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Index
Cover Page
Principles of Digital Audio
Copyright Page
Dedication
about
Contents
Preface
1 Sound and Numbers
Physics of Sound
Sound Pressure Level
Harmonics
Digital Basics
Number Systems
Binary Number System
Binary Codes
Weighted Binary Codes
Unweighted Binary Codes
Two’s Complement
Boolean Algebra
Analog versus Digital
2 Fundamentals of Digital Audio
Discrete Time Sampling
The Sampling Theorem
Nyquist Frequency
Aliasing
Quantization
Signal-to-Error Ratio
Quantization Error
Other Architectures
Dither
Types of Dither
Summary
Postscript
3 Digital Audio Recording
Pulse-Code Modulation
Dither Generator
Input Lowpass Filter
Sample-and-Hold Circuit
Analog-to-Digital Converter
Successive Approximation A/D Converter
Oversampling A/D Converter
Record Processing
Channel Codes
Simple Codes
Group Codes
Code Applications
4 Digital Audio Reproduction
Reproduction Processing
Digital-to-Analog Converter
Weighted-Resistor Digital-to-Analog Converter
R-2R Ladder Digital-to-Analog Converter
Zero-Cross Distortion
High-Bit D/A Conversion
Output Sample-and-Hold Circuit
Output Lowpass Filter
Impulse Response
Digital Filters
FIR Oversampling Filter
Noise Shaping
Output Processing
Alternate Coding Architectures
Floating-Point Systems
Block Floating-Point Systems
Nonuniform Companding Systems
m-Law and A-Law Companding
Differential PCM Systems
Predictive Differential Coding
Delta Modulation
Adaptive Delta Modulation
Companded Predictive Delta Modulation
Adaptive Differential Pulse-Code Modulation
Timebase Correction
Jitter
Eye Pattern
Interface Jitter and Sampling Jitter
Jitter in Mechanical Storage Media
Jitter in Data Transmission
Jitter in Converters
5 Error Correction
Sources of Errors
Quantifying Errors
Objectives of Error Correction
Error Detection
Single-Bit Parity
ISBN
Cyclic Redundancy Check Code
Error-Correction Codes
Block Codes
Hamming Codes
Convolutional Codes
Interleaving
Cross-Interleaving
Reed–Solomon Codes
Cross-Interleave Reed–Solomon Code (CIRC)
CIRC Performance Criteria
Product Codes
Error Concealment
Interpolation
Muting
Duplication
6 Optical Disc Media
Optical Phenomena
Diffraction
Resolution of Optical Systems
Polarization
Design of Optical Media
Nonerasable Optical Media
Read-Only Optical Storage
Write-Once Optical Recording
Erasable Optical Media
Magneto-Optical Recording
Phase-Change Optical Recording
Dye-Polymer Erasable Optical Recording
Digital Audio for Theatrical Film
7 Compact Disc
Development
Overview
Disc Design
Disc Optical Specification
Data Encoding
Player Optical Design
Optical Pickup
Autofocus Design
Autotracking Design
One-Beam Pickup
Pickup Control
Player Electrical Design
EFM Demodulation
Error Detection and Correction
Output Processing
Subcode
Disc Manufacturing
Premastering
Disc Mastering
Electroforming
Disc Replication
Alternative CD Formats
CD-ROM
CD-R
CD-RW
CD-MO
CD-i
Photo CD
CD + G and CD + MIDI
CD-3
Video CD
Super Audio CD
Disc Design
DSD Modulation
DST Lossless Coding
Player Design
8 DVD
Development and Overview
Disc Design
Disc Optical Specification
Disc Manufacturing and Playback
Optical Playback
Data Coding
Reed–Solomon Product Code
EFMPlus Modulation
Universal Disc Format (UDF) Bridge
DVD-Video
DVD-Video Video Coding
DVD-Video Audio Coding
DVD-Video Playback Features
DVD-Video Authoring
DVD-Video Developer’s Summary
DVD-Audio
DVD-Audio Coding and Channel Options
