Invitation to the Psychology of Religion · 3rd Edition by Paloutzian, Raymond F. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Half Title Page Title Page Copyright Dedication About the Author Preface Contents Introduction Part I. Foundations

Prelude to Part I 1. Religion in Psychological Perspective

The Prevalence and Scope of Religion

Religion in Action Religion and Spirituality Meaning Systems Approach

Notions about the Source and Essence of Religions

Cultural and Personal Function and Substance The Variety of Religious Behaviors Defining Religion in Psychological Research

Dimensions of Religiousness

Believing: Ideology Practice: Ritual Feeling: Experience Knowledge: Understanding Effects: Consequences The Dimensions in Combination

Psychological Roots of Religiousness Exist at Multiple Levels

Neuropsychological and Cognitive Bases Learning, Reinforcement, and Modeling Personality and Depth Psychological Processes Values, Growth, and Fulfillment Social Influence from Interpersonal to Cultural From Past Time: Evolutionary and Historical Roots Multicultural and International Factors and Research Multilevel Explanations and Robust Knowledge

Is Religion Psychologically Special?

A Unique or a General Psychological Process? Implications of the Various Positions Unique and Non‑Unique

My Approach Take-Home Messages Further Reading

Basic Concepts, Themes, and Scope of the Psychology of Religion Religiousness and Spirituality Fundamentals of Theory and Research in the Psychology of Religion

2. Intellectual Journey to the Psychology of Religion

Psychology of Religion at the Beginning of Psychology

Starbuck and the "Either/Or" Philosophy James and Empirical Phenomenology Roots in Spiritualism, Occultism, and the Paranormal

The Exit and Reemergence of the Psychology of Religion

Where and Why Did the Field Go? How and Why the Field Came Back

Philosophy of Science and Modern Psychology of Religion

Psychology in the Science–Religion Dialogue The Nature of Psychological Science Multiple Accounts of Religiousness Cultural Relativity and the Psychology of Religion Psychology of Religion: At the Center of the Science–Religion Dialogue

Religion, Spirituality, and Meaning Making

Meaning Systems Processes Multilevel Interdisciplinary Paradigm

Meaning Making and Remaking

Meaning Components of Meaning Systems

Take-Home Messages Further Reading

3. Psychological Theories Look at Religion

The Intellectual Backdrop

Tree Trunk, Branches, and Connective Tissue What Psychology of Religion Theory Does for Psychology Midlevel Theories in Evolutionary Context Adaptation or By-Product as a Fundamental Issue

Theories of Function: What Does Religion Do Psychologically?

Psychoanalytic and Depth Approaches Attachment Theory Uncertainty–Identity Theory Need for Meaning Attribution Theory

Theories of Cognitive Substrates

The Neuro Level Cognitive Anthropomorphism Cognitive Structures Cognitive Processes

Theories of the "Groupness" of Religions

Group Selection Big Gods Cultural Psychology

Theories of Origin

Evolutionary Cascade Paleolithic Imaginative Play

Assessment and Comment: When Meanings Differ

Theories Not about the Same Thing The Adaptation–By-Product Issue Application and Looking Ahead

Take-Home Messages Further Reading

4. Logic and Methods in the Psychology of Religion

Focus: Religiousness in the Individual and People in General

Idiographic and Nomothetic Approaches Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methodological Pluralism Preventing Bias

Measuring Religious and Spirituality Variables

Simple Identification and Categories Factors and Scales International and Multireligious Measurement Multiple Measures Are Complementary

Research Methods

Experiments in the Lab In the Wild: Field Experiments Quasi-Experimental Methods Naturalistic Observation Studying Unusual Groups Correlational and Survey Studies Content, Interview, and Text Analysis Phenomenology Brain-Imaging and Physiological Studies Research Methods and the Multilevel Interdisciplinary Paradigm

Take-Home Messages Further Reading

Part II. Substantive Areas

Prelude to Part II: Substantive Processes and Psychological Roots—What Do They Mean?

