Diabetes in Cardiovascular Disease, A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease by McGuire, Darren K. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover image Title page Table of Contents Copyright Dedication Contributors Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Part I: Diabetes Mellitus

1. Definition and Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 Diabetes—Definitions and Outcomes Global Burden of Diabetes Causal Underpinnings of Diabetes The Future of Diabetes Research Summary

2. Insulin Resistance: Pathophysiology, Molecular Mechanisms, Genetic Insights

Genetic Factors Insulin Resistance Glucose Transport The Role of the Adipocyte and Obesity in Type 2 Diabetes Tissue- and Organ-Specific Contribution to Insulin Resistance Beta Cell Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Summary

3. Type 1 Diabetes: Pathophysiology, Molecular Mechanisms, Genetic Insights

Pathogenesis Autoimmunity Etiology SUMMARY

4. The Metabolic Syndrome: Prevalence and Controversies in Clinical Context

Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease in the Population Associations between Metabolic Syndrome and Intermediate Markers of Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular Diseases and Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Tolerance Common Soil for Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease? Metabolic Syndrome as Guide for Patient-Centered Treatment

5. Lifestyle Interventions for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The Global Epidemic of Type 2 Diabetes: An Overview Evidence for Sustainable Type 2 Diabetes Prevention The Elements of Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Recommendations for Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Practice Moving Diabetes Prevention into Practice Summary Acknowledgments

6. Pharmacologic and Surgical Interventions That Prevent or Worsen Type 2 Diabetes

Cardiovascular Pharmacologic Treatment that Influences Glucose Metabolism and the Development of Diabetes Noncardiovascular Pharmacologic Treatment that Influences Glucose Metabolism and the Development of Diabetes Invasive Treatment to Prevent or Reverse Diabetes Summary

Part II: Diabetes and Atherosclerosis

7. Epidemiology of Coronary and Peripheral Atherosclerosis in Diabetes

Prevalence of Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Manifest Atherosclerosis Diabetes Mellitus and Subclinical Atherosclerosis Clinical Manifestations of Atherosclerosis in Prediabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes Short-Term and Long-Term Prognosis after Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Pathologic Glucose Metabolism and after Coronary Interventions or with Heart Failure Peripheral Arterial Disease and Diabetes Diabetes and Coronary Heart Disease in Women Diabetes and Atherosclerotic Complications: Geographic and Ethnic Differences

8. Pathology of Diabetic Atherosclerosis: Composition, Characteristics, and Distribution

Plaque Morphology and Inflammation in Diabetic Atherosclerosis Mechanisms of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Diabetes Summary

9. Vascular Biology of Atherosclerosis in Patients with Diabetes: Hyperglycemia, Insulin Resistance, and Hyperinsulinemia

Diabetes and Accelerated Atherosclerosis Insulin Resistance, Hyperinsulinemia, and Accelerated Atherosclerosis Summary

10. Vascular Biology of Atherosclerosis in Patients with Diabetes: Dyslipidemia, Hypercoagulability, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Inflammation

Overview Diabetic Dyslipidemia Diabetes: A Prothrombotic State Endothelial Function and Dysfunction in Diabetes Inflammation: a Unifying Hypothesis of Diabetes and Atherosclerosis? SUMMARY

11. Type 1 Diabetes and Associated Cardiovascular Risk and Disease

History Magnitude of the Clinical Problem of Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Type 1 Diabetes Summary

Part III: Management of Coronary Heart Disease Risk and Disease in Patients with Diabetes

12. Effect of Lifestyle Interventions on Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Patients with Diabetes

Weight Management and Energy Balance Exercise and Physical Activity in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Physical Activity, Exercise Programming, and Prescription Psychosocial Interventions to Support Lifestyle Change SUMMARY

13. Effect of Glucose Management on Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Patients with Diabetes

Changing Epidemiology of Diabetes and Coronary Heart Disease Epidemiologic Relationship of Glucose with Coronary Heart Disease Trials of Glucose-Lowering Interventions Trials of GLUCOSE-LOWERING Interventions in Prediabetes and Early Diabetes The “How” of Glucose Lowering: the Evidence for Specific Medications and Medication Classes Risks Associated with Antihyperglycemic Medications Implications for Clinical Practice

14. Effect of Blood Pressure Management on Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Epidemiologic Associations Between Blood Pressure and Coronary Heart Disease in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Efficacy of Lifestyle Interventions on Blood Pressure Levels and Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Efficacy and Safety of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs on Coronary Heart Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Efficacy and Safety of Renal Sympathetic Denervation SUMMARY

