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Index
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Preface
List of Contributors
Part I: Introduction
Chapter 1. Introduction with a Focus on Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change
1.1 Why is it Important to Consider Our Future Energy Options?
1.2 The Need for a Sustainable, Safe and Non-polluting Energy Source
1.3 Climate Change
1.4 Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Change
1.5 What are Our Options for Electricity Generation?
1.6 What are Our Options for Transport Fuel?
1.7 The Situation in the World Today
1.8 How Can We Reduce the Stranglehold of Fossil Fuels?
References
Part II: Fossil Fuels (Energy Sources)
Chapter 2. Conventional Oil and Gas
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Hydrocarbon Reservoirs
2.3 Hydrocarbon Recovery, Reserves, Production and Consumption
2.4 Global Warming and the Hydrocarbon Economy
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3. Coal Processing and Use for Power Generation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Coal Reserves, Production and Use
3.3 Coal Properties
3.4 Processing of Coal Before Combustion
3.5 Clean Coal Technologies
3.6 Role of Coal in the Energy Mix for the Future
3.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4. Frontier Oil and Gas: Deep-Water and the Arctic
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Deep-Water
4.3 Arctic
4.4 Clathrate Hydrates
4.5 Geothermal-Geopressurised Natural Gas
References
Chapter 5. Unconventional Oil and Gas: Oilsands
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Bitumen Production from Oilsands
5.3 Transport Fuel Production from Bitumen
5.4 Bitumen Characterisation
5.5 Bitumen Upgrading Processes
5.6 Future of Oilsands
References
Chapter 6. Shale-Hosted Hydrocarbons and Hydraulic Fracturing
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Shale-Hosted Hydrocarbons
6.3 Extraction Methods
6.4 The Future of Shale-Hosted Hydrocarbons: Production Projections
6.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7. Coal Bed Methane: Reserves, Production and Future Outlook
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Properties and Origin of Coal Bed Gas
7.3 CBM Availability and Production
7.4 Drilling and Extraction Techniques
7.5 Environmental Issues of CBM Extraction
7.6 Future Outlook
References
Chapter 8. Methane Hydrates
8.1 Background
8.2 Estimates of Gas Hydrate Resources
8.3 Gas Hydrate Exploration
8.4 Gas Hydrate Production Technology
8.5 Conclusions
References
Part III: Nuclear Power (Energy Sources)
Chapter 9. Nuclear Fission
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nuclear Reactor Technology
9.3 Managing Irradiated Fuel
9.4 Thorium as an Alternative Fuel
9.5 Practicalities of Nuclear Energy
9.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10. Nuclear Fusion
10.1 What is Nuclear Fusion
10.2 Desirable Characteristics of Fusion Power
10.3 Why Fusion Power is Difficult
10.4 Approaches to Fusion Reactors
10.5 Economics of Fusion Energy
10.6 Prospects for Fusion Energy
References
Part IV: Transport Energy (Energy Sources)
Chapter 11. Biofuels for Transport
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biofuels for Transport
11.3 Biofuels in the World Today
11.4 Biofuel Policies and Perspectives
11.5 Sustainability Challenges
11.6 Scientific Challenges and Opportunities
11.7 Perspectives and Conclusions
References
Chapter 12. Transport Fuel: Biomass-, Coal-, Gas- and Waste-to-Liquids Processes
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Overview of Alternative Carbon Feed-to-Liquid (XTL) Processes
12.3 Direct Liquefaction
12.4 Indirect Liquefaction
12.5 Environmental Footprint of Liquefaction
12.6 Future Energy
References
Chapter 13. Transport Fuel – LNG and Methane
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Sources of Natural Gas
13.3 Natural Gas Extraction
13.4 Natural Gas Reserves
13.5 Utilisation of Natural Gas as a Transportation Fuel
13.6 Regional Trends in NGVs
13.7 Prospects for the Future Use of Natural Gas as a Transportation Fuel
13.8 Conclusions
References
Part V: Transport Energy (Energy Storage)
Chapter 14. Transport Energy – Lithium Ion Batteries
14.1 Background
14.2 Lithium Ion Battery Types and Materials
14.3 Overview of Battery Performance and Expectations
14.4 Future Technologies
14.5 Conclusions
References
Part VI: Renewables (Energy Sources)