DVD-Audio Disc Contents
DVD-Audio Developer’s Summary
Alternative DVD Formats
DVD-ROM
DVD-R and DVD + R
DVD-RW and DVD + RW
DVD-RAM
DVD Content Protection
DVD-Video Copy Protection
DVD-Audio Copy Protection
Content Protection for Recordable Media
Secure Digital Transmission
DVD Watermarking
HD DVD
9 Blu-ray
Development and Overview
Disc Capacity
BD-ROM Player Profiles
Disc Design
Disc Optical Specification
Optical Pickup Design
Disc Manufacturing
BD-ROM Specifications
Audio Codecs
Video Codecs
Modulation and Error Correction
Audio-Video Stream Format and Directory
Blu-ray UDF File System
HDMV and BD-J Application Programming Modes
Blu-ray 3D
Region Playback Code
Content Protection
Blu-ray Recordable Formats
AVCHD Format
10 Low Bit-Rate Coding: Theory and Evaluation
Perceptual Coding
Psychoacoustics
Physiology of the Human Ear and Critical Bands
Threshold of Hearing and Masking
Temporal Masking
Psychoacoustic Models
Spreading Function
Tonality
Rationale for Perceptual Coding
Perceptual Coding in Time and Frequency
Subband Coding
Transform Coding
Filter Banks
Quadrature Mirror Filters
Hybrid Filters
Polyphase Filters
MDCT
Multichannel Coding
Tandem Codecs
Spectral Band Replication
Perceptual Coding Performance Evaluation
Critical Listening
Listening Test Methodologies and Standards
Listening Test Statistical Evaluation
Lossless Data Compression
Entropy Coding
Audio Data Compression
11 Low Bit-Rate Coding: Codec Design
Early Codecs
MPEG-1 Audio Standard
MPEG Bitstream Format
MPEG-1 Layer I
Example of MPEG-1 Layer I Implementation
MPEG-1 Layer II
MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)
MP3 Bit Allocation and Huffman Coding
MP3 Stereo Coding
MP3 Decoder Optimization
MPEG-1 Psychoacoustic Model 1
MPEG-1 Psychoacoustic Model 2
MPEG-2 Audio Standard
MPEG-2 AAC
AAC Main Profile
AAC Allocation Loops
AAC Temporal Noise Shaping
AAC Techniques and Performance
ATRAC Codec
Perceptual Audio Coding (PAC) Codec
AC-3 (Dolby Digital) Codec
AC-3 Overview
AC-3 Theory of Operation
AC-3 Exponent Strategies and Bit Allocation
AC-3 Multichannel Coding
AC-3 Bitstream and Decoder
AC-3 Applications and Extensions
DTS Codec
Meridian Lossless Packing
12 Speech Coding for Transmission
Speech Coding Criteria and Overview
Waveform Coding and Source Coding
Human Speech
Source-Filter Model
Channel, Formant, and Sinusoidal Codecs
Predictive Speech Coding
Linear Predictive Coding
Code Excited Linear Prediction
CELP Encoder and Decoder
CELP Codebooks
Vector Quantization
Examples of CELP Codecs
Scalable Speech Coding
G.729.1 and MPEG-4 Scalable Codecs
Bandwidth Extension
Echo Cancellation
Voice Activity Detection
Variable Bit Rate
Speech Recognition
Speex Codec
Quantifying Performance of Speech Codecs
Speech Coding Standards
13 Audio Interconnection
Audio Interfaces
SDIF-2 Interconnection
AES3 (AES/EBU) Professional Interface
AES3 Frame Structure
AES3 Channel Status Block
AES3 Implementation
AES10 (MADI) Multichannel Interface
S/PDIF Consumer Interconnection
Serial Copy Management System
High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) and DisplayPort
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)
AES11 Digital Audio Reference Signal
AES18 User Data Channels
AES24 Control of Audio Devices
Sample Rate Converters
Fiber-Optic Cable Interconnection
Fiber-Optic Cable
Connection and Installation
Design Example
14 Personal Computer Audio
