THE TCP/IP GUIDE by Kozierok, Charles M. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

THE TCP/IP GUIDE ABOUT THE AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION

Goals of The TCP/IP Guide Scope of The TCP/IP Guide The TCP/IP Guide Features The TCP/IP Guide Online! Your Feedback and Suggestions

I-1. NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS

1. NETWORKING INTRODUCTION, CHARACTERISTICS, AND TYPES

Introduction to Networking

What Is Networking? The Advantages and Benefits of Networking The Disadvantages and Costs of Networking

Fundamental Network Characteristics

Networking Layers, Models, and Architectures Protocols: What Are They, Anyway? Circuit-Switching and Packet-Switching Networks

Circuit Switching Packet Switching Which Switching Method to Choose?

Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Protocols

Messages: Packets, Frames, Datagrams, and Cells

Message Formatting: Headers, Payloads, and Footers Message Addressing and Transmission Methods: Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast

Network Structural Models and Client-Server and Peer-to-Peer Networking Types and Sizes of Networks Segments, Networks, Subnetworks, and Internetworks The Internet, Intranets, and Extranets

2. NETWORK PERFORMANCE ISSUES AND CONCEPTS

Putting Network Performance in Perspective Balancing Network Performance with Key Nonperformance Characteristics Performance Measurements: Speed, Bandwidth, Throughput, and Latency

Speed Bandwidth Throughput Latency Summary of Performance Measurements

Understanding Performance Measurement Units

Bits and Bytes Baud

Theoretical and Real-World Throughput, and Factors Affecting Network Performance

Normal Network Overhead External Performance Limiters Network Configuration Problems Asymmetry

Simplex, Full-Duplex, and Half-Duplex Operation

Simplex Operation Half-Duplex Operation Full-Duplex Operation

Quality of Service (QoS)

3. NETWORK STANDARDS AND STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS

Proprietary, Open, and De Facto Standards

Proprietary Standards Open Standards De Facto Standards

Networking Standards International Networking Standards Organizations Networking Industry Groups Internet Standards Organizations (ISOC, IAB, IESG, IETF, IRSG, and IRTF) Internet Registration Authorities and Registries (IANA, ICANN, APNIC, ARIN, LACNIC, and RIPE NCC)

Internet Centralized Registration Authorities Modern Hierarchy of Registration Authorities

Internet Standards and the Request for Comment (RFC) Process

RFC Categories The Internet Standardization Process

4. A REVIEW OF DATA REPRESENTATION AND THE MATHEMATICS OF COMPUTING

Binary Information and Representation: Bits, Bytes, Nibbles, Octets, and Characters

Binary Information Binary Information Representation and Groups Byte Versus Octet

Decimal, Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Numbers

Binary Numbers and Their Decimal Equivalents Making Binary Numbers Easier to Use by Grouping Bits Octal Numbers Hexadecimal Numbers

Decimal, Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Number Conversion

Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Conversions Conversion from Binary, Octal, or Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion from Decimal to Binary, Octal, or Hexadecimal

Conversion from Decimal to Binary Conversion from Decimal to Octal or Hexadecimal

Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Arithmetic

Binary Arithmetic Octal and Hexadecimal Arithmetic

Boolean Logic and Logical Functions

Boolean Logical Functions

NOT AND and OR Exclusive-OR (XOR or EOR)

Combining Boolean Expressions

Bit Masking (Setting, Clearing, and Inverting) Using Boolean Logical Functions

Setting Groups of Bits with OR Clearing Bits with AND Inverting Bits with XOR

I-2. THE OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (OSI) REFERENCE MODEL

5. GENERAL OSI REFERENCE MODEL ISSUES AND CONCEPTS

History of the OSI Reference Model General Reference Model Issues

The Benefits of Networking Models Why Understanding the OSI Reference Model Is Important to You How to Use the OSI Reference Model Other Network Architectures and Protocol Stacks

Key OSI Reference Model Concepts

OSI Reference Model Networking Layers, Sublayers, and Layer Groupings "N" Notation and Other OSI Model Layer Terminology Interfaces: Vertical (Adjacent Layer) Communication Protocols: Horizontal (Corresponding Layer) Communication Data Encapsulation, Protocol Data Units (PDUs), and Service Data Units (SDUs) Indirect Device Connection and Message Routing

6. OSI REFERENCE MODEL LAYERS

Physical Layer (Layer 1) Data Link Layer (Layer 2) Network Layer (Layer 3) Transport Layer (Layer 4) Session Layer (Layer 5) Presentation Layer (Layer 6) Application Layer (Layer 7)

7. OSI REFERENCE MODEL SUMMARY

Understanding the OSI Model: An Analogy Remembering the OSI Model Layers: Some Mnemonics Summarizing the OSI Model Layers: A Summary Chart

I-3. TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE AND ARCHITECTURE

8. TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE AND ARCHITECTURE

TCP/IP Overview and History

TCP/IP History and Development Important Factors in the Success of TCP/IP

TCP/IP Services The TCP/IP Client/Server Structural Model

Hardware and Software Roles Transactional Roles

TCP/IP Architecture and the TCP/IP Model

Network Interface Layer Internet Layer Host-to-Host Transport Layer Application Layer

TCP/IP Protocols

II-1. TCP/IP NETWORK INTERFACE LAYER PROTOCOLS

9. TCP/IP SERIAL LINE INTERNET PROTOCOL (SLIP) AND POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL (PPP) OVERVIEW AND FUNDAMENTALS

SLIP versus PPP Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)

SLIP Data Framing Method and General Operation Problems and Limitations of SLIP

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Overview and Fundamentals

Development and Standardization Function and Architecture Advantages and Benefits PPP Main Components PPP Functional Groups General Operation PPP Link Setup and Phases

Link Dead Phase Link Establishment Phase Authentication Phase Network Layer Protocol Phase Link Open Phase Link Termination Phase

PPP Standards

10. PPP CORE PROTOCOLS: LINK CONTROL, NETWORK CONTROL, AND AUTHENTICATION

Link Control Protocol (LCP)

LCP Packets LCP Link Configuration LCP Link Maintenance LCP Link Termination Other LCP Messages

The Network Control Protocols (IPCP, IPXCP, NBFCP, and Others)

Operation of NCPs The Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP): An Example NCP

PPP Authentication Protocols: PAP and CHAP

PAP CHAP

11. PPP FEATURE PROTOCOLS

PPP Link Quality Monitoring and Reporting (LQM, LQR)

LQR Setup Using Link Quality Reports

PPP Compression Control Protocol (CCP) and Compression Algorithms

CCP Operation: Compression Setup CCP Configuration Options and Compression Algorithms Compression Algorithm Operation: Compressing and Decompressing Data

PPP Encryption Control Protocol (ECP) and Encryption Algorithms

ECP Operation: Encryption Setup ECP Configuration Options and Encryption Algorithms Encryption Algorithm Operation: Encrypting and Decrypting Data

PPP Multilink Protocol (MP, MLP, MLPPP)

PPP Multilink Protocol Architecture PPP Multilink Protocol Setup and Configuration PPP Multilink Protocol Operation

PPP Bandwidth Allocation Protocol (BAP) and Bandwidth Allocation Control Protocol (BACP)

BACP Operation: Configuring the Use of BAP BAP Operation: Adding and Removing Links

12. PPP PROTOCOL FRAME FORMATS

PPP General Frame Format

Protocol Field Ranges Protocol Field Values PPP Field Compression

PPP General Control Protocol Frame Format and Option Format

PPP Control Messages and Code Values PPP Control Message Option Format Summary of PPP Control Message Formatting

PPP Link Control Protocol (LCP) Frame Formats PAP and CHAP Frame Formats

PPP PAP Control Frame Formats PPP CHAP Control Frame Formats

PPP Multilink Protocol (MP) Frame Format

PPP MP Frame Fragmentation Process PPP MP Fragment Frame Format PPP MP Fragmentation Demonstration

II-2. TCP/IP NETWORK INTERFACE/INTERNET LAYER CONNECTION PROTOCOLS

13. ADDRESS RESOLUTION AND THE TCP/IP ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL (ARP)

Address Resolution Concepts and Issues

The Need for Address Resolution

Addressing at Layer 2 and Layer 3 General Address Resolution Methods

Address Resolution Through Direct Mapping

How Direct Mapping Works Problems with Direct Mapping

Dynamic Address Resolution

How Dynamic Addressing Works Dynamic Address Resolution Caching and Efficiency Issues Other Enhancements to Dynamic Resolution

