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Index
PRACTICAL ENGLISH USAGE Acknowledgements Contents summary Introduction Contents Overview Language terminology Don't say it! 130 common mistakes Phonetic alphabet 1-40 (Ab-Al)
1 abbreviated styles 2 abbreviations and acronyms 3 [be] able 4 about and on 5 about to 6 above and over 7 accept and agree 8 according to 9 across, over and through 10 active verb forms 11 actual(ly) 12 adjectives (1): normal position 13 adjectives (2): after nouns and pronouns 14 adjectives (3): position after as, how, so, too 15 adjectives (4): order before nouns 16 adjectives (5): with and 17 adjectives (6): without nouns 18 adjectives (7): pronunciation of aged, naked etc 19 adjectives (8): what can follow an adjective? 20 adverb particles 21 adverb position (1): introduction 22 adverb position (2): front position 23 adverb position (3): end position 24 adverb position (4): mid-position 25 adverb position (5): emphasising adverbs 26 adverbs of manner and adjectives 27 adverbs or adjectives? confusing cases 28 afraid 29 after: adverb 30 after: conjunction 31 after all 32 age 33 ago 34 alike 35 all (1): introduction 36 all (2): all (of) with nouns and pronouns 37 all (3): with the verb 38 all (4): all, everybody/everyone and everything 39 all and every 40 all and whole
41-80 (Al-At)
41 all right and alright 42 allow, permit and let 43 almost and nearly; practically 44 alone, lonely, lonesome and lone 45 along 46 also, as well and too 47 also, as well, too and either in negative clauses 48 alternate(ly) and alternative(ly) 49 although, though, but and however: contrast 50 altogether and all together 51 American and British English 52 and 53 and after try, wait, go etc 54 another and other(s) 55 any 56 any and every 57 any and no: adverbs 58 appear 59 arise and rise 60 (a)round and about 61 articles (1): introduction 62 articles (2): basic information (A) 63 articles (3): basic information (B) 64 articles (4): more about the 65 articles (5): more about a/an 66 articles (6): no article with plural and uncountable nouns 67 articles (7): the difference between some/any and no article 68 articles (8): talking in general 69 articles (9): the (difficult cases) 70 articles (10): special rules and exceptions 71 as and though: special word order 72 as, because, since and for 73 as, when and while: simultaneous events 74 as if and as though; like 75 as long as 76 as such 77 as usual 78 as well as 79 ask 80 at/in and to
81-120 (At-B-Ca)
81 at, on and in: place 82 at, on and in: time 83 at all 84 at first and first 85 auxiliary verbs 86 (a)wake and (a)waken 87 back and again 88 bath and bathe 89 be: progressive forms 90 be with auxiliary do 91 be + infinitive: I am to ..., you are to... etc 92 be and have 93 beat and win 94 because 95 been meaning 'come' or 'gone' 96 before: adverb 97 before: conjunction 98 before (preposition) and in front of 99 begin and start 100 below, under, underneath, beneath 101 beside and besides 102 besides, except and apart from 103 bet 104 better 105 between and among 106 big, large and great 107 [a] bit 108 born and borne 109 borrow and lend 110 both 111 both ... and 112 bring and take 113 bring up and educate 114 Britain, the United Kingdom, the British Isles and England 115 broad and wide 116 but meaning 'except' 117 by: time 118 by and near 119 by (method, agent) and with (tools etc) 120 call
121-160 (Ca-Do)
121 can and could (1): introduction 122 can and could (2): ability 123 can and could (3): ability (advanced points) 124 can and could (4): interpersonal uses (permission, requests etc) 125 can and could (5): with see, hear, etc 126 can't help 127 care: take care (of), care (about) and care for 128 changes: become, get, go, grow, etc 129 city and town 130 cleft sentences (1): What I need is a holiday 131 cleft sentences (2): it was my secretary who 132 close and shut 133 cloth and clothes 134 come and go 135 comparison (1): structures 136 comparison (2): as ... as; as much/many as 137 comparison (3): comparative and superlative adjectives 138 comparison (4): comparative and superlative adverbs 139 comparison (5): using comparatives and superlatives 140 comparison (6): much, far etc with comparatives and superlatives 141 comparison (7): advanced points 142 continual(ly) and continuous(ly) 143 contractions 144 contrary 145 control 146 correspondence (1): letters 147 correspondence (2): emails and text messages 148 countable and uncountable nouns (1): basic information 149 countable and uncountable nouns (2): advanced points 150 country 151 dare 152 dates 153 dead, died and death 154 determiners: the, my, some, several etc 155 different 156 direct speech: reporting verbs and word order 157 discourse markers 158 do (1): introduction 159 do (2): auxiliary verb 160 do (3): general-purpose verb; do and make
