The Oxford Handbook of Expertise by Paul Ward -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Halftitle page Title Page Copyright page Acknowledgments Summary Table of Contents Table of Contents List of Contributors 1. An Introduction to the Handbook, Communities of Practice, and Definitions of Expertise

Introduction Past and Current Communities of Practice and Definitions of Expertise Outline of the Oxford Handbook of Expertise

Section One: Characterizing Expertise: Frameworks, Theories, and Models

Section Editor: Jan Maarten Schraagen 2. The Classic Expertise Approach and its Evolution

Introduction De Groot’s Research on Chess Simon’s Early Computer Models of Chess Cognition Chase and Simon’s Seminal Papers Key Empirical Work in the Classic Expertise Approach Key Theoretical Work in the Classic Expertise Approach Outgrowths of the Classic Approach to Expertise Characteristics of the Classic Expertise Approach Looking at the Future Conclusion

3. Domain-General Models of Expertise: The Role of Cognitive Ability

Domain-General Models of Expertise: The Role of Cognitive Ability Review of Evidence for Role of Cognitive Ability in Expertise Discussion Potential Uses of Cognitive Ability Measures to Accelerate Acquisition of Expertise Conclusions

4. Studies of Expertise and Experience: A Sociological Perspective on Expertise

Introduction Three Waves of STS Theoretical and Methodological Innovations Applications and Future Challenges

5. Giftedness and Talent Development in Children and Youth

Introduction Who Are the Gifted and Talented? Brief History of Gifted Education Alternative Ways of Conceptualizing Giftedness Tripartite Model of Giftedness Concluding Comments

6. Neural Mechanisms of Expertise

Introduction Neuroanatomical Correlates of Expertise Functional Neural Correlates of Expertise Neurobiological Models of Expertise—A Multifactorial Perspective

7. Modeling Experts with Fast-and-Frugal Heuristics

Introduction The Conceptual Framework of the Fast-and-Frugal Heuristics Program The Fast-and-Frugal Heuristics Account of Expertise Conclusion

8. Expertise: A Holistic, Experience-Centered Perspective

Introduction Structuralism versus Functionalism Misleading Dichotomies and Confusion A Holistic Experience-Centered Alternative An Adaptive Control Model What Makes a Good Representation? Vicente and Wang (1998) Revisited An Experience-Centered Approach

9. Macrocognitive Models of Expertise

Introduction What is Macrocognition? Three Macrocognitive Models Future Directions Conclusion

10. Cognitive Systems Engineering: Expertise in Sociotechnical Systems

Introduction Sociotechnical Systems Adaptation in the Workplace Self-Organization Theoretical Implications Design Implications Discussion

11. Is Expertise All in the Mind? How Embodied, Embedded,Enacted, Extended, Situated, and Distributed Theories of Cognition Account for Expert Performance

Introduction Philosophical Foundations Exploring Affordances Concluding Remarks Conclusions

12. Adaptive Expertise

Introduction What is Adaptive Expertise? Development of Adaptive Expertise in Informal Settings Measuring Adaptive Expertise Teaching for Adaptive Expertise Summary

II Methods to Study, Test, Analyse, and Represent Expertise

Section Editor: Emilie Roth 13. Representative Test and Task Development and Simulated Task Environments

Introduction Representative Tasks and Simulated Task Environments The Application of Representative Tasks and Simulated Task Environments for Studying Expertise and Expert Performance The Application of Representative Tasks and Simulated Task Environments for Developing Training Based on the Study of Expertise and Expert Performance Recent Example Applications of Representative Tasks and Simulated Task Environments for Studying Expertise and Expert Performance Future Directions and Concluding Remarks

14. Developing Mastery Models to Support the Acquisition and Assessment of Expertise

Introduction Foundations of the Mastery Model Approach Structure of the Mastery Model Process of Model Development Mastery Model Application Enhancing Mastery Model Development and Application Conclusion

15. Computational Models of Expertise

Introduction Computational Models of Data versus Process The Cognitive Architecture Approach Acquisition of Expertise in ACT-R Domain-Specific Computational Models of Expertise Assessing the State of the Science Future Research Directions Conclusions

16. Studying Expert Behavior in Sociotechnical Systems: Hierarchical Task Analysis

Introduction Hierarchical Task Analysis Case Study Example: Studying Behavior of Railway Level Crossings and of Railway Level Crossing Systems Strengths and Weaknesses of HTA Summary

17. A Historical Perspective on Introspection: Guidelines for Eliciting Verbal and Introspective-Type Reports

Introduction An Abridged History of Introspection From Selz to Current Methods of Thinking Aloud Types of Verbal Reports of Thinking Used to Study Expertise Today Guidance on Collecting Verbal Reports of Thinking Concluding Remarks