TCP/IP Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

ARP Address Specification and General Operation

ARP Message Types and Address Designations ARP General Operation

ARP Message Format ARP Caching

Static and Dynamic ARP Cache Entries Cache Entry Expiration Other Caching Features

Proxy ARP

TCP/IP Address Resolution for IP Multicast Addresses TCP/IP Address Resolution for IP Version 6

14. REVERSE ADDRESS RESOLUTION AND THE TCP/IP REVERSE ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL (RARP)

The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) RARP General Operation Limitations of RARP

II-3. INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 4 (IP/IPV4)

15. INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSIONS, CONCEPTS, AND OVERVIEW

IP Overview and Key Operational Characteristics IP Functions IP History, Standards, Versions, and Closely Related Protocols

IP Versions and Version Numbers IP-Related Protocols

16. IPV4 ADDRESSING CONCEPTS AND ISSUES

IP Addressing Overview and Fundamentals

Number of IP Addresses Per Device Address Uniqueness and Network Specificity Contrasting IP Addresses and Data Link Layer Addresses Private and Public IP Network Addresses IP Address Configuration and Addressing Types

IP Address Size, Address Space, and Notation

IP Address Size and Binary Notation IP Address Dotted Decimal Notation IP Address Space

IP Basic Address Structure and Main Components

Network ID and Host ID Location of the Division Between Network ID and Host ID

IP Addressing Categories and IP Address Adjuncts

Conventional (Classful) Addressing Subnetted Classful Addressing Classless Addressing Subnet Mask and Default Gateway

Number of IP Addresses and Multihoming IP Address Management and Assignment Methods and Authorities

17. CLASSFUL (CONVENTIONAL) ADDRESSING

IP Classful Addressing Overview and Address Classes

IP Address Classes Rationale for Classful Addressing

IP Classful Addressing Network and Host Identification and Address Ranges

Classful Addressing Class Determination Algorithm Determining Address Class from the First Octet Bit Pattern

IP Address Class A, B, and C Network and Host Capacities IP Addresses with Special Meanings IP Reserved, Private, and Loopback Addresses

Reserved Addresses Private, Unregistered, Nonroutable Addresses Loopback Addresses Reserved, Private, and Loopback Addressing Blocks

IP Multicast Addressing

Multicast Address Types and Ranges Well-Known Multicast Addresses

Problems with Classful IP Addressing

18. IP SUBNET ADDRESSING (SUBNETTING) CONCEPTS

IP Subnet Addressing Overview, Motivation, and Advantages IP Subnetting: Three-Level Hierarchical IP Subnet Addressing IP Subnet Masks, Notation, and Subnet Calculations

Function of the Subnet Mask Subnet Mask Notation Applying the Subnet Mask: An Example Rationale for Subnet Mask Notation

IP Default Subnet Masks for Address Classes A, B, and C IP Custom Subnet Masks

Deciding How Many Subnet Bits to Use Determining the Custom Subnet Mask Subtracting Two from the Number of Hosts per Subnet and (Possibly) Subnets per Network

IP Subnet Identifiers, Subnet Addresses, and Host Addresses

Subnet Identifiers Subnet Addresses Host Addresses Within Each Subnet

IP Subnetting Summary Tables for Class A, Class B, and Class C Networks IP Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM)

The Solution: Variable Length Subnet Masking Multiple-Level Subnetting Using VLSM

19. IP SUBNETTING PRACTICAL SUBNET DESIGN AND ADDRESS DETERMINATION EXAMPLE

IP Subnetting Step 1: Analyzing Requirements IP Subnetting Step 2: Partitioning Network Address Host Bits

Class C Subnetting Design Example Class B Subnetting Design Example

IP Subnetting Step 3: Determining the Custom Subnet Mask

Calculating the Custom Subnet Mask

Class C Custom Subnet Mask Calculation Example Class B Custom Subnet Mask Calculation Example

Determining the Custom Subnet Mask Using Subnetting Tables

IP Subnetting Step 4: Determining Subnet Identifiers and Subnet Addresses

Class C Subnet ID and Address Determination Example Class B Subnet ID and Address Determination Example Using Subnet Address Formulas to Calculate Subnet Addresses

IP Subnetting Step 5: Determining Host Addresses for Each Subnet

Class C Host Address Determination Example Class B Host Address Determination Example Shortcuts for Computing Host Addresses

20. IP CLASSLESS ADDRESSING—CLASSLESS INTER-DOMAIN ROUTING (CIDR)/SUPERNETTING

IP Classless Addressing and Supernetting Overview

The Main Problem with Classful Addressing The Solution: Eliminate Address Classes The Many Benefits of Classless Addressing and Routing

IP Supernetting: CIDR Hierarchical Addressing and Notation

CIDR (Slash) Notation Supernetting: Subnetting the Internet Common Aspects of Classful and Classless Addressing

IP Classless Addressing Block Sizes and Classful Network Equivalents IP CIDR Addressing Example

First Level of Division Second Level of Division Third Level of Division

21. INTERNET PROTOCOL DATAGRAM ENCAPSULATION AND FORMATTING

IP Datagram Encapsulation IP Datagram General Format

IP Datagram Time to Live (TTL) Field IP Datagram Type of Service (TOS) Field

IP Datagram Options and Option Format

22. IP DATAGRAM SIZE, FRAGMENTATION, AND REASSEMBLY

IP Datagram Size, MTU, and Fragmentation Overview

IP Datagram Size and the Underlying Network Frame Size MTU and Datagram Fragmentation Multiple-Stage Fragmentation Internet Minimum MTU: 576 Bytes MTU Path Discovery

IP Message Fragmentation Process

The IP Fragmentation Process Fragmentation-Related IP Datagram Header Fields

IP Message Reassembly

23. IP ROUTING AND MULTICASTING

IP Datagram Delivery

Direct Datagram Delivery Indirect Datagram Delivery (Routing) The Relationship Between Datagram Routing and Addressing

IP Routing Concepts and the Process of Next-Hop Routing IP Routes and Routing Tables IP Routing in a Subnet or Classless Addressing (CIDR) Environment IP Multicasting

Multicast Addressing Multicast Group Management Multicast Datagram Processing and Routing

II-4. INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6 (IPV6)

24. IPV6 OVERVIEW, CHANGES, AND TRANSITION

IPv6 Motivation and Overview

IPv6 Standards Design Goals of IPv6

Major Changes and Additions in IPv6 Transition from IPv4 to IPv6

IPv4 to IPv6 Transition: Differences of Opinion IPv4 to IPv6 Transition Methods

25. IPV6 ADDRESSING

IPv6 Addressing Overview: Addressing Model, Address Types, and Address Size

IPv6 Addressing Model Characteristics IPv6 Supported Address Types IPv6 Address Size and Address Space

IPv6 Address and Address Notation and Prefix Representation

IPv6 Address Hexadecimal Notation Zero Compression in IPv6 Addresses IPv6 Mixed Notation IPv6 Address Prefix Length Representation

IPv6 Address Space Allocation IPv6 Global Unicast Address Format

Rationale for a Structured Unicast Address Block Generic Division of the Unicast Address Space IPv6 Implementation of the Unicast Address Space Original Division of the Global Routing Prefix: Aggregators A Sample Division of the Global Routing Prefix into Levels

IPv6 Interface Identifiers and Physical Address Mapping IPv6 Special Addresses: Reserved, Private, Unspecified, and Loopback

Special Address Types IPv6 Private Addresses Type Scopes

IPv6/IPv4 Address Embedding IPv6 Multicast and Anycast Addressing

IPv6 Multicast Addresses

Multicast Scopes Well-Known Multicast Addresses Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses

IPv6 Anycast Addresses

IPv6 Autoconfiguration and Renumbering

IPv6 Stateless Autoconfiguration IPv6 Device Renumbering

26. IPV6 DATAGRAM ENCAPSULATION AND FORMATTING

IPv6 Datagram Overview and General Structure IPv6 Datagram Main Header Format

IPv6 Next Header Field Key Changes to the Main Header Between IPv4 and IPv6

IPv6 Datagram Extension Headers

IPv6 Header Chaining Using the Next Header Field Summary of IPv6 Extension Headers IPv6 Routing Extension Header IPv6 Fragment Extension Header IPv6 Extension Header Order

