Often Team Up in Metabolic Pathways Enzyme Activity Can Be Inhibited Energy in the Form of ATP Is Required for Metabolism

6.2 Glucose Catabolism Generates Cellular Energy

Glucose Contains Stored Energy That Can Be Extracted Glycolysis Is the First Stage of Energy Extraction The Citric Acid Cycle Extracts More Energy from Pyruvate Oxidative Phosphorylation Is the Process by Which Most ATP Molecules Arise

6.3 There Are Other Pathways to ATP Production

Other Nutrients Represent Potential Energy Sources Anaerobic Respiration Produces ATP Using Other Final Electron Acceptors Fermentation Produces ATP Using an Organic Final Electron Acceptor

6.4 Photosynthesis Converts Light Energy to Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis Is a Process to Acquire Chemical Energy

6.5 Microbes Exhibit Metabolic Diversity

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Get Their Energy and Carbon in Different Ways Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

Part 2: The Genetics of Microorganisms

7 Microbial Genetics

7.1 The Hereditary Molecule in All Organisms Is DNA

Bacterial and Archaeal DNA Is Organized Within the Nucleoid DNA Within a Nucleoid Is Highly Compacted Many Microbial Cells Also Contain Plasmids

7.2 DNA Replication Occurs Before a Cell Divides

DNA Replication Occurs in Three Stages DNA Polymerase Only Reads in the 3′ to 5′ Direction

7.3 Gene Expression Produces RNA and Protein for Cell Function

Transcription Copies Genetic Information into Complementary RNA The Genetic Code Consists of Three-Letter Words Translation Is the Process of Making the Polypeptide Antibiotics Interfere with Gene Expression Gene Expression Can Be Controlled in Several Ways

7.4 Mutations Are Permanent Changes in a Cell’s DNA

Mutations Can be Spontaneous or Induced Point Mutations Can Affect Gene Expression Repair Mechanisms Attempt to Correct Mistakes or Damage in the DNA Transposable Genetic Elements Can Also Cause Mutations

7.5 Techniques Exist for Identifying Mutants

Plating Techniques Select for Specific Mutants or Characteristics The Ames Test Can Identify Potential Mutagens Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

8 Gene Transfer, Genetic Engineering, and Genomics

8.1 Bacterial Cells Can Recombine Genes in Several Ways

Genetic Information Can Be Transferred Vertically and Horizontally Transformation Is the Uptake and Expression of DNA in a Recipient Cell Conjugation Involves Cell-to-Cell Contact Conjugation Also Can Transfer Chromosomal DNA Transduction Involves Viruses as Agents for Horizontal Gene Transfer

8.2 Genetic Engineering Involves the Deliberate Transfer of Genes Between Organisms

Genetic Engineering Was Born from Genetic Recombination Biotechnology Has Spawned Many Commercial and Practical Products DNA Probes Can Identify a Cloned Gene or DNA Segment

8.3 Microbial Genomics Studies Genes at the Single Cell to Community Levels

Many Microbial Genomes Have Been Sequenced Comparative Genomics Brings a New Perspective to Defining Infectious Diseases and Studying Evolution Comparisons Between Microbial and Human Genomes Microbial Genomics Will Advance Our Understanding of the Microbial World Comparative Genomics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases Metagenomics Is Identifying the Previously Unseen Microbial World Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

Part 3: Control of Microorganisms

9 Control of Microorganisms: Physical and Chemical Methods

9.1 Microbial Growth Can Be Controlled in Several Ways

Sterilization and Sanitization Are Key to Good Public Health

9.2 There Are Various Physical Methods to Control Microbial Growth

Heat Is the Most Common Physical Control Method Dry Heat Has Useful Applications Moist Heat Is More Versatile Than Dry Heat Filtration Traps Microorganisms Ultraviolet Light Can Be Used to Control Microbial Growth Other Types of Radiation Can Sterilize Materials Preservation Methods Retard Spoilage by Microorganisms in Foods

9.3 Chemical Control Usually Involves Disinfection

Chemical Control Methods Are Dependent on the Object to Be Treated Chemical Agents Are Important to Laboratory and Hospital Safety Antiseptics and Disinfectants Can Be Evaluated for Effectiveness