PC Buses and Interfaces
IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
Digital Transmission Content Protection (DTCP)
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Sound Card and Motherboard Audio
Music Synthesis
Surround Sound Processing
Audio Codec ’97 (AC ’97)
High Definition Audio (HD Audio)
Windows DirectX API
MMX
File Formats
WAV and BWF
MP3, AIFF, QuickTime, and Other File Formats
Open Media Framework Interchange (OMFI)
Advanced Authoring Format (AAF)
Material eXchange Format (MXF)
AES31
Digital Audio Extraction
Flash Memory
Hard-Disk Drives
Magnetic Recording
Hard-Disk Design
Digital Audio Workstations
Audio Software Applications
Professional Applications
Audio for Video Workstations
15 Telecommunications and Internet Audio
Telephone Services
ISDN
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
Cellular Telecommunications
Networks and File Transfers
Ethernet
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Bluetooth
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi)
MediaNet
Internet Audio
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
Digital Rights Management
Audio Encryption
Audio Watermarking
Audio Fingerprinting
Streaming Audio
G2 Music Codec for Streaming
Audio Webcasting
MPEG-4 Audio Standard
MPEG-4 Interactivity
MPEG-4 Audio Coding
MPEG-4 Versions
MPEG-4 Coding Tools
MPEG-7 Standard
16 Digital Radio and Television Broadcasting
Satellite Communication
Direct Broadcast Satellites
Digital Audio Radio
Digital Audio Transmission
Spectral Space
Data Reduction
Technical Considerations
Eureka 147 Wideband Digital Radio
In-Band Digital Radio
HD Radio
HD Radio FM-IBOC
HD Radio AM-IBOC
Direct Satellite Radio
Sirius XM Radio
Digital Television (DTV)
DTV and ATSC Overview
Video Data Reduction
MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Video Coding
MPEG-1 Video Standard
MPEG-2 Video Standard
ATSC Digital Television
ATSC Display Formats and Specification
DTV Implementation
17 Digital Signal Processing
Fundamentals of Digital Signal Processing
DSP Applications
Discrete Systems
Linearity and Time-Invariance
Impulse Response and Convolution
Complex Numbers
Mathematical Transforms
Unit Circle and Region of Convergence
Poles and Zeros
DSP Elements
Digital Filters
FIR Filters
IIR Filters
Filter Applications
Sources of Errors and Digital Dither
DSP Integrated Circuits
Processor Architecture
Fixed Point and Floating Point
DSP Programming
Filter Programming
Texas Instruments Code
Motorola Code
Analog Devices SHARC Code
Specialized DSP Applications
Digital Delay Effects
Digital Reverberation
Digital Mixing Consoles
Loudspeaker Correction
Noise Removal
18 Sigma-Delta Conversion and Noise Shaping
Sigma-Delta Conversion
Delta Modulation
Sigma-Delta Modulation
Analysis of a First-Order Sigma-Delta Modulator
Higher-Order Noise Shaping
Idle Tones and Limit Cycles
One-Bit D/A Conversion with Second-Order Noise Shaping
Multi-Bit D/A Conversion with Third-Order Noise Shaping
Multi-Bit D/A Conversion with Quasi Fourth-Order Noise Shaping
Sigma-Delta A/D Conversion
Digital Filtering and Decimation
Sigma-Delta A/D Converter Chip
Sigma-Delta D/A Converter Chip
Sigma-Delta A/D–D/A Converter Chip
Noise Shaping of Nonoversampling Quantization Error
Psychoacoustically Optimized Noise Shaping
Buried Data Technique
Appendix The Sampling Theorem
Bibliography
Index
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