IPv6 Datagram Options

27. IPV6 DATAGRAM SIZE, FRAGMENTATION, REASSEMBLY, AND ROUTING

Overview of IPv6 Datagram Sizing and Fragmentation Implications of IPv6's Source-Only Fragmentation Rule The IPv6 Fragmentation Process IPv6 Datagram Delivery and Routing

II-5. IP-RELATED FEATURE PROTOCOLS

28. IP NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION (NAT) PROTOCOL

IP NAT Overview

Advantages of IP NAT Disadvantages of IP NAT

IP NAT Address Terminology IP NAT Static and Dynamic Address Mappings

Static Mappings Dynamic Mappings Choosing Between Static and Dynamic Mapping

IP NAT Unidirectional (Traditional/Outbound) Operation IP NAT Bidirectional (Two-Way/Inbound) Operation IP NAT Port-Based (Overloaded) Operation IP NAT Overlapping/Twice NAT Operation IP NAT Compatibility Issues and Special Handling Requirements

29. IP SECURITY (IPSEC) PROTOCOLS

IPsec Overview, History, and Standards

Overview of IPsec Services and Functions IPsec Standards

IPsec General Operation, Components, and Protocols

IPsec Core Protocols IPsec Support Components

IPsec Architectures and Implementation Methods

Integrated Architecture Bump in the Stack (BITS) Architecture Bump in the Wire (BITW) Architecture

IPsec Modes: Transport and Tunnel

Transport Mode Tunnel Mode Comparing Transport and Tunnel Modes

IPsec Security Constructs

Security Policies, Security Associations, and Associated Databases Selectors Security Association Triples and Security Parameter Index (SPI)

IPsec Authentication Header (AH)

AH Datagram Placement and Linking

IPv6 AH Placement and Linking IPv4 AH Placement and Linking

AH Format

IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)

ESP Fields ESP Operations and Field Use

Header Calculation and Placement Trailer Calculation and Placement ESP Authentication Field Calculation and Placement

ESP Format

IPsec Internet Key Exchange (IKE)

IKE Overview IKE Operation

30. INTERNET PROTOCOL MOBILITY SUPPORT (MOBILE IP)

Mobile IP Overview, History, and Motivation

The Problem with Mobile Nodes in TCP/IP The Solution: Mobile IP Limitations of Mobile IP

Mobile IP Concepts and General Operation

Mobile IP Device Roles Mobile IP Functions

Mobile IP Addressing: Home and Care-Of Addresses

Foreign Agent Care-Of Address Co-Located Care-Of Address Advantages and Disadvantages of the Care-Of Address Types

Mobile IP Agent Discovery

Agent Discovery Process Agent Advertisement and Agent Solicitation Messages

Agent Solicitation Message Format Agent Advertisement Message Format

Mobile IP Home Agent Registration and Registration Messages

Mobile Node Registration Events Registration Request and Registration Reply Messages Registration Process Registration Request Message Format Registration Reply Message Format

Mobile IP Data Encapsulation and Tunneling

Mobile IP Conventional Tunneling Mobile IP Reverse Tunneling

Mobile IP and TCP/IP Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Operation Mobile IP Efficiency Issues Mobile IP Security Considerations

II-6. IP SUPPORT PROTOCOLS

31. ICMP CONCEPTS AND GENERAL OPERATION

ICMP Overview, History, Versions, and Standards ICMP General Operation

The ICMP Message-Passing Service ICMP Error Reporting Limited to the Datagram Source

ICMP Message Classes, Types, and Codes

ICMP Message Classes ICMP Message Types ICMP Message Codes ICMP Message Class and Type Summary

ICMP Message Creation and Processing Conventions and Rules

Limitations on ICMP Message Responses ICMP Message Processing Conventions

ICMP Common Message Format and Data Encapsulation

ICMP Common Message Format Original Datagram Inclusion in ICMP Error Messages ICMP Data Encapsulation

32. ICMPV4 ERROR MESSAGE TYPES AND FORMATS

ICMPv4 Destination Unreachable Messages

ICMPv4 Destination Unreachable Message Format ICMPv4 Destination Unreachable Message Subtypes Interpretation of Destination Unreachable Messages

ICMPv4 Source Quench Messages

ICMPv4 Source Quench Message Format Problems with Source Quench Messages

ICMPv4 Time Exceeded Messages

ICMPv4 Time Exceeded Message Format Applications of Time Exceeded Messages

ICMPv4 Redirect Messages

ICMPv4 Redirect Message Format Redirect Message Interpretation Codes Limitations of Redirect Messages

ICMPv4 Parameter Problem Messages

ICMPv4 Parameter Problem Message Format Parameter Problem Message Interpretation Codes and the Pointer Field

33. ICMPV4 INFORMATIONAL MESSAGE TYPES AND FORMATS

ICMPv4 Echo (Request) and Echo Reply Messages

ICMPv4 Echo and Echo Reply Message Format Application of Echo and Echo Reply Messages

ICMPv4 Timestamp (Request) and Timestamp Reply Messages

ICMPv4 Timestamp and Timestamp Reply Message Format Issues Using Timestamp and Timestamp Reply Messages

ICMPv4 Router Advertisement and Router Solicitation Messages

The Router Discovery Process ICMPv4 Router Advertisement Message Format ICMPv4 Router Solicitation Message Format Addressing and Use of Router Advertisement and Router Solicitation Messages

ICMPv4 Address Mask Request and Reply Messages

ICMPv4 Address Mask Request and Address Mask Reply Message Format Use of Address Mask Request and Address Mask Reply Messages

ICMPv4 Traceroute Messages

ICMPv4 Traceroute Message Format Use of Traceroute Messages

34. ICMPV6 ERROR MESSAGE TYPES AND FORMATS

ICMPv6 Destination Unreachable Messages

ICMPv6 Destination Unreachable Message Format ICMPv6 Destination Unreachable Message Subtypes Processing of Destination Unreachable Messages

ICMPv6 Packet Too Big Messages

ICMPv6 Packet Too Big Message Format Applications of Packet Too Big Messages

ICMPv6 Time Exceeded Messages

ICMPv6 Time Exceeded Message Format Applications of Time Exceeded Messages

ICMPv6 Parameter Problem Messages

ICMPv6 Parameter Problem Message Format Parameter Problem Message Interpretation Codes and the Pointer Field

35. ICMPV6 INFORMATIONAL MESSAGE TYPES AND FORMATS

ICMPv6 Echo Request and Echo Reply Messages

ICMPv6 Echo and Echo Reply Message Format Application of Echo and Echo Reply Messages

ICMPv6 Router Advertisement and Router Solicitation Messages

ICMPv6 Router Advertisement Message Format ICMPv6 Router Solicitation Message Format Addressing of Router Advertisement and Router Solicitation Messages

ICMPv6 Neighbor Advertisement and Neighbor Solicitation Messages

ICMPv6 Neighbor Advertisement Message Format ICMPv6 Neighbor Solicitation Message Format Addressing of Neighbor Advertisement and Neighbor Solicitation Messages

ICMPv6 Redirect Messages

ICMPv6 Redirect Message Format Application of Redirect Messages

ICMPv6 Router Renumbering Messages

IPv6 Router Renumbering ICMPv6 Router Renumbering Message Format Addressing of Router Renumbering Messages

ICMPv6 Informational Message Options

Source Link-Layer Address Option Format Target Link-Layer Address Option Format Prefix Information Option Format Redirected Header Option Format MTU Option Format

36. IPV6 NEIGHBOR DISCOVERY (ND) PROTOCOL

IPv6 ND Overview

Formalizing Local Network Functions: The Neighbor Concept Neighbor Discovery Standards

IPv6 ND General Operational Overview

Host-Router Discovery Functions Host-Host Communication Functions Redirect Function Relationships Between Functions ICMPv6 Messages Used by ND

IPv6 ND Functions Compared to Equivalent IPv4 Functions IPv6 ND Host-Router Discovery Functions

Host-Router Discovery Functions Performed by Routers Host-Router Discovery Functions Performed by Hosts

IPv6 ND Host-Host Communication Functions

Next-Hop Determination Address Resolution Updating Neighbors Using Neighbor Advertisement Messages Neighbor Unreachability Detection and the Neighbor Cache Duplicate Address Detection