9.4 A Variety of Chemical Agents Can Control Microbial Growth

Halogens Denature Enzymes and Impair Protein Synthesis Phenol and Phenolic Compounds Denature Proteins Heavy Metals Interfere with Microbial Metabolism Alcohols Denature Proteins and Dissolve Membrane Lipids Soaps and Detergents Act as Surface-Active Agents Peroxides Damage Cellular Components Some Chemical Agents Combine with Nucleic Acids and/or Cell Proteins Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

10 Antimicrobial Drugs and Superbugs

10.1 Antimicrobial Agents Are Chemical Substances Used to Treat Infectious Disease

The History of Chemotherapy Originated with Paul Ehrlich Fleming’s Observation of the Penicillin Effect Ushered in the Era of Antibiotics Antimicrobial Agents Have a Number of Important Properties Antibiotics Are More Than Agents of Natural Biological Warfare

10.2 Some Synthetic Antibacterial Agents Inhibit DNA Synthesis

Sulfonamides Target Specific Metabolic Reactions Quinolones are Among the Most Prescribed Synthetic Antimicrobials

10.3 Beta-Lactam Antibiotics Inhibit Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis

Penicillin Has Remained the Most Widely Used Antibiotic Other Beta-Lactam Antibiotics Also Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis

10.4 Other Bacterially Produced Antibiotics Inhibit Some Aspect of Metabolism

Vancomycin Also Inhibits Cell Wall Synthesis Polypeptide Antibiotics Affect the Cell Envelope Many Antibiotics Affect Protein Synthesis Some Antibiotics Inhibit Nucleic Acid Synthesis

10.5 Other Antimicrobial Drugs Target Viruses, Fungi, and Parasites

Antiviral Drugs Interfere with the Viral Replication Cycle Antifungal Drugs Have Several Modes of Action The Goal of Antiprotistan Agents Is to Eradicate the Parasite Antihelminthic Drugs Target Nondividing Helminths

10.6 Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Is a Growing Challenge

There Are Several Antibiotic Susceptibility Assays Antibiotic Resistance Can Develop and Spread in Several Ways Antibiotic Resistance Is of Vital Concern in the Medical Community New Approaches to Antibiotic Therapy Are Needed Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

Part 4: A Survey of the Microbial World

11 Microbial Systematics and the Domains Bacteria and Archaea

11.1 Microbial Systematics Helps Explain Microbial Evolution

Systematics Has Two Major Goals Many Systematic Studies Rely on the Principles of Monophyly Mutations and Horizontal Gene Transfer Are the Major Source of Species Variation Ribosomal RNA Is Highly Conserved The Great Majority of Bacterial and Archaeal “Species” Have Never Been Studied

11.2 The Domain Bacteria Is Composed of Organisms Living Almost Anywhere on Earth

Several Bacterial Lineages Branch Off the Phylogenetic Tree Very Early The Proteobacteria Is a Large and Diverse Group The Gram-Positive Bacteria Comprise Two Phylogenetic Subdivisions Cyanobacteria Are Important Photoautotrophs The Chlamydiae Are Obligate Intracellular Parasites Spirochaetes Have Diverse Ecological Niches The Bacteroidetes Are Widely Distributed In the Environment

11.3 The Domain Archaea Consists of Genetically Distinct Organisms

The Crenarchaeota Are a Metabolically Diverse Group The Euryarchaeota Are Found in Broad Habitats Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

12 Eukaryotic Microorganisms: The Protists, Fungi, and Helminths

12.1 The Domain Eukarya Is Substantially Microbial

The Domain Eukarya Includes the Protists and Fungi

12.2 The Classification of the Protista Is Based on Several Characteristics

The Protists Are Unicellular But Nutritionally Diverse The Protists Encompass a Variety of Parasitic Lifestyles

12.3 The Kingdom Fungi Includes the Molds and Yeasts

Fungi Share a Combination of Characteristics Reproduction in Fungi Involves Spore Formation Fungi Can Be Classified into Several Major Groups Yeasts Represent a Term for Any Single-Celled Stage of a Fungus

12.4 Parasitic Helminths Cause Substantial Morbidity Worldwide

There Are Two Groups of Parasitic Helminths Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

13 The Viruses and Virus-Like Agents

13.1 Filterable Infectious Agents Cause Disease

Many Scientists Contributed to the Early Understanding of Viruses

13.2 Viruses Have a Simple Structural Organization

Viruses Are Tiny Infectious Agents Viruses Are Grouped by Their Shape Viruses Have a Host Range and Tissue Specificity