161-200 (Do-E-Fa)
161 do (4): substitute verb 162 do so/it/that 163 doubt 164 dress 165 drown 166 due to and owing to 167 during and for 168 during and in 169 each 170 each and every: the difference 171 each other and one another 172 east and eastern, north and northern etc 173 efficient and effective 174 either: determiner 175 either ... or 176 elder and eldest 177 ellipsis (1): introduction 178 ellipsis (2): with and, but and or 179 ellipsis (3): at the beginning of a sentence 180 ellipsis (4): in noun phrases 181 ellipsis (5): after auxiliary verbs 182 ellipsis (6): infinitives 183 else 184 emphasis 185 end and finish: verbs 186 enjoy 187 enough 188 especial(ly) and special(ly) 189 even 190 eventual(ly) 191 ever 192 ever so, ever such 193 every (one) 194 except and except for 195 exclamations: structures 196 expect, hope, wait and look forward 197 experiment and experience 198 explain 199 fairly, quite, rather and pretty: adverbs of degree 200 far and a long way
201-240 (Fa-G-He)
201 farther and further 202 feel 203 female and feminine; male and masculine 204 finally, at last, in the end and at the end 205 finished 206 fit and suit 207 for: purpose and cause 208 for, since, in and from: time 209 forget and leave 210 fun and funny 211 future (1): introduction 212 future (2): will/shall (information and prediction) 213 future (3): going to ... 214 future (4): present progressive 215 future (5): simple present 216 future (6): present forms or will? 217 future (7): will and shall (interpersonal uses) 218 future (8): will/shall, going to and present progressive (advanced points) 219 future (9): future perfect (they will have finished) 220 future (10): future progressive 221 future (11): future in the past 222 gender (references to males and females) 223 get (1): basic structures 224 get (2): + object + verb form 225 get and go: movement 226 give with action-nouns 227 go/come for a ... 228 go/come ... ing 229 gone with be 230 had better 231 half 232 happen to ... 233 hardly, scarcely and no sooner 234 have (1): introduction 235 have (2): auxiliary verb 236 have (3): actions 237 have (4): have (got) - possession, relationships and other states 238 have (5): + object + verb form 239 have (6): have (got) to 240 headlines
241-280 (He-In)
241 hear and listen (to) 242 hear, see etc + object + verb form 243 hear, see etc with that-clause 244 help 245 here and there 246 high and tall 247 hire, rent and let 248 holiday and holidays 249 home 250 hope 251 hopefully 252 how 253 how and what ... like? 254 -ic and -ical 255 idioms, collocations and fixed expressions 256 if (1): introduction 257 if (2): ordinary structures 258 if (3): special structures with past tenses and would 259 if (4): unreal past situations 260 if (5): if ... will 261 if (6): other points 262 if (7): other structures found in spoken English 263 if (8): other words with the same meaning 264 if I were you 265 if only 266 ill and sick 267 immediately, the moment etc: conjunctions 268 imperatives 269 in and into, on and onto: prepositions 270 in and to 271 in case and if 272 in spite of 273 indeed 274 indirect speech (1): introduction 275 indirect speech (2): tenses 276 indirect speech (3): questions and answers 277 indirect speech (4): infinitives 278 indirect speech (5): advanced points 279 infinitives (1): introduction 280 infinitives (2): forms
281-320 (In-K-Le)
281 infinitives (3): without to 282 infinitives (4): after verbs 283 infinitives (5): I want you to listen 284 infinitives (6): after adjectives 285 infinitives (7): after nouns and pronouns 286 infinitives (8): who to ... , what to ... etc 287 infinitives (9): active and passive infinitive with similar meaning 288 infinitives (10): I'm glad to have left 289 infinitives (11): purpose 290 infinitives (12): subject, complement or object 291 infinitives (13): for ... to 292 infinitives (14): other uses 293 -ing forms (1): introduction 294 -ing forms (2): a waiting room; a waiting train 295 -ing forms (3): subject, complement or object 296 -ing forms (4): after verbs 297 -ing forms (5): after nouns and adjectives 298 -ing forms (6): without breaking; before starting 299 -ing forms (7): remember, go on etc + -ing or infinitive 300 -ing forms (8): participles; progressive verbs 301 instead of 302 inversion (1): auxiliary verb before subject 303 inversion (2): whole verb before subject 304 irregular verbs 305 its and it's 306 it's time 307 just 308 kinds of English (1): standard English and dialects 309 kinds of English (2): correctness 310 kinds of English (3): spoken and written English 311 kinds of English (4): formality 312 kinds of English (5): variation and change 313 know 314 last, the last, the latest 315 later and in 316 lay and lie 317 learn 318 least and fewest 319 left 320 less and fewer
321-360 (Le-Mu)