IPv6 ND Redirect Function

II-7. TCP/IP ROUTING PROTOCOLS (GATEWAY PROTOCOLS)

37. OVERVIEW OF KEY ROUTING PROTOCOL CONCEPTS

Routing Protocol Architectures

Core Architecture Autonomous System (AS) Architecture Modern Protocol Types: Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols

Routing Protocol Algorithms and Metrics

Distance-Vector (Bellman-Ford) Routing Protocol Algorithm Link-State (Shortest-Path First) Routing Protocol Algorithm Hybrid Routing Protocol Algorithms

Static and Dynamic Routing Protocols

38. ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL (RIP, RIP-2, AND RIPNG)

RIP Overview

RIP Standardization RIP Operational Overview, Advantages, and Limitations Development of RIP Version 2 (RIP-2) and RIPng for IPv6

RIP Route Determination Algorithm and Metric

RIP Routing Information and Route Distance Metric RIP Route Determination Algorithm RIP Route Determination and Information Propagation Default Routes

RIP General Operation, Messaging, and Timers

RIP Messages and Basic Message Types RIP Update Messaging and the 30-Second Timer Preventing Stale Information: The Timeout Timer Removing Stale Information: The Garbage-Collection Timer Triggered Updates

RIP Problems and Some Resolutions

Issues with RIP's Algorithm

Slow Convergence Routing Loops Counting to Infinity Small Infinity

Issues with RIP's Metric RIP Special Features for Resolving RIP Algorithm Problems

Split Horizon Split Horizon with Poisoned Reverse Triggered Updates Hold Down

RIP Version-Specific Message Formats and Features

RIP Version 1 (RIP-1) Message Format and Features

RIP-1 Messaging RIP-1 Message Format RIP-1 Version-Specific Features

RIP Version 2 (RIP-2) Message Format and Features

RIP-2 Version-Specific Features RIP-2 Messaging RIP-2 Message Format

RIPng (RIPv6) Message Format and Features

RIPng Version-Specific Features RIPng Messaging RIPng Message Format

39. OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST (OSPF)

OSPF Overview

Development and Standardization of OSPF Overview of OSPF Operation OSPF Features and Drawbacks

OSPF Basic Topology and the Link-State Database (LSDB)

OSPF Basic Topology LSDB Information Storage and Propagation

OSPF Hierarchical Topology

OSPF Areas Router Roles in OSPF Hierarchical Topology

OSPF Route Determination Using SPF Trees

The SPF Tree OSPF Route Determination

First Level Second Level Third Level

OSPF General Operation

OSPF Message Types OSPF Messaging OSPF Message Authentication

OSPF Message Formats

OSPF Common Header Format OSPF Hello Message Format OSPF Database Description Message Format OSPF Link State Request Message Format OSPF Link State Update Message Format OSPF Link State Acknowledgment Message Format OSPF Link State Advertisements and the LSA Header Format

40. BORDER GATEWAY PROTOCOL (BGP/BGP-4)

BGP Overview

BGP Versions and Defining Standards Overview of BGP Functions and Features

BGP Topology

BGP Speakers, Router Roles, Neighbors, and Peers BGP AS Types, Traffic Flows, and Routing Policies

BGP Traffic Flow and Traffic Types BGP AS Types BGP AS Routing Policies Issues with Routing Policies and Internetwork Design

BGP Route Storage and Advertisement

BGP Route Information Management Functions BGP Routing Information Bases (RIBs)

BGP Path Attributes and Algorithm Overview

BGP Path Attribute Classes BGP Path Attribute Characteristics

BGP Route Determination and the BGP Decision Process

BGP Decision Process Phases Criteria for Assigning Preferences to Routes Limitations on BGP's Ability to Select Efficient Routes Originating New Routes and Withdrawing Unreachable Routes

BGP General Operation and Messaging

Speaker Designation and Connection Establishment Route Information Exchange Connectivity Maintenance Error Reporting

BGP Detailed Messaging, Operation, and Message Formats

BGP Message Generation and Transport BGP General Message Format BGP Connection Establishment: Open Messages

BGP Open Message Functions BGP Open Message Format

BGP Route Information Exchange: Update Messages

BGP Update Message Contents BGP Update Message Format

BGP Connectivity Maintenance: Keepalive Messages

The BGP Keepalive Message Interval BGP Keepalive Message Format

BGP Error Reporting: Notification Messages

BGP Notification Message Functions BGP Notification Message Format

41. OTHER ROUTING PROTOCOLS

TCP/IP Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol (GGP) The HELLO Protocol (HELLO) Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) TCP/IP Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)

II-8. TCP/IP TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOLS

42. OVERVIEW AND COMPARISON OF TCP AND UDP

Two Protocols for TCP/IP Transport Layer Requirements Applications of TCP and UDP

TCP Applications UDP Applications

Summary Comparison of UDP and TCP

43. TCP AND UDP ADDRESSING: PORTS AND SOCKETS

TCP/IP Processes, Multiplexing, and Client/Server Application Roles

Multiplexing and Demultiplexing TCP/IP Client Processes and Server Processes

TCP/IP Ports: TCP/UDP Addressing

Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Using Ports Source Port and Destination Port Numbers Summary of Port Use for Datagram Transmission and Reception

TCP/IP Application Assignments and Server Port Number Ranges

Reserved Port Numbers TCP/UDP Port Number Ranges

TCP/IP Client (Ephemeral) Ports and Client/Server Application Port Use

Ephemeral Port Number Assignment Ephemeral Port Number Ranges Port Number Use During a Client/Server Exchange

TCP/IP Sockets and Socket Pairs: Process and Connection Identification Common TCP/IP Applications and Well-Known and Registered Port Numbers

44. TCP/IP USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL (UDP)

UDP Overview, History, and Standards UDP Operation

What UDP Does What UDP Does Not Do

UDP Message Format UDP Common Applications and Server Port Assignments

Why Some TCP/IP Applications Use UDP Common UDP Applications and Server Port Use Applications That Use Both UDP and TCP

45. TCP OVERVIEW, FUNCTIONS, AND CHARACTERISTICS

TCP Overview, History, and Standards

TCP History Overview of TCP Operation TCP Standards

TCP Functions

Functions That TCP Performs Functions That TCP Doesn't Perform

TCP Characteristics The Robustness Principle

46. TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL (TCP) FUNDAMENTALS AND GENERAL OPERATION

TCP Data Handling and Processing

Increasing the Flexibility of Application Data Handling: TCP's Stream Orientation TCP Data Packaging: Segments TCP Data Identification: Sequence Numbers The Need for Application Data Delimiting

TCP Sliding Window Acknowledgment System

The Problem with Unreliable Protocols: Lack of Feedback Providing Basic Reliability Using Positive Acknowledgment with Retransmission (PAR) Improving PAR TCP's Stream-Oriented Sliding Window Acknowledgment System

Conceptual Division of TCP Transmission Stream into Categories Sequence Number Assignment and Synchronization The Send Window and Usable Window Changes to TCP Categories and Window Sizes After Sending Bytes in the Usable Window Processing Acknowledgments and Sliding the Send Window Dealing with Missing Acknowledgments

More Information on TCP Sliding Windows

TCP Ports, Connections, and Connection Identification TCP Common Applications and Server Port Assignments

47. TCP BASIC OPERATION: CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT, MANAGEMENT, AND TERMINATION

TCP Operational Overview and the TCP Finite State Machine (FSM)

Basic FSM Concepts The Simplified TCP FSM

TCP Connection Preparation

Storing Connection Data: The Transmission Control Block (TCB) Active and Passive Opens Preparation for Connection

TCP Connection Establishment Process: The Three-Way Handshake

Connection Establishment Functions Control Messages Used for Connection Establishment: SYN and ACK Normal Connection Establishment: The Three-Way Handshake Simultaneous Open Connection Establishment

TCP Connection Establishment Sequence Number Synchronization and Parameter Exchange

Initial Sequence Number Selection TCP Sequence Number Synchronization TCP Parameter Exchange

TCP Connection Management and Problem Handling

The TCP Reset Function Handling Reset Segments Idle Connection Management and Keepalive Messages

TCP Connection Termination

Requirements and Issues In Connection Termination Normal Connection Termination The TIME-WAIT State Simultaneous Connection Termination