13.3 Viruses Can Be Classified by Their Genome

A Taxonomic Scheme for All Viruses Has Yet to Be Universally Adopted

13.4 Viral Replication Follows a Set of Common Steps

The Replication of Bacteriophages Can Follow One of Two Cycles Animal Virus Replication Often Results in a Productive Infection Some Animal Viruses Produce a Latent Infection

13.5 Viruses and Their Infections Can Be Detected in Various Ways

Detection of Viruses Often Is Critical to Disease Identification

13.6 Some Viruses Are Associated with Human Tumors and Cancers

Cancer Is an Uncontrolled Growth and Spread of Cells Oncogenic Viruses Transform Infected Cells

13.7 Emerging Viruses Arise from Genetic Recombination and Mutation

Emerging Viruses Usually Arise Through Natural Phenomena

13.8 Virus-Like Agents Include Viroids and Prions

Prions Are Infectious Proteins Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

Part 5: Interactions and Impact of Microorganisms with Humans

14 Infection and Disease

14.1 The Host and Microbe Form an Intimate Relationship in Health and Disease

The Human Body Maintains a Symbiosis with Its Microbiota The Human Microbiome Takes Up Residence at Birth Pathogens Differ in Their Ability to Cause Disease Several Events Must Occur for an Infection to Become Established in the Host Infection Locations Depend on the Pathogen’s Tissue Preferences

14.2 From Infection to Disease Involves Host and Pathogen

Diseases Progress Through a Series of Stages Pathogen Entry into the Host Depends on Cell Adhesion and Often Invasion of Tissues Successful Pathogens Often Have a Variety of Chemical Virulence Factors Pathogens Must Leave the Host to Spread Disease

14.3 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Is Concerned with the Prevention and Control of Disease

Epidemiologists Often Have to Identify the Reservoir of an Infectious Disease Infectious Diseases Can be Acquired in Several Ways Infectious Diseases Can Be Transmitted by Direct or Indirect Contact Epidemiologists Also Track How Diseases Spread Within Populations Healthcare-Associated Infections Have Moved Beyond Hospitals Infectious Diseases Continue to Challenge Public Health Organizations Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

15 Resistance and the Immune System: Introduction and Innate Immunity

15.1 The Immune System Is a Network of Cells and Molecules to Defend Against Foreign Substances

Blood Cells Form an Important Part of Immune Defense The Lymphatic System Is Composed of Cells and Tissues Essential to Immune Function Innate and Adaptive Immunity Compose a Fully Functional Human Immune System

15.2 Surface Barriers Are Part of Innate Immunity

Host Defensive Barriers Limit Pathogen Entry

15.3 Coordinated Cellular Defenses Respond to Pathogen Invasion

Innate Immunity Depends on Recognizing Common Pathogen-Associated Molecules Phagocytosis Attempts to Clear Microbes from Infected Tissues Inflammation Plays an Important Role in Fighting Infection Moderate Fever Benefits Host Defenses Natural Killer Cells Recognize and Kill Abnormal Cells

15.4 Effector Molecules Damage Invading Pathogens

Complement Marks Pathogens for Destruction Interferon Puts Cells in an Antiviral State Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

16 Resistance and the Immune System: Adaptive Immunity

16.1 The Adaptive Immune Response Targets the Specific Invading Pathogen

The Ability to Eliminate Pathogens Requires a Multifaceted Approach Adaptive Immunity Generates Two Complementary Responses to Most Pathogens Lymphoid Stem Cells Differentiate into Several Types of Lymphocytes Clonal Selection Activates the Appropriate B and T Cells

16.2 Humoral Immunity Is an Antibody Response to Pathogens in Body Fluids

Antibodies Share a Common Structure There Are Five Immunoglobulin Classes Antibody Responses to Pathogens Are of Two Types Antibody Diversity Is a Result of Gene Rearrangements Antibody Interactions Mediate the Disposal of Antigens (Pathogens)

16.3 Cell-Mediated Immunity Detects and Eliminates Intracellular Pathogens

Cell-Mediated Immunity Relies on T-Lymphocyte Receptors and Recognition Naive T Cells Mature into Effector T Cells Activated Cytotoxic T Cells Destroy Virus-Infected Cells Other Types of Antigens Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

