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Index
Title page
Table of Contents
Dedication
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgements
Viruses
Chapter 1: Viruses: – Characteristics and structure
The origin of viruses
Chapter 2: Replication of viruses
Chapter 3: Classification of viruses
The future of classification
Chapter 4: Viruses and their system/hosts
Virus infection and viral disease
Chapter 5: Virus transmission
Chapter 6: Susceptibility and resistance to viral disease
Inborn resistance or susceptibility
Genetic resistance to specific viral infections
Infections leading to immunodeficiency
Medical history, drugs, nutrients, sunlight, stress and hormones
Age and gender
Socio-economic conditions and population density
Breastfeeding
The study of resistance and susceptibility
Chapter 7: Mechanisms of antiviral immunity
Non-specific factors
The innate response
The adaptive immune response
Escaping the immune system
Active and passive immunity
Chapter 8: Localised and systemic infections
Introduction
Localised infection
Systemic infection
Chapter 9: Acute, chronic and latent infections
Acute primary infection
Acute secondary infection
Chronic infection, reactivation and disease progression
Latent infection and reactivation
Chapter 10: Epidemiology
Definition
Patterns of disease occurrence
Patterns of spread
Viral reservoir
Virgin-soil epidemics
Tools of the trade: epidemiological studies
Chapter 11: Emerging and re-emerging viral infections
Principles of viral diagnosis
Chapter 12: The laboratory diagnosis of viral infections – introduction and principles
Electron microscopy
Cell culture/virus isolation
Detection of viral antigen
Chapter 13: The laboratory diagnosis of viral infections: Detection of virus-specific immunity
Methods to test for virus-specific antibodies
Chapter 14: The laboratory diagnosis of viral infections: Detection of viral nucleic acid
So for what purposes is nucleic acid testing (NAT) being used routinely?
Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
Chapter 15: Disinfection and sterilisation
Introduction
Definitions
Infection control
Chapter 16: Transfusion and transplant safety
Chapter 17: Antiviral drugs–: history and obstacles
History
Antiviral drugs – resistance development
Chapter 18: Antiviral drugs –: modes of action
1 Neutralising antibodies against free virus (pre-replication)
2 Decoy receptors
3 Entry inhibitors: blocking/inhibition of attachment or adsorption
4 Entry inhibitors: inhibition of fusion
5 Blocking/inhibition of uncoating
6 Inhibition of replication: DNA viruses
7 Inhibition of replication: retroviruses
8 Inhibition of replication: RNA viruses
9 Inhibition of transcription
10 Blocking/inhibition of translation/protein synthesis
11 Blocking/inhibition of maturation
12 Inhibitors of viral release
Chapter 19: Immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis–: passive and active immunity
Introduction
Clinical uses for vaccines
Passive immunisation
Active immunisation
History of vaccines
Types of vaccines
Development
Vaccine schedules
Chapter 20: Post-exposure prophylaxis for viral infections
Introduction
Principle of post-exposure prophylaxis
Viruses for which PEP is available
HIV
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis A
Rabies
Varicella
Herpes simplex
Specific Viruses
Chapter 21: Adenoviruses
Classification (Table 1)
Structure (Figs 1 and 2)
Replication (Fig. 3)
Epidemiology (Table 2)
Pathogenesis
Clinical picture
Laboratory diagnosis
Chapter 22: Herpes simplex and varicella zoster
Herpes viruses
Varicella zoster virus
Herpes simplex
Chapter 23: Cytomegalovirus
Introduction
The virus
Chapter 24: Epstein-Barr virus
Chapter 25: Human herpesviruses 6, 7 and 8
HHV-6 and HHV-7
HHV 8/Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV-8/KSHV)
Chapter 26: Poxviruses
Smallpox (variola)
Vaccinia
Monkeypox
Molluscum contagiosum
Other poxviruses
Specific treatment
Prevention
Chapter 27: Polyomaviruses
Replication
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical picture
Virological diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 28: Human papillomaviruses
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical picture
Virological diagnosis
Specific treatment
Prevention
Chapter 29: Human parvoviruses