48. TCP MESSAGE FORMATTING AND DATA TRANSFER

TCP Message (Segment) Format TCP Checksum Calculation and the TCP Pseudo Header

Detecting Transmission Errors Using Checksums Increasing the Scope of Detected Errors: The TCP Pseudo Header Advantages of the Pseudo Header Method

TCP Maximum Segment Size (MSS)

MSS Selection TCP Default MSS Nondefault MSS Value Specification

TCP Sliding Window Data Transfer and Acknowledgment Mechanics

Sliding Window Transmit and Receive Categories Send (SND) and Receive (RCV) Pointers TCP Segment Fields Used to Exchange Pointer Information An Example of TCP Sliding Window Mechanics Real-World Complications of the Sliding Window Mechanism

TCP Immediate Data Transfer: Push Function TCP Priority Data Transfer: Urgent Function

49. TCP RELIABILITY AND FLOW CONTROL FEATURES

TCP Segment Retransmission Timers and the Retransmission Queue

Managing Retransmissions Using the Retransmission Queue Recognizing When a Segment Is Fully Acknowledged

TCP Noncontiguous Acknowledgment Handling and Selective Acknowledgment (SACK)

Policies for Dealing with Outstanding Unacknowledged Segments A Better Solution: Selective Acknowledgment (SACK)

TCP Adaptive Retransmission and Retransmission Timer Calculations

Adaptive Retransmission Based on RTT Calculations Acknowledgment Ambiguity Refinements to RTT Calculation and Karn's Algorithm

TCP Window Size Adjustment and Flow Control

Reducing Send Window Size to Reduce the Rate Data Is Sent Reducing Send Window Size to Stop the Sending of New Data Closing the Send Window

TCP Window Management Issues

Problems Associated with Shrinking the TCP Window Reducing Buffer Size Without Shrinking the Window Handling a Closed Window and Sending Probe Segments

TCP Silly Window Syndrome

How Silly Window Syndrome Occurs Silly Window Syndrome Avoidance Algorithms

Receiver SWS Avoidance Sender SWS Avoidance and Nagle's Algorithm

TCP Congestion Handling and Congestion Avoidance Algorithms

Congestion Considerations TCP Congestion-Handling Mechanisms

Slow Start Congestion Avoidance Fast Retransmit Fast Recovery

III-1. NAME SYSTEMS AND TCP/IP NAME REGISTRATION AND NAME RESOLUTION

50. NAME SYSTEM ISSUES, CONCEPTS, AND TECHNIQUES

Name System Overview

Symbolic Names for Addressing A Paradox: Name Systems Are Both Essential and Unnecessary Factors That Determine the Necessity of a Name System Basic Name System Functions: Name Space, Name Registration, and Name Resolution

Name Spaces and Name Architectures

Name Space Functions Flat Name Architecture (Flat Name Space) Hierarchical Name Architecture (Structured Name Space) Comparing Name Architectures

Name Registration Methods, Administration, and Authorities

Name Registration Functions Hierarchical Name Registration Name Registration Methods Table Name Registration Broadcast Name Registration Database Registration

Name Resolution Techniques and Elements

Name Resolution Methods Table-Based Name Resolution Broadcast Name Resolution Client/Server Name Resolution Client/Server Name Resolution Functional Elements

Efficiency, Reliability, and Other Name Resolution Considerations

Efficiency Considerations Reliability Considerations Other Considerations

51. TCP/IP NAME SYSTEMS OVERVIEW AND THE HOST TABLE NAME SYSTEM

A Brief History of TCP/IP Host Names and Name Systems

Developing the First Name System: ARPAnet Host Name Lists Storing Host Names in a Host Table File Outgrowing the Host Table Name System and Moving to DNS

The TCP/IP Host Table Name System

Host Table Name Resolution Host Table Name Registration Weaknesses of the Host Table Name System Use of the Host Table Name System in Modern Networking

Small "Island" Networks Local Name Mappings to Supplement DNS

52. DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS) OVERVIEW, FUNCTIONS, AND CHARACTERISTICS

DNS Overview, History, and Standards

Early DNS Development and the Move to Hierarchical Domains Standardization of DNS and Initial Defining Standards DNS Evolution and Important Additional Standards DNS Adaptation for Internet Protocol Version 6

DNS Design Goals, Objectives, and Assumptions

DNS Design Goals and Objectives DNS Design Assumptions

DNS Components and General Functions

DNS Name Space Name Registration (Including Administration and Authorities) Name Resolution

53. DNS NAME SPACE, ARCHITECTURE, AND TERMINOLOGY

DNS Domains and the DNS Hierarchical Name Architecture

The Essential Concept in the DNS Name Space: Domains The DNS Hierarchical Tree Structure of Names

DNS Structural Elements and Terminology

DNS Tree-Related Terminology DNS Domain-Related Terminology DNS Family-Related Terminology

DNS Labels, Names, and Syntax Rules

DNS Labels and Label Syntax Rules Domain Name Construction

Absolute (Fully Qualified) and Relative (Partially Qualified) Domain Name Specifications

Fully Qualified Domain Names Partially Qualified Domain Names

54. DNS NAME REGISTRATION, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, ZONES, AND AUTHORITIES

DNS Hierarchical Authority Structure and the Distributed Name Database

The DNS Root Domain Central Authority TLD Authorities Lower-Level Authority Delegation Authority Hierarchy's Relationship to the Name Hierarchy The DNS Distributed Name Database

DNS Organizational (Generic) TLDs and Authorities

Original Generic TLDs New Generic TLDs

DNS Geopolitical (Country Code) TLDs and Authorities

Country Code Designations Country Code TLD Authorities Leasing/Sale of Country Code Domains Drawbacks of the Geopolitical TLDs

Public Registration for Second-Level and Lower Domains

Registration Authority Registration Coordination

DNS Public Registration Disputes and Dispute Resolution

Public Registration Disputes Methods of Registration Dispute Resolution The Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy

DNS Name Space Administrative Hierarchy Partitioning: DNS Zones of Authority

Methods of Dividing a Name Space into Zones of Authority The Impact of Zones on Name Resolution: Authoritative Servers

DNS Private Name Registration

Using Publicly Accessible Private Names Using Private Names for Internal Use Using Private Names on Networks Not Connected to the Internet

55. DNS NAME SERVER CONCEPTS AND OPERATION

DNS General Operation

DNS Name Server Architecture and the Distributed Name Database DNS Server Support Functions The Logical Nature of the DNS Name Server Hierarchy

DNS Name Server Data Storage

Binary and Text Representations of Resource Records Use of RRs and Master Files Common RR Types RR Classes

DNS Name Server Types and Roles

Master (Primary)/Slave (Secondary) Servers Name Server Roles Caching-Only Name Servers

DNS Zone Management, Contacts, and Zone Transfers

Domain Contacts Zone Transfers

Control of When Zone Transfers Occur Zone Transfer Mechanism

DNS Root Name Servers

Root Name Server Redundancy Current Root Name Servers

DNS Name Server Caching

Name Server Caching Caching Data Persistence and the Time to Live Interval Negative Caching

DNS Name Server Load Balancing

Using Multiple Address Records to Spread Out Requests to a Domain Using Multiple DNS Servers to Spread Out DNS Requests

DNS Name Server Enhancements

Automating Zone Transfers: DNS Notify Improving Zone Transfer Efficiency: Incremental Transfers Dealing with Dynamic IP Addresses: DNS Update/Dynamic DNS

56. DNS RESOLUTION CONCEPTS AND RESOLVER OPERATIONS

DNS Resolver Functions and General Operation

Name Resolution Services Functions Performed by Name Resolvers

DNS Name Resolution Techniques: Iterative and Recursive Resolution

Iterative Resolution Recursive Resolution Contrasting Iterative and Recursive Resolution

DNS Name Resolution Efficiency Improvements: Caching and Local Resolution

The Motivation for Caching: Locality of Reference Name Resolver Caching Local Resolution

DNS Name Resolution Process

A Simple Example of DNS Name Resolution Changes to Resolution to Handle Aliases (CNAME Records)

DNS Reverse Name Resolution Using the IN-ADDR.ARPA Domain

The Original Method: Inverse Querying The IN-ADDR.ARPA Name Structure for Reverse Resolution RR Setup for Reverse Resolution

DNS Electronic Mail Support and Mail Exchange (MX) Resource Records

Special Requirements for Email Name Resolution The Mail Exchange (MX) Record and Its Use