17 Immunity and Serology

17.1 Immunity to Disease Can Be Generated Naturally or Artificially

Adaptive Immunity Can Result by Actively Producing Antibodies to an Antigen Whole Agent Vaccines Contain Weakened or Inactivated Antigens Newer Vaccines Contain Only Subunits or Fragments of Antigens Some Vaccines Are Specifically Recommended for Adults Adaptive Immunity Also Can Result by Passively Receiving Antibodies to an Antigen Herd Immunity Results from Effective Vaccination Programs Do Vaccines Have Dangerous Side Effects?

17.2 Serological Reactions Can Be Used to Diagnose Disease

Serological Reactions Have Certain Characteristics Neutralization Involves Antigen-Antibody Reactions Precipitation Requires the Formation of a Lattice Between Soluble Antigen and Antibody Agglutination Involves the Clumping of Antigens Complement Fixation Can Detect Antibodies to a Variety of Pathogens Labeling Methods Are Used to Detect Antigen-Antibody Binding

17.3 Monoclonal Antibodies Are Used for Immunotherapy

Monoclonal Antibodies Are Becoming a “Magic Bullet” in Biomedicine Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

18 Immune Disorders and AIDS

18.1 Type I Hypersensitivity Represents a Familiar Allergic Response

Type I Hypersensitivity Is Induced by Allergens Type I Hypersensitivities Can Be Localized or Systemic Allergic Reactions Also Are Responsible for Triggering Many Cases of Asthma Why Do Only Some People Have Allergies? Therapies Sometimes Can Control Allergies

18.2 Other Types of Hypersensitivities Represent Cytotoxic, Immune Complex, or Delayed Reactions

Type II Hypersensitivity Involves Cytotoxic Reactions Type III Hypersensitivity Involves an Immune Complex Reaction Type IV Hypersensitivity Is Mediated by Antigen-Specific T Cells

18.3 Autoimmune Disorders and Transplantation Are Immune Responses to “Self”

An Autoimmune Disorder Is a Failure to Distinguish Self from Nonself Transplantation of Tissues or Organs Is an Important Medical Therapy Immunosuppressive Agents Prevent Allograft Rejection

18.4 Immunodeficiency Disorders Can Be Inherited or Acquired

Immunodeficiencies Can Involve Any Aspect of the Immune System The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Is Responsible for HIV Infection and AIDS Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

Part 6: Infectious Diseases of Humans

19 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Skin, Soft Tissues, and Eyes

19.1 The Skin Contains a Resident Microbiota

The Skin Is Composed of Physical and Biological Components The Skin Harbors a Resident Microbiota Skin Infections Can Be Caused by Resident Microbiota Skin Wound Infections Can Be the Result of Resident Microbiota

19.2 A Variety of Skin Diseases Are the Result of Exogenous Pathogens

Staphylococcal Contact Diseases Have Several Manifestations Streptococcal Skin Diseases Can Be Mild to Severe Other Punctures or Wound Trauma Also Can Lead to Infections

19.3 Several Viruses Cause Human Skin Diseases

Human Herpes Simplex Infections Are Widespread and Often Recurrent A Few Other Viruses Also Cause Skin Diseases Poxvirus Infections Have Had Great Medical Impacts on Populations

19.4 Some Fungi and Parasites Can Invade the Skin

Dermatophytosis Is an Infection of the Skin, Hair, and Nails Leishmaniasis Can Cause a Cutaneous Infection

19.5 Several Contact Diseases Affect the Eye

Conjunctivitis Can Be Caused by a Variety of Pathogens Keratitis Is a Potentially Dangerous Eye Infection Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

20 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System

20.1 The Respiratory System and Resident Microbiota Normally Block Microbial Colonization

Upper Respiratory Tract Defenses Hinder Microbe Colonization of the Lower Respiratory Tract The Upper Respiratory Tract Harbors a Large and Diverse Resident Microbiota

20.2 Several Bacterial and Viral Diseases Affect the Upper Respiratory Tract

Pharyngitis Is One of the Most Common Infectious Diseases Diphtheria Is a Life-Threatening Bacterial Illness Sinusitis Is a Common Infection in the Upper Respiratory Tract Ear Infections Are Common Illnesses in Early Childhood The Common Cold Is a Minor Inflammation of the Nose and Throat