15. Effect of Lipid Management on Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Patients with Diabetes

Overview Lipid Management Strategies to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk Clinical Practice Guidelines for Lipid-lowering Therapies Summary

16. Effect of Antiplatelet Therapy on Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Aspirin P2Y12 Receptor Antagonists Other Antiplatelet Medications Protease-Activated Receptor 1 Antagonists Future Directions

17. Role of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Diabetes

Specific Characteristics of Diabetes-Associated Atherothrombosis Methodologic Considerations Related to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Trials in Diabetes Conservative Strategy Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Adjunctive Pharmacologic Treatment Future Strategies to Improve Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Results Summary

18. Role of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in Diabetes and Perioperative Glucose Management

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery in Patients with Diabetes Revascularization Strategies for Patients with Diabetes Hyperglycemia in Patients with Diabetes Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Part IV: Epidemiology and Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients with Diabetes

19. Epidemiology of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients with Diabetes

Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Diabetes in Randomized Controlled Trials and Registry Studies of Acute Coronary Syndromes Undiagnosed Diabetes in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome Events Summary

20. Hyperglycemia and Acute Coronary Syndromes: Association with Outcomes and Management

21. Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Therapy in Diabetic Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Platelet Aggregation Platelet Inhibition Coagulation Inhibition Summary

22. Role of Primary Invasive Strategy and Revascularization in Diabetic Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes

Diabetes Mellitus as a Major Risk Factor in Acute Coronary Syndromes Benefits of a Primary Invasive Strategy Timing of Intervention Revascularization Strategy Procedural Aspects of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Summary

Part V: Heart Failure in Diabetes

23. Epidemiology of Heart Failure in Diabetes

Association of Diabetes and Incident Heart Failure Prevalence of Heart Failure and Cardiac Dysfunction in People with Diabetes Prevalence of Diabetes in Patients with Heart Failure Incident Diabetes in Patients with Heart Failure Diabetes and Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure Patients Summary

24. Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Mediators and Mechanisms

Acknowledgments Scope of the Problem Epidemiological Evidence Pathophysiology and Molecular Mechanisms Unfolded Protein Response Autophagy Current Treatment Strategies and Potential Therapeutic Targets Conclusions and Perspective

25. Prevention of Heart Failure in Patients with Diabetes

Strategies For Prevention of Heart Failure Identifying Precursors of Symptomatic Heart Failure Screening Strategies for Prevention of Heart Failure Strategies for Risk Modification Challenges in Prevention of Heart Failure and Future Directions

26. Treatment of Heart Failure in Diabetes: Systolic Dysfunction, Diastolic Dysfunction, and Post-Acute Coronary Syndrome

Treatment of Heart Failure in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Exercise Prescription Treatment of Diabetes in Patients with Heart Failure Summary

Part VI: Other Diabetes-Related Cardiovascular Considerations

27. Peripheral Artery Disease in Diabetes

Epidemiology and Prognosis of Peripheral Artery Disease and Diabetes—Overlapping Epidemics Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Natural History of Peripheral Artery Disease in Diabetes Risk Factor Identification, Lifestyle Modification, and Pharmacotherapy Revascularization Approach to the Treatment of Diabetic Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease Summary and Conclusion

28. Cerebrovascular Disease in Patients with Diabetes

Epidemiology of Stroke in Diabetes Pathophysiology and Subtypes of Ischemic Stroke in Diabetes Primary and Secondary Prevention of Stroke in Diabetes Hypoglycemia and Stroke Diabetes and Acute Stroke—Poststroke Hyperglycemia Diabetes as a Vascular Risk Factor for Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Summary

29. Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy

Pathophysiology of Vagosympathetic Imbalance Epidemiological Data Cardiovascular Disorders Associated with Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy Detection of Subclinical Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy Clinical Context Management of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy

30. Disparities in Diabetes Risk, Cardiovascular Consequences, and Care: Women, Ethnic Minorities, and the Elderly

Disparities in Diabetes Risk Disparities in Cardiovascular Consequences Identification, Screening, and Prevention in High-Risk Groups: Pre-Diabetes Acknowledgments

31. The Quality Chasm: Diabetes Mellitus

Assessing the Quality of Care for Diabetes Quality-of-Care Measures Importance of the Health care Provider-Patient Interface in Achievement of High-Quality Care Survey of Current Quality of Diabetes Care in the United States Incentivization or Pay for Performance Efforts to Improve Control Measures Summary

Index

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