Substrates of Meaning Systems, Religiousness, and Spirituality Foundations of Root Capabilities Summary

Further Reading 5. Developmental Processes in Religiousness and Spirituality

Models of Religiousness and Spirituality in Children

Ancient Wisdom Modern Models

Cognitively Oriented Research on Child Religious Development

The Basic Picture Research on Stages of Religious Concepts Research on Stages of Prayer Reflection

Learning, Attachment, and Socialization of Religion

Social Learning of a Religion Attachment and Religiousness Context and Confrontations

Interdependence and Religiousness

The Contextual Nature of Belief Culture and Family Transactions Mental Flexibility

Adolescents and Young Adults

Identity Doubt Kohlberg's Six Stages of Moral Judgment

Two Lifespan Models

Stages of Faith Development Stages of Religious Judgment

Seniorhood Research Snapshots

Work and Spirituality Looking Back and Ahead

Take-Home Messages Further Reading

6. Looking for Religion in the Individual

The Whole Person

The Four Processes of Religiousness The Psychology of the Whole Person Disposition–Situation Interdependence

Religiousness and Spirituality in Classic Personality Theories

Psychodynamic Behaviorist Humanistic

Is Religiousness Related to Traits and Dispositions?

The Big Five or Six Intelligence and Achievement Authoritarianism Malleable Mental Boundaries

Midlevel Functions

Spiritual Intelligence Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Quest Religious Orientations Forgiveness and Humility The Dark Side of Spirituality

Global Constructs and Processes

Self-Processes Worldview and Ultimate Concerns

Take-Home Messages Further Reading

7. Religious Conversion, Deconversion, and Spiritual Transformation

Conversion Landscape

Conversion Locally and Globally The Definition Issue: The What and How of Conversion

How a Meaning System Changes

Elements of the Process Basic Steps in the Process

Conversion Types

Sudden and Gradual Conversion Let's Get Beyond Conversion Types

Looking for Conversion in the Individual

The Process of Believing Age Emotions Creativity Mental Illness Suggestibility and Neediness Need for Meaning Toward Dynamic Models of Conversion

Step-Stage and Dynamic Models in Conversion and Transformation

Stepwise Models Forced Conversion: A Special Case Dynamic Models

Take-Home Messages Further Reading

8. Religion, Spirituality, and Experience

Relations between Religion and Experiences

The Experiential Bottom Line Interpretations of Experience Ordinary and Extraordinary Experience Anomalous Experiences

Explaining Religious and Spiritual Experiences

Cultural Psychology The Common-Core Thesis and Attributions of Meaning Social Cognitive Theory Brain–Mind

Experience Triggers and Modulators

Perceptual Set: Religious Orientation, Isolation Tanks, and Sensory Deprivation Cues: Context, Source Credibility, Placebos Rituals: Exercises and Groups Entheogens: Psychedelic Drugs

Experiences and Interdependence: New Spiritual Movements

Near-Death Experiences and Afterlife Belief Experiences and New Revelations

An Emergent Property Take-Home Messages Further Reading

9. Religion, Mental Health, and Well-Being

Portraits of the Religion–Akrasia Connection

Religion and Psychic Disturbance What Is the Conclusion?

Mental Health and Illness Are Relative and Multidimensional

It's All Relative Dimensionality and Directionality: It Goes Both Ways Fine-Tune Methods and Concepts

Religion and Emotions

Positive Affect Negative Affect

Religion and Psychological Disorders

Anxiety Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Depression Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychoses and Bipolar Disorder

Religion and Coping

Positive and Negative Religious Coping Pathways between Religion and Well-Being

Religion, Counseling, and Therapy

Therapy as Meaning Remaking Integrating Religion into Therapy

What Conclusions Can We Draw? Take-Home Messages Further Reading

10. Religion and Health-Related Issues

Religion–Health Issues

Case Examples Psychological Questions

It's All Psychological: The Model Dying and Healing Religion, Spirituality, and Living

Physical Outcomes Psychological Process Emphasis

Suffering and Well-Being

Theodicy: The Search for Reasons Spiritual Well-Being

Miracles

What Is a Miracle? Did the Event Actually Occur? If So, What Caused It?

Prayer and Health

Prayer Experiments When the Psychology of Religion Becomes Meaningless Conclusions

Take-Home Messages Further Reading

11. Religion, Social Attitudes, and Behavior

The Acid Test Religion's Grand Paradox

The Paradox The Paradox Magnified The Religion Circumplex

Religion, Self, and Others

Self Processes Fundamentalistic Processes Atheism

Religion and Social Behavior

Loving Thy Neighbor Obedience to Authority Terrorism Rescuers

Conclusion Take-Home Messages Further Reading

Part III. The Big Picture

Prelude to Part III 12. And in the End . . .

Why Study This?

Citizens of the World Examine Everything

Religion and Spirituality Of Believing and Knowing: No Privileged Positions A Life of Examination

References Author Index Subject Index

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