20.3 Some Pathogens Can Spread from the URT to the LRT

Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Is Highly Contagious Influenza Is a Highly Communicable Acute Respiratory Infection

20.4 Several Bacterial, Viral, and Fungal Pathogens Target the LRT

Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Is a Significant Public Health Threat Inhalational Anthrax Is an Occupational Hazard Pneumonia Can Be Caused by Several Bacterial Pathogens Community-Acquired Pneumonia Is Also Caused by Intracellular Parasites Some Viruses Also Cause CAP Several Fungal Pathogens Cause Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

21 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Digestive System

21.1 The Resident Microbiota of the Digestive System Is Enormous

The Digestive System Is Composed of Two Separate Categories of Organs The Digestive System’s Microbiota Is Large and Diverse

21.2 Infectious Diseases of the Oral Cavity Can Affect One’s Overall Health

Dental Caries Causes Pain and Tooth Loss in Affected Individuals Periodontal Disease Can Arise from Bacteria in Dental Plaque Mumps Is a Viral Infection Affecting the Parotid Glands

21.3 GI Tract Pathogens Are Usually Spread Through Food and Water

Food poisoning May Arise from Intoxications or Infections There Are Several Ways Foods or Water Become Contaminated

21.4 Some Bacterial Pathogens Cause Foodborne Intoxications

Food Poisoning Can Be the Result of Enterotoxins

21.5 Many Bacterial Pathogens Cause GI Tract Infections

Bacterial Gastroenteritis Often Produces an Inflammatory Condition Several Bacterial Species Can Cause an Invasive Gastroenteritis Gastric Ulcer Disease Can Be Spread Person to Person

21.6 Digestive System Infections and Intoxications Can Be Caused by Viruses and Eukaryotic Microbes

Viral Gastroenteritis Is Caused by Several Unrelated Viruses Hepatitis Is an Inflammatory Disease of the Liver Several Protistan Parasites Cause Disease of the Digestive System Some Fungi Can Be Poisonous or Even Deadly When Consumed Helminthic Parasites Often Cause “Infections” In and Disease Beyond the Digestive System Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

22 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Nervous System

22.1 The Nervous System Defenses Are Primarily Structural

The Nervous System Is Composed of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems The Nervous System Lacks a Resident Microbiota

22.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Central Nervous System Can Be Life-Threatening Emergencies

Acute Bacterial Meningitis Is a Rapidly Developing Inflammation Bacterial Intoxications Can Affect the CNS Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) Is a Chronic PNS Infection

22.3 The Central Nervous System Can Be the Target of Viral Pathogens

Some Viruses Cause Acute Meningitis Viral Encephalitis Can Be a Consequence of a Primary Infection Arboviral Encephalitis Is a Result of a Primary Viral Infection Rabies Is a Highly Fatal Form of Encephalitis Polio May Be the Next Infectious Disease Eradicated Globally

22.4 Diseases of the Nervous System Also Can Be Caused by Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Fungal Infections of the CNS Cause Chronic Meningitis Encephalitis Can Be the Result of Indirect Transmission of a Protistan Parasite Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

23 Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, and Systemic Infectious Diseases

23.1 The Human Body Has Two Systems for Transporting Fluids

The Cardiovascular System Is Composed of the Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation The Lymphatic System Is a Complex Network of Lymphoid Organs

23.2 Several Circulatory System Diseases Are Caused by Bacteria and Helminthic Parasites

Septicemia Is a Dangerous Bacterial Infection of the Bloodstream Infective Endocarditis Affects the Endocardium and Heart Valves Streptococcal Infections Also Affect the Cardiovascular System Some Helminthic Parasites Infect the Circulatory System

23.3 Systemic Bacterial Diseases Can be Spread by Arthropods

Plague Can Be a Fatal Disease Tularemia Usually Is Spread Cutaneously Lyme Disease and Relapsing Fever Are Transmitted by Spirochetes Brucellosis Is Often a Serious Systemic Disease

23.4 Rickettsial and Ehrlichial Systemic Diseases Are Transmitted by Arthropod

Rickettsial Infections Often Involve a Characteristic Rash Other Tickborne Zoonoses Are Emerging Diseases in the United States