57. DNS MESSAGING AND MESSAGE, RESOURCE RECORD, AND MASTER FILE FORMATS

DNS Message Generation and Transport

DNS Client/Server Messaging Overview DNS Message Transport Using UDP and TCP DNS Message Processing and General Message Format

DNS Message Header Format DNS Question Section Format DNS Message Resource Record Field Formats

DNS Common RR Format RData Field Formats for Common RRs

A (Address) RR (Type Value 1) NS (Name Server) RR (Type Value 2) CName (Canonical Name) RR (Type Value 5) SOA (Start Of Authority) RR (Type Value 6) PTR (Pointer) RR (Type Value 12) MX (Mail Exchange) RR (Type Value 15) TXT (Text) RR (Type Value 16)

DNS Name Notation and Message Compression

Standard DNS Name Notation DNS Electronic Mail Address Notation DNS Message Compression

Using Message Compression to Avoid Duplication of a Full Name Using Message Compression to Avoid Duplication of Part of a Name

DNS Master File Format

DNS Common Master File Record Format Use and Interpretation of Partially Qualified Domain Names (PQDNs) Master File Directives Syntax Rules for Master Files Specific RR Syntax and Examples

A (Address) RR NS (Name Server) RR CName (Canonical Name) RR SOA (Start Of Authority) RR PTR (Pointer) RR MX (Mail Exchange) RR TXT (Text) RR

Sample Master File

DNS Changes to Support IPv6

IPv6 DNS Extensions Proposed Changes to the IPv6 DNS Extensions

III-2. NETWORK FILE AND RESOURCE SHARING PROTOCOLS

58. NETWORK FILE AND RESOURCE SHARING AND THE TCP/IP NETWORK FILE SYSTEM (NFS)

File and Resource Sharing Concepts and Components

The Power of File and Resource Sharing Protocols Components of a File and Resource Sharing Protocol

NFS Design Goals, Versions, and Standards

NFS Design Goals NFS Versions and Standards

NFS Architecture and Components

NFS Main Components Other Important NFS Functions

NFS Data Definition with the External Data Representation (XDR) Standard

A Method of Universal Data Exchange: XDR XDR Data Types

NFS Client/Server Operation Using Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs)

RPC Operation and Transport Protocol Usage Client and Server Responsibilities in NFS Client and Server Caching

NFS Server Procedures and Operations

NFS Version 2 and Version 3 Server Procedures NFS Version 4 Server Procedures and Operations

NFS File System Model and the Mount Protocol

The NFS File System Model The Mount Protocol

III-3. HOST CONFIGURATION AND TCP/IP HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOLS

59. HOST CONFIGURATION CONCEPTS, ISSUES, AND MOTIVATION

The Purpose of Host Configuration The Problems with Manual Host Configuration Automating the Process: Host Configuration Protocols The Role of Host Configuration Protocols in TCP/IP

60. TCP/IP BOOTSTRAP PROTOCOL (BOOTP)

BOOTP Overview, History, and Standards

BOOTP: Correcting the Weaknesses of RARP Vendor-Specific Parameters Changes to BOOTP and the Development of DHCP

BOOTP Client/Server Messaging and Addressing

BOOTP Messaging and Transport BOOTP Use of Broadcasts and Ports Retransmission of Lost Messages

BOOTP Detailed Operation

BOOTP Bootstrapping Procedure Interpretation of the Client IP Address (CIAddr) Field

BOOTP Message Format BOOTP Vendor-Specific Area and Vendor Information Extensions

BOOTP Vendor Information Extensions BOOTP Vendor Information Fields

BOOTP Relay Agents (Forwarding Agents)

The Function of BOOTP Relay Agents Normal BOOTP Operation Using a Relay Agent Relaying BOOTP Requests Using Broadcasts

61. DHCP OVERVIEW AND ADDRESS ALLOCATION CONCEPTS

DHCP Overview, History, and Standards

DHCP: Building on BOOTP's Strengths Overview of DHCP Features

DHCP Address Assignment and Allocation Mechanisms

DHCP Address Allocation DHCP Manual Allocation DHCP Dynamic Allocation DHCP Automatic Allocation

DHCP Leases

DHCP Lease Length Policy Issues with Infinite Leases

DHCP Lease Life Cycle and Lease Timers

DHCP Lease Life Cycle Phases Renewal and Rebinding Timers

DHCP Lease Address Pools, Ranges, and Address Management

Address Pool Size Selection Lease Address Ranges (Scopes) Other Issues with Address Management

62. DHCP CONFIGURATION AND OPERATION

DHCP Overview of Client and Server Responsibilities

DHCP Server Responsibilities DHCP Client Responsibilities DHCP Client/Server Roles DHCP Relay Agents

DHCP Configuration Parameters, Storage, and Communication

Configuration Parameter Management Parameter Storage Configuration Parameter Communication

DHCP General Operation and the Client Finite State Machine DHCP Lease Allocation, Reallocation, and Renewal

Initial Lease Allocation Process DHCP Lease Reallocation Process DHCP Lease Renewal and Rebinding Processes DHCP Early Lease Termination (Release) Process

DHCP Parameter Configuration Process for Clients with Non-DHCP Addresses

63. DHCP MESSAGING, MESSAGE TYPES, AND FORMATS

DHCP Message Generation, Addressing, Transport, and Retransmission

Message Generation and General Formatting Message Transport Retransmission of Lost Messages

DHCP Message Format DHCP Options

Options and Option Format Option Categories Option Overloading

Summary of DHCP Options/BOOTP Vendor Information Fields

RFC 1497 Vendor Extensions IP Layer Parameters per Host IP Layer Parameters per Interface Link Layer Parameters per Interface TCP Parameters Application and Service Parameters DHCP Extensions

64. DHCP CLIENT/SERVER IMPLEMENTATION, FEATURES, AND IPV6 SUPPORT

DHCP Server and Client Implementation and Management Issues

DHCP Server Implementations

DHCP Server Software Features Choosing the Number of Servers Server Placement, Setup, and Maintenance

DHCP Client Implementations

DHCP Message Relaying and BOOTP Relay Agents

BOOTP Relay Agents for DHCP DHCP Relaying Process

DHCP Autoconfiguration/Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

APIPA Operation APIPA Limitations

DHCP Server Conflict Detection DHCP and BOOTP Interoperability

BOOTP Clients Connecting to a DHCP Server DHCP Clients Connecting to a BOOTP Server

DHCP Security Issues

DHCP Security Concerns DHCP Authentication

DHCP for IP Version 6 (DHCPv6)

Two Methods for Autoconfiguration in IPv6 DHCPv6 Operation Overview DHCPv6 Message Exchanges

III-4. TCP/IP NETWORK MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK AND PROTOCOLS

65. TCP/IP INTERNET STANDARD MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK OVERVIEW

Overview and History of the TCP/IP Internet Standard Management Framework and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

Early Development of SNMP The Two Meanings of SNMP Design Goals of SNMP Further Development of SNMP and the Problem of SNMP Variations

TCP/IP SNMP Operational Model, Components, and Terminology

SNMP Device Types SNMP Entities

Managed Node Entities Network Management Station Entities

SNMP Operational Model Summary

TCP/IP Internet Standard Management Framework Architecture and Protocol Components

SNMP Framework Components SNMP Framework Architecture

TCP/IP Internet Standard Management Framework and SNMP Versions (SNMPv1, SNMPv2 Variants, and SNMPv3)

SNMPv1 SNMPsec SNMPv2 SNMPv2 Variants SNMPv3

TCP/IP Internet Standard Management Framework and SNMP Standards

66. TCP/IP STRUCTURE OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION (SMI) AND MANAGEMENT INFORMATION BASES (MIBS)

TCP/IP SMI and MIBs Overview

SNMP's Information-Oriented Design MIB and MIB Objects Defining MIB Objects: SMI

TCP/IP MIB Objects, Object Characteristics, and Object Types

MIB Object Characteristics SMI Data Types

TCP/IP MIB Object Descriptors and Identifiers and the Object Name Hierarchy

Object Descriptors Object Identifiers Structure of the MIB Object Name Hierarchy Recursive Definition of MIB Object Identifiers

TCP/IP MIB Modules and Object Groups

The Organization of MIB Objects into Object Groups MIB Modules MIB Module Format

67. TCP/IP SIMPLE NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL (SNMP) CONCEPTS AND OPERATION

SNMP Protocol Overview

Early Development of SNMPv1 SNMPv2 and the Division of SNMP into Protocol Operations and Transport Mappings SNMP Communication Methods