Genome and proteins
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical picture
Virological diagnosis
Specific treatment
Prevention
Chapter 30: Hepadnaviruses
Structure and replication
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical picture
Virological diagnosis
Specific treatment
Prevention
Chapter 31: Retroviruses
Endogenous retroviruses
Classification of exogenous retroviruses
Structure and replication
Human T-lymphotropic virus
Chapter 32: Reoviruses causing human disease
Rotavirus
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical picture
Virological diagnosis
Specific treatment
Prevention
Chapter 33: Bunyaviruses
Chapter 34: Orthomyxoviruses
Chapter 35: Paramyxoviruses
Paramyxoviruses causing common respiratory infections: respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenzaviruses 1–4, human metapneumovirus
Measles
Mumps
Henipavirus
Chapter 36: Rhabdoviridae
Classification: family Rhabdoviridae, genus lyssavirus
Structure
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical picture in animals
Clinical picture in humans
Virological diagnosis
Treatment of rabies
Prevention/prophylaxis
Chapter 37: Filoviruses
Chapter 38: Arenaviruses
The virus
Lassa
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
Junin and Machupo
Chapter 39: Caliciviruses
Structure and replication
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical picture
Virological diagnosis
Specific treatment
Prevention
Chapter 40: Astroviruses
Structure and replication
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical picture
Virological diagnosis
Specific treatment
Prevention
Chapter 41: Picornaviruses
Enteroviruses
Rhinovirus
Hepatovirus
Other picornaviruses
Chapter 42: Human coronaviruses
History
Group 1 and 2 coronaviruses
Severe acute respiratory CoV
Chapter 43: Flaviviruses
Structure and replication
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical picture
Virological diagnosis
Specific treatment
Prevention
Chapter 44: Togaviruses
Rubivirus – Rubella
Alphaviruses
Chapter 45: Hepatitis D virus
Introduction
Structure
Replication
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical picture
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 46: Prion diseases
Introduction and classification
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Specific treatment
Prevention
Viral Diseases and Clinical Scenarios
Chapter 47: Neurological disease with a viral aetiology
Important terms and definitions
Pathogenesis of central nervous disease
Spectrum of disease
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 48: Gastrointestinal illness
Introduction
Rotavirus
Human caliciviruses
Human astroviruses
Human enteric adenoviruses (adenovirus 40 and 41)
Laboratory diagnosis of viral diarrhoea
Prevention of viral diarrhoea
Treatment of viral diarrhoea
Chapter 49: Respiratory viruses
Introduction
Spectrum of disease
Individual causative agents: epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical picture
Adenoviruses
Diagnosis of viral respiratory tract infections
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 50: Hepatitis viruses
Introduction
Clinical hallmarks of acute viral hepatitis
Chronic active hepatitis
Treatment of viral hepatitis
Chapter 51: Viral infections of skin and mucosal membranes
Definitions
Measles
Rubella (German measles)
Parvovirus B19
Human herpes virus 6
Enteroviruses
Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2
Varicella zoster virus
Poxviruses
Human papilloma virus
Other viruses
Chapter 52: Viral infections and pregnancy
Introduction
Infections of the fetus
Infections of the newborn
Infections of the pregnant woman
Chapter 53: Viruses and cancer
DNA viruses
Chapter 54: Human immunodeficiency virus
Virus
Epidemiology of HIV
Clinical
Diagnosis
Treatment
Transmission and prevention
Vaccines
Chapter 55: Viral haemorrhagic fevers
Virology
Epidemiology
Transmission
Clinical presentation
Treatment
Control
Biological weapons
Chapter 56: Sexually transmitted viral infections
Introduction
Specific viral infections
Prevention
Chapter 57: Opportunistic viral infections
Human herpesvirus-8
JC virus
BK
HHV-6,7
Chapter 58: Eradication of viral diseases
Smallpox
Polio (Fig. 2)
Measles
Conclusion
Index
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