18. Close to Practice Qualitative Research Methods

Introduction Why is Qualitative Research Needed? What is (Different about) Qualitative Research? Qualitative Studies That Have Changed Our Understanding of Expertise Key Considerations in Qualitative Research Conclusions, Future Directions, and Recommendations

19. Incident-based Methods for Studying Expertise

Introduction Types of Incident-Based Interview Methods Analyzing Data from Incident-Based Interviews Products Practical Issues Future Directions Summary and Conclusion

20. Cognitive Work Analysis: Models of Expertise

Introduction The Abstraction Hierarchy: Model of Expert Reasoning The Decision Ladder: Differences in Processing Strategies Analysis: Looking at Differences Worker Competencies Designing to Support Expertise Future Direction: Developing Expertise Summary

21. Reflections on the Professional Practice of Knowledge Capture

Introduction Praxis Professionalism Future Directions

22. Stress, Skilled Performance, and Expertise: Overload and Beyond

Introduction A Standard Capacity Model for Stress and Skilled Performance Conclusions

III Domains and Applications

Section Editor: Julie Gore 23. Expertise in STEM Disciplines

Introduction Importance of Recognizing Distinct STEM Disciplines Mechanisms of Reasoning in STEM Disciplines Recognition of Expert Performance in STEM Fields Factors Contributing to the Development of Expertise in Scientific Research Future Directions

24. A Cognitive Examination of Skill and Expertise in Word Games and Puzzles

Introduction A Cognitive Taxonomy of Word Games and Puzzles Expert Ability in Word Games Expert Crossword Solution Times as a Function of Difficulty Strategy versus Memory Skills in Crossword Experts Cognitive Skills Associated with Expertise in Word Games Practice among Word Game Experts Summary and Conclusions

25. Musical Expertise

Introduction Music’s Role in the Development of the Theory of Expertise Defining Music Experts Deliberate Practice Differences between Experts and Novices Conclusion

26. Skilled Anticipation in Sport: Past, Present, and Future

Introduction The First Few Decades of Research: A Restricted Focus on Identifying Postural Cues and Efforts to Enhance Methods and Measurement Sensitivity The New Millennium_ A Focus on Identifying Perceptual–Cognitive Skills Other Than Postural Cue Usage and Examining How These Interact in Dynamic Environments A Contemporary Perspective: Presenting a Broader Context for the Study of Skilled Anticipation Back to the Future: New Directions

27. Diagnostic Reasoning and Expertise in Health care

Introduction History and Evolving Perspectives on Diagnostic Reasoning Complexity and Expertise in Diagnostic Reasoning Expertise and Deviations from Standard Protocol Technology-Mediated Diagnostic Reasoning and Expertise Conclusions and Future Directions

28. Fire fighting and Emergency Responding

Introduction Descriptive Approaches to the Assessment of Expertise in Emergencies Experimental Approaches to the Assessment of Expertise in Emergencies Inferential Approaches to the Study of Expertise in Emergency Situations Developing, Maintaining, and Losing Expertise in Managing Emergencies Future Directions Conclusion

29. Expertise in Aviation

Introduction Aviation Tasks Expertise in Aviation Conclusions

30. Uncovering Expertise for Safe and Efficient Performance in Railroad Operations

Introduction Changing Landscape Unearthing Expertise in Railroad Operations: Research and Practice Exhibited Expertise Contributing to Safe and Efficient Operation More Than the Sum of Its Parts: Strategies for Operating as Cooperating Teams Impact of New Technologies on Expert Strategies Forward Thinking: What May Be the Nature of Expertise in Railroad Operations in Coming Decades?

31. The Cyber Domains: Understanding Expertise for Network Security

Introduction Evolution of the Cyber Domains Work Roles in the Cyber Domains Cyber Education and Training The Complexities of Cyber Expertise Current Cyber Research Cyber Situational Awareness in Intrusion Detection Teamwork in Intrusion Detection Future Directions for Cyber Expertise Research Disclaimer

32. Expertise in Intelligence Analysis

Introduction Intelligence Analysis Overview Studies of Expertise in Intelligence Analysis Implications Conclusions

33. Expertise in Law Enforcement

Introduction Conceptualizations of Expertise in Law Enforcement Challenges to Conducting Expertise Research in Law Enforcement Illustrative Examples of How Research Has Been Conducted in the Context of Expertise in Law Enforcement Key Insights: Task-Specific Expertise Future Directions

34. Military Expertise

Introduction The Value of Developing Military Expertise Military Decision-Making Categories of Military Expertise Military Expertise as a Cognitive Capability Final Word

35. Expertise in Business: Evolving with a Changing World

Setting the Scene of Expertise in Business Our Methods and What We Learned Conclusion and Further Work