Chapter 15. Wind Energy
15.1 The Global Resource
15.2 Resource Assessment
15.3 Wind Turbine Technology
15.4 Power System Integration
15.5 Environmental Impact
15.6 Future Developments and Research Requirements
References
Chapter 16. Tidal Current Energy: Origins and Challenges
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Tidal Current Drivers
16.3 Devices
16.4 Anchors and Fixings
16.5 Biofouling
16.6 Conclusions
References
Recommended Reading
Chapter 17. Wave Energy
17.1 Background, Context and Drivers of Wave Energy
17.2 What Is Ocean Wave Energy?
17.3 The Energy Resource and How It Is Measured
17.4 Forecasting and Prediction
17.5 Challenges and Benefits
17.6 Converter Types
17.7 Device Rating
17.8 Modern Devices
17.9 Economics of Wave Energy
17.10 Alternative Output
17.11 Future
References
Chapter 18. Solar Energy: Photovoltaics
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Electrical Operating Characteristics
18.3 PV Physics
18.4 PV Cell Design
18.5 Field Performance
18.6 Barriers to Growth
References
Chapter 19. Solar Energy – Concentrating Solar Power
19.1 Introduction – Concept and Basic Characteristics
19.2 State of the Art
19.3 Cost and Market
References
Chapter 20. Solar Energy – Water Heating
20.1 Solar Water Heater Basics
20.2 Market Assessment
20.3 The Future of Solar Water Heating
20.4 Summary
References
Chapter 21. Hydroelectric Power
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Hydropower Resources
21.3 Technology
21.4 Sustainability Issues
21.5 Cost Issues
21.6 Integration into the Broader Energy System
21.7 Future Deployment
References
Chapter 22. Geothermal Energy
22.1 Heat Flow and Subsurface Temperatures
22.2 Tectonic Controls
22.3 Types of Geothermal Systems
22.4 Worldwide Geothermal Potential
22.5 Worldwide Geothermal Development
22.6 Methods for Electrical Generation
22.7 Direct Use of Geothermal Energy
22.8 Environmental Challenges
22.9 Recent Progress in Geothermal Energy Usage
22.10 The Future
22.11 Sources of Additional Information
Acknowledgements
References
Part VII: New Possible Energy Options
Chapter 23. Hydrogen: An Energy Carrier
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Hydrogen
23.3 Basic Elements Needed for Hydrogen Utilisation
23.4 Current Status
23.5 Now and the Future Around the World
References
Recommended Websites
Chapter 24. Fuel Cells: Energy Conversion Technology
24.1 Introduction
24.2 SOFC Power System
24.3 Electrical Losses
24.4 SOFC Materials
24.5 Research Trend
24.6 Challenges
24.7 Concluding Remarks
References
Part VIII: Environmental and Related Issues
Chapter 25. Environmental Impacts of Energy Production, Distribution and Transport
25.1 Introduction to Energy Sources
25.2 Energy Life Cycles
25.3 Upstream Component
25.4 Fuel Cycle
25.5 Operation Stage
25.6 Downstream Component
References
Chapter 26. CO2 Capture and Sequestration
26.1 Background of CO2 Capture and Sequestration
26.2 CO2 Properties
26.3 CO2 Emissions from the Electricity Sector
26.4 CO2 Capture from Electricity
26.5 CO2 Capture from Industrial Processes
26.6 CO2 Transport
26.7 CO2 Storage
26.8 Cost of CO2 Capture and Storage
26.9 Status of CCS
26.10 CCS Potential
26.11 CCS Challenges and Enablers
26.12 The Future
References
Chapter 27. Overview of Energy Storage Technologies
27.1 In a Nutshell
27.2 Energy Production and Transmission
27.3 Energy Consumption
27.4 Overview of Storage Technologies
27.5 Research and Developments
27.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 28. Smart Grids: An Optimised Electric Power System
28.1 Chapter Scope
28.2 Traditional Power Systems
28.3 The New Smart Grid Power System Model
28.4 Smart Grid Building Blocks
28.5 A Summary of Smart Grid Financial Benefits
28.6 Challenges in Evaluating Smart Grid Investments
28.7 Other Smart Grid Issues
28.8 Societal Benefits: Energy Efficiency, Energy Conservation, Energy-Saving Devices and Emissions Reductions
References
Chapter 29. Energy Resources in Developing Nations
29.1 Concept and Context
29.2 Energy Resources
29.3 Implication of Resources Exploitation on Water and Food Resources
29.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 30. The Transition to Future Energy
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Sustainable Energy for All
30.3 Major Challenges Require Transition of Energy System
30.4 The Gap Between Science and Society
30.5 The Fourth ‘P’ of Sustainable Practice – Connecting Disciplines
30.6 Chapter Summary – Society Must Lead
References
Chapter 31. Energy Options and Predictions for China
31.1 Background
31.2 Energy and Emission Scenarios
31.3 Key Energy Factors to Go to the Energy Transition and Low Emission Pathway
31.4 Uncertainties Analysis
31.5 Summary
References
Index
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