The History of India by Publishing, Britannica Educational -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Introduction Chapter 1: The Beginnings of India’s History

From the Paleolithic Period to the Decline of the Indus Civilization The Early Prehistoric Period

The Indian Paleolithic Mesolithic Hunters

The Earliest Agriculturalists and Pastoralists

Neolithic Agriculture in the Indus Valley and Baluchistan Developments in the Ganges Basin Earliest Settlements in Peninsular India Earliest Settlements in Eastern India

The Rise of Urbanism in the Indus Valley

Extent and Chronology of Early Harappan Culture Principal Sites Subsistence and Technology Culture and Religion Indus River

The Indus Civilization

Character and Significance Chronology Extent Planning and Architecture Important Sites

Mohenjo-Daro Harappa Kalibangan Lothal Other Important Sites

Population Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Communications Craft and Technology Trade and External Contacts Language and Scripts, Weights and Measures Social and Political System Art Religion and Burial Customs The End of the Indus Civilization

Post-Harappan Developments

The Post-Urban Period in Northwestern India The Appearance of Indo-Aryan Speakers The Late 2nd Millennium and the Reemergence of Urbanism Peninsular India in the Aftermath of the Indus Civilization (c. 2000–1000 BCE)

Chapter 2: The Development of Indian Civilization from C. 1500 BCE to 300 CE

Traditional Approaches to Indian Historiography Trends in Early Indian Society From c. 1500 to c. 500 BCE

Early Vedic Period Vedic Religion

The Beginning of the Historical Period, c. 500–150 BCE

Pre-Mauryan States

Location Political Systems Economy Religion

Jainism

Magadhan Ascendancy Campaigns of Alexander the Great

The Mauryan Empire

Chandragupta Maurya Bindusara Ashoka and His Successors Financial Base for the Empire Mauryan Society Mauryan Government Ashoka’s Edicts Mauryan Decline

The Concept of the State

From 150 BCE to 300 CE

Rise of Small Kingdoms in the North

Indo-Greek Rulers Central Asian Rulers Oligarchies and Kingdoms The Shunga Kingdom Kalinga The Andhras and Their Successors

Southern Indian Kingdoms Contacts with the West Society and Culture

Guilds Finance Impact of Trade Religious Patronage Literature Assimilation of Foreigners

Chapter 3: Developments from 300 to C. 1200 CE

From 300 to 750 CE

Northern India Under the Guptas Successor States to the Guptas The Deccan Deccan Southern India Society and Culture

From 750 to c. 1200

Northern India

The Tripartite Struggle The Rajputs The Coming of the Turks

The Deccan and the South

The Cholas The Hoysalas and Pandyas

Society and Culture

The Economy Social Mobility Religion Literature and the Arts

Chapter 4: Northern India in the Early Muslim Period

The Delhi Sultanate

The Turkish Conquest The Early Turkish Sultans Slave Dynasty Consolidation of Turkish Rule The Khaljīs Centralization and Expansion Taxation and Distribution of Revenue Resources Expansion and Conquests The Urban Economy The Tughluqs Reversal and Rebellion Society and the State Under the Tughluqs Decline of the Sultanate

The Post-Delhi Sultanate Period

The Rise of Regional States Struggle for Supremacy in Northern India

Chapter 5: Southern India in the Early Muslim Period

The Muslim States of Southern India, c. 1350–1680

The Bahmani Sultanate

Bahmani Consolidation of the Deccan External and Internal Rivalries Vizierate of Mahmūd Gāwān Bahmani Decline

Successors to the Bahmani

The Vijayanagar Empire, 1336–1646

Development of the State Vijayanagar

Consolidation Wars and Rivalries Decentralization and Loss of Territory

Later Dynasties

Reconsolidation Growth of Power Renewed Decentralization Relations with the Muslim States

Decline of Vijayanagar

Military Policies Loss of Central Control Breakup of the Empire

Administration of the Empire

Chapter 6: The Mughal Empire, 1526–1761

The Significance of Mughal Rule The Establishment of the Mughal Empire

Bābur

Conquest of Hindustan Bābur’s Achievements

Humāyūn Sher Shah and His Successors Restoration of Humāyūn

The Reign of Akbar the Great

Extension and Consolidation of the Empire

The Early Years Struggle for Firm Personal Control Subjugation of Rajasthan Conquest of Gujarat and Bengal The Frontiers