36. Teamwork in Spaceflight Operations

Apollo 13: An Example of Teamwork in Spaceflight Operations Mission Control and Space Crew as a Multiteam System Collaboration between Mission Control and Space Crew Future Research

37. Developing Operator Expertise on Nuclear Power Production Facilities and Oil & Gas Installations

Introduction Continuous Process Operations on Nuclear Power Plant and Offshore Oil & Gas Installations Identifying Expertise in Routine Operating Conditions Identifying Expertise in Nonroutine or Emergency Conditions Techniques for Developing Expertise in High Hazard Environments Overcoming Current and Future Challenges in Developing Expertise in High-Hazard Environments

38. Expertise in Weather Forecasting

Introduction Educational, Training, and Mentoring Issues in Learning to Forecast How Weather Forecasters Cope with Uncertainty Reasoning Styles and Strategies Modeling the Knowledge and Reasoning of Expert Forecasters Conclusions

IV Developing, Accelerating, and Preserving Expertise

Section Editor: Paul Ward 39. Expertise for the Future: A New Challenge for Education

Introduction Forms of Teaching and Learning Developing Teachers’ Expertise in Dialogic Teaching Building Organizational Expertise for Dialogic Instruction Next Steps Conclusion

40. Learning with Zeal: From Deliberate Practice to Deliberate Performance

Introduction Deliberate Practice and Training-Based Research Deliberate Practice in Teaching and Teacher Education Deliberate Practice in Medical and Surgical Education Deliberate Practice and Expertise Training in Sports Deliberate Performance to Accelerate Expertise in the Workplace Models for Designing Expertise Training Activities and Programs Future Directions for Expertise Training and Research

41. Cognitive Flexibility Theory and the Accelerated Development of Adaptive Readiness and Adaptive Response to Novelty

Introduction Cognitive Flexibility Theory and a Solution to the Paradox of Novelty Cognitive Flexibility Theory, Patterns of Oversimplification of Conceptual Complexity, Shields from Dealing with Complexity, and the Importance of Epistemic Worldviews in Adaptive Skill Some Illustrative Features of Learning and Instruction in CFT-Based Environments: Deliberate Practice and Acceleration in the Fostering of Adaptive Skill Societal Implications of Cognitive Flexibility Theory and Its Approach to Deliberately and Rapidly Developing Adaptive Skill: Preparation for Twenty-First-Century Jobs and Addressing Grand Social Challenges

42. Cognition and Expert-Level Proficiency in Intelligence Analysis

Introduction Who Are the Experts? Subdomain Specificity of Expertise How Can We Measure the Performance of Intelligence Analysts? Performance Measurement and Evaluation Making What’s Important Measurable How Do Expert Intelligence Analysts Reason? Individual Differences and Styles Training Challenges Future Directions Conclusions Disclaimer

43. Team Reflection: A Catalyst of Team Development and the Attainment of Expertise

Introduction Definition(s) of Team Reflection Catalysts of Team Reflection Critical Review of Previous Research and Avenues for Future Research Conclusion

44. Learning at the Edge: The Role of Mentors, Coaches, and Their Surrogates in Developing Expertise

Introduction Disentangling the Developmental Functions and Roles Associated with Mentoring, Coaching, and Preceptorship Measuring Mentoring and Coaching and Their Effectiveness Empirical Evidence of Effective and Expert Mentors, and Their Effect on Developing Experts Concluding Remarks: Advancing Theory and Future Research

45. Acquiring and Maintaining Expertise in Aging Populations

Introduction Expertise and Aging Conclusions

46. Skill decay: The Science and Practice of Mitigating Skill Loss and Enhancing Retention

Introduction Research Design and Methods: The Ideal versus the Prototypical Mitigating Loss and Enhancing Retention Conclusion

47. Expertise and Resilience

Introduction What Is Resilience Frontline Workers Teams and Management Organizations and Systems Conclusion

48. Framing and Translating Expertise for Government

Introduction A Primer on Government Challenges in Government The Overlap between Expertise and Values Varieties of Expertise Expertise and Evidence in Government The Death of Expertise or Simply a Strawman Fallacy? Conclusions

V Current Issues and the Future of Expertise Research

Section Editor: Paul Ward 49. The “War” on Expertise: Five Communities that Seek to Discredit Experts

Introduction The Attack from the Decision Research Community The Attack from the Heuristics and Biases Community The Attack from Sociology Communities The Attack from the Evidence-Based Practices Community The Attack from Computer Science Discussion Dedication

50. Reflections on the Study of Expertise and Its Implications for Tomorrow’s World

Introduction Why Are Experts Not Always Revered? Expertise as Adaptive Skill Measuring Expertise for Future Work Future Areas of Research Needed A Potential Way Forward

Name Index Subject Index

← Prev
Back
Next →

← Prev
Back
Next →