321 lest 322 let (1): structures 323 let (2): introducing imperatives 324 life: countable or uncountable noun 325 like: verb 326 like and as: similarity, function 327 likely 328 link verbs: be, seem, look etc 329 (a) little and (a) few 330 long and (for) a long time 331 look 332 lose and loose 333 [a] lot, lots, plenty, a great deal, a large amount, a large number, the majority 334 loudly and aloud 335 make: causative structures 336 make: prepositions 337 marry and divorce 338 may and might (1): introduction 339 may and might (2): chances etc 340 may and might (3): permission 341 may and might (4): may in wishes and hopes 342 may and might (5): may/might ... but 343 may and might (6): may/might as well 344 may and might (7): requests, suggestions and criticisms 345 may and might (8): may/might and can/could 346 maybe and perhaps 347 meals 348 mean 349 means 350 measurements: 'marked' and 'unmarked' forms 351 mind: do you mind etc 352 miss 353 modal auxiliary verbs: introduction 354 modal auxiliary verbs: meanings 355 more 356 most 357 much and many 358 must (1): introduction 359 must (2): deduction (concluding that something is certain) 360 must (3): necessity and obligation
361-400 (Mu-N-Op)
361 must (4): advanced points 362 names: Florence, Homer etc 363 names and titles: Peter; Mr Lewis 364 nationalities, countries and regions 365 near (to) 366 need 367 negative structures (1): basic rules 368 negative structures (2): negative questions 369 negative structures (3): think, hope, seem etc 370 negative structures (4): double negatives 371 negative structures (5): ambiguous sentences 372 neither (of): determiner 373 neither ... nor 374 neither, nor and not ... either 375 next and the next; nearest 376 no, none and not a/any 377 no doubt 378 no matter 379 no more, not any more, no longer, not any longer 380 no one and none 381 non-affirmative (or 'non-assertive') words 382 not and no 383 not only 384 noun + complement: what can follow a noun? 385 noun + noun (1): basic information 386 noun + noun (2): advanced points 387 now (that) 388 nowadays 389 numbers 390 of course 391 often 392 older English verb forms 393 once: adverb 394 once: conjunction 395 one: substitute word 396 one, you and they: indefinite personal pronouns 397 one of ... 398 only: focusing adverb 399 open 400 opportunity and possibility
401-440 (Op-Po)
401 opposite (adjective): position 402 opposite, facing and in front of 403 ought 404 out of 405 own 406 paragraphs 407 part 408 participles (-ing and -ed forms) (1): introduction 409 participles (2): active and passive 410 participles (3): details 411 participles (4): clauses 412 passives (1): passive structures and verb forms 413 passives (2): agent 414 passives (3): When do we use passive structures? 415 passives (4): verbs with two objects 416 passives (5): verbs with prepositions 417 passives (6): it was thought that ... 418 passives (7): He is believed to be 419 passives (8): he was considered a genius 420 passives (9): My suitcase is packed 421 past (1): simple past (I worked etc) 422 past (2): past progressive (I was working etc) 423 past perfect (1): basic information 424 past perfect (2): advanced points 425 past perfect (3): progressive 426 past verb form with present or future meaning 427 perfect verb forms 428 personal pronouns (1): basic information 429 personal pronouns (2): advanced points 430 piece- and group-words 431 place: a place to live, etc 432 play and game 433 please and thank you 434 point of view 435 politeness (1): using questions 436 politeness (2): distancing verb forms 437 politeness (3): softening expressions 438 politics and policy 439 possessives (1): noun + 's (forms) 440 possessives (2): noun + 's (use)
441-480 (Po-Qu)
441 possessives (3): my, your etc 442 possessives (4): mine, yours etc 443 possessives (5): a friend of mine etc 444 prefer 445 prefixes and suffixes 446 preparatory it (1): subject 447 preparatory it (2): object 448 prepositions (1): introduction 449 prepositions (2): after particular words and expressions 450 prepositions (3): before particular words and expressions 451 prepositions (4): expressions without prepositions 452 prepositions (5): at the ends of clauses 453 prepositions (6): before conjunctions 454 prepositions (7): -ing forms and infinitives 455 present perfect (1): basic information 456 present perfect (2): perfect or past? 457 present perfect (3): perfect or past (advanced points) 458 present perfect (4): progressive (or 'continuous') 459 present perfect (5): simple or progressive? 460 present perfect (6): present perfect or present? 461 present tenses (1): introduction 462 present tenses (2): simple present (forms) 463 present tenses (3): simple present (use) 464 present tenses (4): progressive (or 'continuous') 465 present tenses (5): stories, commentaries and instructions 466 present tenses (6): advanced points 467 presently 468 price and prize 469 principal and principle 470 progressive (1): general 471 progressive (2): non-progressive verbs 472 progressive (3): with always etc 473 punctuation (1): full stop, question mark and exclamation mark 474 punctuation (2): colon 475 punctuation (3): semi-colon 476 punctuation (4): comma 477 punctuation (5): dash 478 punctuation (6): quotation marks 479 punctuation (7): apostrophe /ə'pɒstrəfi:/ 480 questions (1): basic rules