SNMP Protocol Operations

SNMP PDU Classes Basic Request/Response Information Poll Using GetRequest and (Get)Response Messages Table Traversal Using GetNextRequest and GetBulkRequest Messages

SNMPv1 Table Traversal Using GetNextRequest SNMPv2/v3 Table Traversal Using GetBulkRequest

Object Modification Using SetRequest Messages Information Notification Using Trap and InformRequest Messages

Use of SNMP Trap and Trapv2 Messages Use of the SNMPv2 InformRequest Message

SNMP Protocol Security Issues and Methods

Problems with SNMPv1 Security SNMPv2/v3 Security Methods

68. SNMP PROTOCOL MESSAGING AND MESSAGE FORMATS

SNMP Protocol Message Generation SNMP Transport Mappings

UDP Message Size Issues Lost Transmission Issues

SNMP General Message Format

The Difference Between SNMP Messages and PDUs General PDU Format

SNMP Version 1 (SNMPv1) Message Format

SNMPv1 General Message Format SNMPv1 PDU Formats

SNMP Version 2 (SNMPv2) Message Formats

SNMP Version 2 (SNMPv2p) Message Format Community-Based SNMP Version 2 (SNMPv2c) Message Format User-Based SNMP Version 2 (SNMPv2u) Message Format SNMPv2 PDU Formats

SNMP Version 3 (SNMPv3) Message Format

69. TCP/IP REMOTE NETWORK MONITORING (RMON)

RMON Standards RMON MIB Hierarchy and Object Groups RMON Alarms, Events, and Statistics

III-5. TCP/IP APPLICATION LAYER ADDRESSING AND APPLICATION CATEGORIES

70. TCP/IP APPLICATION LAYER ADDRESSING: UNIFORM RESOURCE IDENTIFIERS, LOCATORS, AND NAMES (URIS, URLS, AND URNS)

URI Overview and Standards

URI Categories: URLs and URNs URI Standards

URL General Syntax

Common Internet Scheme Syntax Omission of URL Syntax Elements URL Fragments Unsafe Characters and Special Encodings

URL Schemes and Scheme-Specific Syntaxes

World Wide Web/Hypertext Transfer Protocol Syntax (http) File Transfer Protocol Syntax (ftp) Electronic Mail Syntax (mailto) Gopher Protocol Syntax (gopher) Network News/Usenet Syntax (news) Network News Transfer Protocol Syntax (nttp) Telnet Syntax (telnet) Local File Syntax (file) Special Syntax Rules

URL Relative Syntax and Base URLs

Interpretation Rules for Relative URLs Practical Interpretation of Relative URLs

URL Length and Complexity Issues

URL Wrapping and Delimiting Explicit URL Delimiting and Redirectors URL Abbreviation

URL Obscuration, Obfuscation, and General Trickery URNs

The Problem with URLs Overview of URNs URN Namespaces and Syntax URN Resolution and Implementation Difficulties

71. FILE AND MESSAGE TRANSFER OVERVIEW AND APPLICATION CATEGORIES

File Concepts Application Categories

General File Transfer Applications Message Transfer Applications

Electronic Mail (Email) Network News (Usenet) Hypertext (World Wide Web)

The Merging of File and Message Transfer Methods

III-6. TCP/IP GENERAL FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOLS

72. FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)

FTP Overview, History, and Standards

FTP Development and Standardization Overview of FTP Operation

FTP Operational Model, Protocol Components, and Key Terminology

The Server-FTP Process and User-FTP Process FTP Control Connection and Data Connection FTP Process Components and Terminology Server-FTP Process Components User-FTP Process Components Third-Party File Transfer (Proxy FTP)

FTP Control Connection Establishment, User Authentication, and Anonymous FTP Access

FTP Login Sequence and Authentication FTP Security Extensions Anonymous FTP

FTP Data Connection Management

Normal (Active) Data Connections Passive Data Connections Efficiency and Security Issues Related to the Connection Methods

FTP General Data Communication and Transmission Modes

Stream Mode Block Mode Compressed Mode

FTP Data Representation: Data Types, Format Control, and Data Structures

FTP Data Types ASCII Data Type Line-Delimiting Issues FTP Format Control FTP Data Structures

FTP Internal Command Groups and Protocol Commands

FTP Command Groups and Commands

FTP Replies

Advantages of Using Both Text and Numeric Replies Reply Code Structure and Digit Interpretation FTP Multiple-Line Text Replies

FTP User Interface and User Commands

Command-Line and Graphical FTP Interfaces Typical FTP User Commands

Sample FTP Session

73. TRIVIAL FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (TFTP)

TFTP Overview, History, and Standards

Why TFTP Was Needed Comparing FTP and TFTP Overview of TFTP Operation

TFTP General Operation, Connection Establishment, and Client/Server Communication

Connection Establishment and Identification Lock-Step Client/Server Messaging Difficulties with TFTP's Simplified Messaging Mechanism

TFTP Detailed Operation and Messaging

Initial Message Exchange Data Block Numbering TFTP Read Process Steps TFTP Write Process Steps

TFTP Options and Option Negotiation

TFTP Option Negotiation Process TFTP Options

TFTP Message Formats

Read Request and Write Request Messages Data Messages Acknowledgment Messages Error Messages Option Acknowledgment Messages

III-7. TCP/IP ELECTRONIC MAIL SYSTEM: CONCEPTS AND PROTOCOLS

74. TCP/IP ELECTRONIC MAIL SYSTEM OVERVIEW AND CONCEPTS

TCP/IP Electronic Mail System Overview and History

The Early Days of Email History of TCP/IP Email Overview of the TCP/IP Email System

TCP/IP Email Communication Overview TCP/IP Email Message Communication Model Protocol Roles in Email Communication

75. TCP/IP ELECTRONIC MAIL ADDRESSES AND ADDRESSING

TCP/IP Email Addressing and Address Resolution

Standard DNS-Based Email Addresses Special Requirements of Email Addresses

TCP/IP Historical and Special Email Addressing

FidoNet Addressing UUCP-Style Addressing Addressing for Gatewaying

TCP/IP Email Aliases and Address Books Multiple Recipient Addressing Mailing Lists

76. TCP/IP ELECTRONIC MAIL MESSAGE FORMATS AND MESSAGE PROCESSING: RFC 822 AND MIME

TCP/IP Email RFC 822 Standard Message Format Overview

Development of the RFC 822 Message Format Standard Overview of RFC 822 Messages General RFC 822 Message Structure

TCP/IP Email RFC 822 Standard Message Format Header Fields and Groups

Header Field Structure Header Field Groups Common Header Field Groups and Header Fields

TCP/IP Email RFC 822 Standard Message Format Processing and Interpretation MIME Overview

The Motivation for MIME

MIME Capabilities MIME Standards

MIME Basic Structures and Headers

Basic Structures MIME Entities Primary MIME Headers Additional MIME Headers

MIME Content-Type Header and Discrete Media

Content-Type Header Syntax Discrete Media Types and Subtypes

Text Media Type (text) Image Media Type (image) Audio Media Type (audio) Video Media Type (video) Model Media Type (model) Application Media Type (application)

MIME Composite Media Types: Multipart and Encapsulated Message Structures

MIME Multipart Message Type

MIME Multipart Message Subtypes

Multipart Message Encoding MIME Encapsulated Message Type MIME Content-Transfer-Encoding Header and Encoding Methods 7-Bit and 8-Bit Encoding Quoted-Printable Encoding Base64 Encoding

MIME Extension for non-ASCII Mail Message Headers

77. TCP/IP ELECTRONIC MAIL DELIVERY PROTOCOL: THE SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL (SMTP)

SMTP Overview, History, and Standards

SMTP Standards SMTP Communication and Message Transport Methods

Early Email Communication Using Relaying Modern Email Communication Using DNS and Direct Delivery

Terminology: Client/Server and Sender/Receiver

SMTP Connection and Session Establishment and Termination

Overview of Connection Establishment and Termination Connection Establishment and Greeting Exchange Connection Establishment Using SMTP Extensions Connection Termination