The State and Society Under Akbar

Central, Provincial, and Local Government The Composition of the Mughal Nobility Organization of the Nobility and the Army Revenue System Fiscal Administration Coinage Evolution of a Nonsectarian State

Akbar in Historical Perspective

The Empire in the 17th Century

Jahāngīr

Loss of Kandahār Submission of Mewar Developments in the Deccan Rebellion of Khurram (Shah Jahān) Mahābat Khan’s Coup

Shah Jahān

The Deccan Problem Central Asian Policy

Taj Mahal

War of Succession

Aurangzeb

Local and Peasant Uprisings Assessment of Aurangzeb

Mughal Decline in the 18th Century

The Sikh Uprisings Cracks in the Core Struggle for a New Power Centre The Emperor, the Nobility, and the Provinces Nādir Shah’s Invasion The Afghan-Maratha Struggle for Northern India Political and Economic Decentralization During the Mughal Decline

Chapter 7: Regional States, C. 1700–1850

The Marathas

Early History Rise of the Peshwas Subordinate Maratha Rulers Mughal Mystique in the 18th Century

The Case of Mysore Challenge from the Northwest

The Afghan Factor in Northern India, 1747–1772 The Sikhs in the Punjab

Early History From Banda Singh Bahadur to Ranjit Singh

Rajasthan in the 18th Century

Sikhism

The South: Travancore and Mysore Politics and the Economy Cultural Aspects of the Late Precolonial Order

Chapter 8: European Activity in India 1498–C. 1765

The Portuguese The Dutch The British 1600–1740

Kolkata

The French The Anglo-French Struggle, 1740–1763 European Military Superiority Revolution in Bengal The Period of Disorder 1760–1772

Chapter 9: The Extension of British Power, C. 1765–1856

The Company Bahadur The Company and the State

Relations with the Marathas and Mysore

The Ascent to Paramountcy

The Government of Lord Wellesley The Government of Lord Minto The Government of Lord Hastings The Settlement of 1818

Organization and Policy in British India

Organization The Determination of Policy

The Completion of Dominion and Expansion

Ranjit Singh

The First Century of British Influence

Political Effects Economic Effects Social Effects Cultural Effects

Chapter 10: British India from the Mutiny to World War I

The Mutiny and Great Revolt of 1857–1859

Nature and Causes of the Rebellion The Revolt and Its Aftermath

Climax of the Raj, 1858–1885

Government of India Act of 1858 Social Policy Government Organization Economic Policy and Development

Foreign Policy

The Northwest Frontier The Second Afghan War The Incorporation of Burma

Indian Nationalism and the British Response, 1885–1920

Origins of the Nationalist Movement Sir Surendranath Banerjea The Early Congress Movement The First Partition of Bengal Nationalism in the Muslim Community Reforms of the British Liberals Moderate and Militant Nationalism

Chapter 11: British India from World War I to 1947

World War I and Its Aftermath

India’s Contributions to the War Effort Anti-British Activity The Postwar Years Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Gandhi’s Strategy Satyagraha

Prelude to Independence, 1920–1947

Constitutional Reforms The Congress’s Ambivalent Strategy Muslim Separatism The Impact of World War II British Wartime Strategy

The Transfer of Power and the Birth of Two Countries

Chapter 12: The Republic of India

The Nehru Era, 1947–1964

Government and Politics Foreign Policy Economic Planning and Development

Post-Nehru Politics and Foreign Policy

The 1965 War with Pakistan Indira Gandhi’s Impact Indira Gandhi The Bangladesh War Emergency Rule The Janata Interlude and the Return of Indira Gandhi Sikh Separatism

India Since the Mid-1980s

The Premiership of Rajiv Gandhi Foreign Policy V.P. Singh’s Coalition—Its Brief Rise and Fall Congress Government of Narasimha Rao The First and Second BJP Governments Return of the Congress

Conclusion Glossary For Further Reading Index

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