481-520 (Qu-R-Sh)
481 questions (2): declarative questions 482 questions (3): rhetorical questions 483 questions (4): echo questions 484 questions (5): reply questions (Was it? Did you?) 485 questions (6): question-word clauses 486 questions (7): that-clauses 487 question tags (1): basic information 488 question tags (2): advanced points 489 quite 490 rather: adverb of degree (rather good, etc) 491 rather: preference 492 reason 493 reflexive pronouns 494 relatives (1): basic information 495 relatives (2): identifying and non-identifying clauses 496 relatives (3): whose 497 relatives (4): what 498 relatives (5): advanced points 499 remind 500 repetition 501 [the] rest 502 road and street 503 the same 504 say and tell 505 see 506 see, look (at) and watch 507 seem 508 sensible and sensitive 509 sentence structure (1): basic word order 510 sentence structure (2): conjunctions 511 sentence structure (3): problems with conjunctions 512 sentence structure (4): information structure 513 sentence structure (5): fronting 514 sentence structure (6): spoken structures and tags 515 sentence structure (7): understanding complicated structures 516 shade and shadow 517 short answers: Yes, he can etc 518 should (1): introduction 519 should (2): obligation, deduction etc 520 should (3): should, ought and must
521-560 (Sh-Sp)
521 should (4): in subordinate clauses 522 since: tenses 523 singular and plural (1): regular plurals 524 singular and plural (2): irregular and special plurals 525 singular and plural (3): pronunciation of plurals 526 singular and plural (4): singular nouns with plural verbs 527 singular and plural (5): plural expressions with singular verbs 528 singular and plural (6): singular they 529 singular and plural (7): mixed structures 530 singular and plural (8): distributive plural 531 singular and plural (9): noun + noun 532 singular and plural (10): other points 533 slang 534 small and little 535 smell 536 so: adverb meaning 'like this/that' 537 so (conjunction) and then 538 so (degree adverb): so tired, so fast 539 so and not with hope, believe etc 540 so with say and tell 541 so have I, so am I etc 542 so much and so many 543 so that and in order that 544 so-and-so; so-so 545 'social' language 546 some 547 some and any 548 somebody, someone, anybody, anyone etc 549 some time, sometime and sometimes 550 soon, early and quickly 551 sort of, kind of and type of 552 sound 553 speak and talk 554 speech (1): stress and rhythm 555 speech (2): intonation 556 spelling (1): capital letters 557 spelling (2): -ly 558 spelling (3): -ise and -ize 559 spelling (4): hyphens 560 spelling (5): final e
561-600 (Sp-T)
561 spelling (6): y and i 562 spelling (7): doubling final consonants 563 spelling (8): ch and tch, k and ck 564 spelling (9): ie and ei 565 spelling (10): spelling and pronunciation 566 still, yet and already: time 567 subjunctive 568 such 569 such and so 570 suggest 571 suppose, supposing and what if 572 supposed to 573 surely 574 sympathetic 575 taboo words and swearwords 576 take: time 577 taste 578 telephoning 579 telling the time 580 tense simplification in subordinate clauses 581 than and as as subjects, objects and complements 582 thankful and grateful 583 that-clauses 584 that: omission 585 the matter (with) 586 there 587 there is 588 think 589 this and that 590 this/that and it: things that have just been mentioned 591 This is the first/last ... etc 592 through: time 593 time 594 tonight 595 too 596 too much and too many 597 travel, journey, trip and voyage 598 turning verbs into nouns 599 two-part verbs (1): phrasal verbs 600 two-part verbs (2): prepositional verbs
601-634 (U-V-W-Y)
601 unless 602 until 603 up and down 604 used + infinitive 605 [be] used to 606 verb complementation: what can follow a verb? 607 verb + object + complement 608 verbs of movement: she ran in etc 609 verbs with both active and passive meanings 611 very and very much 612 wait 613 want 614 -ward(s) 615 way 616 weak and strong forms 617 well 618 when and if 619 where (to) 620 whether ... or ... 621 whether and if 622 which, what and who: question words 623 who and whom 624 who ever, what ever etc 625 whoever, whatever etc 626 whose: question word 627 whose and who's 628 why and why not 629 will: various uses 630 wish 631 with 632 worth 633 would: various uses 634 yes and no
Index
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