SMTP Mail Transaction Process

Overview of SMTP Mail Transaction SMTP Mail Transaction Details

SMTP Special Features, Capabilities, and Extensions

SMTP Special Features and Capabilities SMTP Extensions

SMTP Security Issues SMTP Commands SMTP Replies and Reply Codes

Reply Code Structure and Digit Interpretation SMTP Multiple-Line Text Replies Enhanced Status Code Replies

78. TCP/IP ELECTRONIC MAIL ACCESS AND RETRIEVAL PROTOCOLS AND METHODS

TCP/IP Email Mailbox Access Model, Method, and Protocol Overview

Email Access and Retrieval Models

TCP/IP Post Office Protocol (POP/POP3)

POP Overview, History, Versions, and Standards POP3 General Operation POP3 Session States

POP3 Authorization State: User Authentication Process and Commands POP3 Transaction State: Mail and Information Exchange Process and Commands POP3 Update State: Mailbox Update and Session Termination Process and Commands

TCP/IP Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP/IMAP4)

IMAP Overview, History, Versions, and Standards

IMAP Features IMAP History and Standards

IMAP General Operation IMAP Session States

Session Establishment and Greeting Preauthentication

IMAP Commands, Results, and Responses

Command Groups "Any State" Commands Results and Responses Result Codes Response Codes

IMAP Not Authenticated State: User Authentication Process and Commands

IMAP Authentication Methods

IMAP Authenticated State: Mailbox Manipulation/Selection Process and Commands

Authenticated State Commands

IMAP Selected State: Message Manipulation Process and Commands

Selected State Commands

TCP/IP Direct Server Email Access TCP/IP World Wide Web Email Access

III-8. TCP/IP WORLD WIDE WEB AND THE HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP)

79. WORLD WIDE WEB AND HYPERTEXT OVERVIEW AND CONCEPTS

World Wide Web and Hypertext Overview and History

History of Hypertext The World Wide Web Today

World Wide Web System Concepts and Components

Major Functional Components of the Web Web Servers and Web Browsers

World Wide Web Media and the Hypertext Markup Language

Overview of HTML HTML Elements and Tags Common HTML Elements Common Text Formatting Tags

World Wide Web Addressing: HTTP Uniform Resource Locators

HTTP URL Syntax Resource Paths and Directory Listings

80. HTTP GENERAL OPERATION AND CONNECTIONS

HTTP Versions and Standards

HTTP/0.9 HTTP/1.0 HTTP/1.1 Future HTTP Versions

HTTP Operational Model and Client/Server Communication

Basic HTTP Client/Server Communication Intermediaries and the HTTP Request/Response Chain The Impact of Caching on HTTP Communication

HTTP Transitory and Persistent Connections and Pipelining

Persistent Connections Pipelining HTTP Persistent Connection Establishment and Management

81. HTTP MESSAGES, METHODS, AND STATUS CODES

HTTP Generic Message Format HTTP Request Message Format

Request Line

Method Request URI HTTP Version

Headers

HTTP Response Message Format

Status Line

HTTP Version Status Code and Reason Phrase

Headers

HTTP Methods

Common Methods

GET HEAD POST

Other Methods Safe and Idempotent Methods

HTTP Status Codes and Reason Phrases

Status Code Format Reason Phrases The 100 (Continue) Preliminary Reply

82. HTTP MESSAGE HEADERS

HTTP General Headers

Cache-Control Headers Warning Other HTTP General Headers

HTTP Request Headers HTTP Response Headers HTTP Entity Headers

83. HTTP Entities, Transfers, Coding Methods, and Content Management

HTTP Entities and Internet Media Types

Media Types and Subtypes HTTP's Use of Media Types Differences in HTTP and MIME Constructs

HTTP Content and Transfer Encodings

HTTP's Two-Level Encoding Scheme Use of Content and Transfer Encodings

HTTP Data Length Issues, Chunked Transfers, and Message Trailers

Dynamic Data Length Chunked Transfers and Message Trailers

HTTP Content Negotiation and Quality Values

Content Negotiation Techniques Quality Values for Preference Weights

84. HTTP FEATURES, CAPABILITIES, AND ISSUES

HTTP Caching Features and Issues

Benefits of HTTP Caching Cache Locations

Caching on the Web Client Caching on the Intermediary Caching on the Web Server

Cache Control Important Caching Issues

HTTP Proxy Servers and Proxying

Benefits of Proxies Comparing Proxies and Caches Important Proxying Issues

HTTP Security and Privacy

HTTP Authentication Methods Security and Privacy Concerns and Issues Methods for Ensuring Privacy in HTTP

HTTP State Management Using Cookies

Issues with Cookies Managing Cookie Use

III-9. OTHER FILE AND MESSAGE TRANSFER APPLICATIONS

85. USENET (NETWORK NEWS) AND THE TCP/IP NETWORK NEWS TRANSFER PROTOCOL (NNTP)

Usenet Overview, History, and Operation

History of Usenet Usenet Operation and Characteristics Usenet Transport Methods

Usenet Communication Model

Usenet's Public Distribution Orientation Usenet Communication Process Message Propagation and Server Organization Usenet Addressing: Newsgroups

The Usenet Newsgroup Hierarchies The "Big Eight" Newsgroup Hierarchies Alt and Other Newsgroup Hierarchies Unmoderated and Moderated Newsgroups Cross-Posting to Multiple Newsgroups

Usenet Message Format and Special Headers

Usenet Header Categories and Common Headers Additional Usenet Headers Usenet MIME Messages

NNTP Overview and General Operation NNTP Interserver Communication Process: News Article Propagation

The Usenet Server Structure Basic NNTP Propagation Methods

Article Propagation Using the Push Model Improving Propagation Efficiency with Streaming Mode Article Propagation Using the Pull Model

NNTP Client-Server Communication Process: News Posting and Access

News Posting, Access, and Reading News Access Methods Other Client/Server Functions Article Threading

NNTP Commands and Command Extensions

Command Syntax Base Command Set NNTP Command Extensions

NNTP Transport Extensions NNTP Newsreader Extensions Other NNTP Extensions

NNTP Status Responses and Response Codes

86. GOPHER PROTOCOL (GOPHER)

Gopher Overview and General Operation

Information Storage on Gopher Servers Gopher Client/Server Operation

Important Differences Between Gopher and the Web Gopher's Role in the Modern Internet

III-10. INTERACTIVE AND ADMINISTRATIVE UTILITIES AND PROTOCOLS

87. TCP/IP INTERACTIVE AND REMOTE APPLICATION PROTOCOLS

Telnet Protocol

Telnet Overview, History, and Standards

Telnet History Fundamental Telnet Concepts Telnet Applications

Telnet Connections and Client/Server Operation

TCP Sessions and Client/Server Communication Use of Telnet to Access Other Servers

Telnet Communications Model and the Network Virtual Terminal (NVT)

The NVT NVT ASCII Control Codes Half-Duplex and Full-Duplex Modes

Telnet Protocol Commands Telnet Interrupt Handling Telnet Options and Option Negotiation

Common Telnet Options Telnet Option Negotiation Option Subnegotiation

Berkeley Remote (r) Commands

Berkeley Remote Login (rlogin) Berkeley Remote Shell (rsh) Other Berkeley Remote Commands

Internet Relay Chat Protocol (IRC)

IRC Communication Model and Client/Server Operation Messaging and IRC Channels IRC and the Modern Internet

88. TCP/IP ADMINISTRATION AND TROUBLESHOOTING UTILITIES AND PROTOCOLS

TCP/IP Host Name Utility (hostname) TCP/IP Communication Verification Utility (ping)

Operation of the ping Utility Basic Use of ping Methods of Diagnosing Connectivity Problems Using ping ping Options and Parameters

TCP/IP Route Tracing Utility (traceroute)

Operation of the traceroute Utility Basic Use of the traceroute Utility traceroute Options and Parameters

TCP/IP Address Resolution Protocol Utility (arp) TCP/IP DNS Name Resolution and Lookup Utilities (nslookup, host, and dig)

The nslookup Utility The host Utility The dig Utility

TCP/IP DNS Registry Database Lookup Utility (whois/nicname) TCP/IP Network Status Utility (netstat)

The UNIX netstat Utility The Windows netstat Utility

TCP/IP Configuration Utilities (ifconfig, ipconfig, and winipcfg)

The ifconfig Utility for UNIX The ipconfig for Windows NT, 2000, and XP The winipcfg Utility for Windows 95, 98, and Me

Miscellaneous TCP/IP Troubleshooting Protocols

COLOPHON

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