Physics of Digital Photography by Rowlands, Andy -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Copyright Dedication Contents Preface About the author Acronyms 1 Fundamental optical formulae

1.1 Image formation

1.1.1 Refraction 1.1.2 Gaussian optics 1.1.3 Lens refractive power 1.1.4 Magnification 1.1.5 Focal length 1.1.6 Lens focusing movement

1.2 Field of view

1.2.1 Entrance and exit pupils 1.2.2 Chief and marginal rays 1.2.3 Angular field of view 1.2.4 Field of view area 1.2.5 Focal-length multiplier

1.3 Depth of field

1.3.1 Circle of confusion 1.3.2 Depth of field equations 1.3.3 Hyperfocal distance 1.3.4 Focus and recompose limits 1.3.5 Keystone distortion

1.4 Exposure

1.4.1 Photometry 1.4.2 Flux emitted into a cone 1.4.3 Relative aperture 1.4.4 f-number 1.4.5 Working f-number 1.4.6 f-stop 1.4.7 Natural vignetting 1.4.8 Photometric exposure 1.4.9 Exposure value 1.4.10 f-number for aplanatic lenses

Bibliography

2 Exposure strategy

2.1 Digital output

2.1.1 Sensor response 2.1.2 Colour 2.1.3 Digital output levels 2.1.4 Dynamic range 2.1.5 Tonal range 2.1.6 Tone reproduction 2.1.7 Gamma 2.1.8 Tone curves 2.1.9 Histograms

2.2 Average photometry

2.2.1 Reflected-light metering 2.2.2 Meter calibration 2.2.3 Average scene luminance

2.3 Exposure index

2.3.1 ISO speed 2.3.2 Standard output sensitivity 2.3.3 Recommended exposure index 2.3.4 Extended highlights

2.4 Exposure modes

2.4.1 Metering modes 2.4.2 Exposure compensation 2.4.3 Aperture priority (A or Av) 2.4.4 Shutter priority (S or Tv) 2.4.5 Program mode (P) 2.4.6 Manual mode (M)

Bibliography

3 Raw data model

3.1 Linear systems theory

3.1.1 Radiometry 3.1.2 Ideal image 3.1.3 Point-spread function 3.1.4 Convolution 3.1.5 Optical transfer function 3.1.6 Modulation transfer function 3.1.7 Phase transfer function 3.1.8 Model camera system

3.2 Optics

3.2.1 Wave optics 3.2.2 Huygens–Fresnel principle 3.2.3 Aperture diffraction PSF 3.2.4 Circular aperture: Airy disk 3.2.5 Aperture diffraction MTF 3.2.6 Wavefront error 3.2.7 Polarisation

3.3 Sensor

3.3.1 Irradiance spatial integration 3.3.2 Detector–aperture PSF 3.3.3 Detector–aperture MTF

3.4 Optical low-pass filter

3.4.1 Sampling theorem 3.4.2 Sensor Nyquist frequency 3.4.3 Pre-filtering 3.4.4 Four-spot filter PSF 3.4.5 Four-spot filter MTF

3.5 Real image

3.5.1 System PSF 3.5.2 System MTF

3.6 Sensor signal

3.6.1 Charge collection 3.6.2 Colour filter array 3.6.3 Spectral responsivity 3.6.4 Polychromatic PSF and MTF

3.7 Analog-to-digital conversion

3.7.1 Charge detection 3.7.2 ISO gain 3.7.3 Digital numbers 3.7.4 Conversion factor 3.7.5 Bias offset

3.8 Noise

3.8.1 Temporal noise 3.8.2 Fixed pattern noise 3.8.3 Noise measurement 3.8.4 Noise models

Bibliography

4 Raw conversion

4.1 Reference colour spaces

4.1.1 Physics of colour 4.1.2 Standard colourimetric observer 4.1.3 CIE RGB colour space 4.1.4 Chromaticity diagram (rg) 4.1.5 CIE XYZ colour space 4.1.6 Chromaticity diagram (xy) 4.1.7 Absolute colourimetry 4.1.8 Relative colourimetry 4.1.9 Reference white

4.2 Illumination

4.2.1 Colour temperature 4.2.2 Correlated colour temperature 4.2.3 White point 4.2.4 Standard illuminants

4.3 Camera raw space

4.3.1 Eye response functions 4.3.2 Camera response functions 4.3.3 Luther–Ives condition 4.3.4 Demosaicing methods 4.3.5 Camera colour characterisation

4.4 sRGB colour space

4.4.1 sRGB gamut 4.4.2 sRGB gamma 4.4.3 sRGB dynamic range 4.4.4 sRGB colour cube

4.5 White balance

4.5.1 Adopted white 4.5.2 Chromatic adaptation transforms 4.5.3 White balance strategies

4.6 Example 1: Adobe® DNG (raw to XYZ D50)

4.6.1 Method 1 (transformation matrix + CAT) 4.6.2 Method 2 (raw WB multipliers + forward matrix)

4.7 Example 2: dcraw (raw to sRGB D65) 4.8 Image editing

4.8.1 Colour management 4.8.2 Adobe® Photoshop® colour settings 4.8.3 Image resizing

Bibliography

5 Image quality

5.1 Perceived resolution

5.1.1 Observer resolving power 5.1.2 Circle of confusion specification

5.2 Cross-format comparisons

5.2.1 Equivalence ratio 5.2.2 Equivalence at infinity focus 5.2.3 Equivalence at arbitrary focus 5.2.4 Summary of equivalence

5.3 Lens MTF

5.3.1 Aberrations 5.3.2 Lens MTF plots 5.3.3 Lens MTF and sensor format 5.3.4 Lens resolving power

5.4 System MTF

5.4.1 System MTF and sensor format 5.4.2 System resolving power

5.5 Sharpness

5.5.1 Sharpness metrics 5.5.2 Image resampling 5.5.3 Diffraction softening

5.6 Signal-to-noise ratio

5.6.1 SNR and ISO setting 5.6.2 Shadow improvement 5.6.3 ISO invariance 5.6.4 SNR and pixel count 5.6.5 SNR and sensor format

5.7 Dynamic range

5.7.1 Engineering dynamic range 5.7.2 Photographic dynamic range

5.8 Practical strategies

5.8.1 Object resolution 5.8.2 Non-destructive noise reduction 5.8.3 Exposing to the right

Bibliography

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