23.5 Systemic Viral Diseases Include Mononucleosis and Hemorrhagic Fevers

Three Herpesviruses Cause Blood Diseases Several Viruses Can Cause Cardiovascular System Damage and a Hemorrhagic Disease

23.6 Malaria and Sleeping Sickness Are Two Prominent Systemic Protistan Diseases

Plasmodium Can Be a Deadly Blood Parasite Babesia Causes a Malaria-Like Illness The Trypanosoma Parasites Can Cause Life-Threatening Systemic Diseases Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

24 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

24.1 The Female and Male Urinary Systems Have an Indigenous Microbiota

Urinary System Infections Are Influenced by the System’s Anatomy in Females and Males Part of the Urinary Tract Harbors a Resident Microbiota

24.2 Several Bacterial Species Are Associated with Urinary Tract Infections

Most Urinary Tract Infections Involve the Lower Urinary Tract Leptospirosis Is an Emerging Zoonotic Disease

24.3 The Female and Male Reproductive Systems Also Have an Indigenous Microbiota

The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Consist of Primary and Accessory Sex Organs The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Have a Set of Natural Defenses Common Vaginal Infections Come from Resident Microbiota

24.4 Several Prominent Sexually Transmitted Diseases are Caused by Bacteria

Chlamydial Urethritis Is the Most Frequently Reported STD Gonorrhea Is Becoming Untreatable Syphilis Is a Chronic, Infectious Disease Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases Also Exist

24.5 Several Sexually Transmitted Diseases Are Caused by Viruses and Parasites

Some Herpesviruses Are Associated With Reproductive System Infections Some Papillomaviruses Are Associated With Genital Warts and Cancer Trichomoniasis Is the Most Common Curable STD in Young, Sexually Active Adults Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

Part 7: Environmental and Applied Microbiology

25 Applied and Industrial Microbiology

25.1 Food Spoilage Is Generally a Result of Microbial Contamination and Growth

Food Spoilage Comes from Several Microbial Sources Several Conditions Can Determine if Spoilage Will Occur

25.2 Food Preservation Inhibits Foodborne Pathogens and Spoilage Microorganism

Heat Denatures Proteins Low Temperatures Slow Microbial Growth Drying and Osmotic Pressure Help Preserve Foods Chemical Preservatives Inhibit Microbial Growth Foods May Be Irradiated for Pest and Pathogen Elimination Foodborne Disease Can Result from an Infection or Intoxication HACCP Systems Attempt to Identify Potential Contamination Points

25.3 Many Foods and Beverages Are the Product of Microbial Metabolism

Many Foods Are Fermented Products Many Milk Products Are the Result of Fermentation Alcoholic Beverages Are Products of Fermentation

25.4 Microorganisms Are Used to Produce Many Industrial Products

Microorganisms Produce Many Useful Organic Compounds Microorganisms Also Produce Many Other Valuable Commercial Products Fungal Organisms Also Are Being Commercially Developed Bioremediation Helps Clean Up Pollution Naturally Biofuels May Be the Fuels of the Future Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

26 Environmental Microbiology

26.1 Water Pollution Includes Biological Changes Harmful to Water Quality

Unpolluted and Polluted Water Contain Different Microbial Populations There Are Three Types of Water Pollution Diseases Can Be Transmitted by Water

26.2 Proper Treatment of Water and Sewage Ensures Safe Drinking Water

Water Purification Is a Three-Step Process Sewage Treatment Can Be a Multistep Process Biofilms Are Prevalent in the Environment The Bacteriological Analysis of Water Tests for Indicator Organisms

26.3 Microbes Are Indispensable for Recycling Major Chemical Elements

The Carbon Cycle Is Influenced by Microorganisms The Sulfur Cycle Recycles Sulfate Molecules The Nitrogen Cycle Is Dependent on Microorganisms Summary of Key Concepts Chapter Self-Test

Appendix A: Metric Measurement and Temperature Conversion Chart Appendix B: CDC Summary of Notifiable Diseases in the United States in 2012 Appendix C: Pronouncing Organism Names Appendix D: Answers to End of Chapter Questions Appendix E: Answers to MicroInquiry, Clinical Case, and Investigating the Microbial World Questions Appendix F: Answers to Chapter Challenge Questions Glossary Index

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