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Index
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1: Syria: The Land and Its People
Relief
Drainage
Mount Hermon
Orontes River
Soils
Climate
Plant and Animal Life
Ethnic and Linguistic Groups
Religion
Settlement Patterns
‘Alawite
Rural Settlement
Urban Settlement
Demographic Trends
Aleppo
Chapter 2: The Syrian Economy
Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing
Resources and Power
Euphrates Dam
Manufacturing
Finance
Trade
Services
Labour and Taxation
Transportation
Hejaz Railway
Chapter 3: Syrian Government and Society
Local Government
Justice
Political Process
Security
Ba‘th Party
Health and Welfare
Housing
Education
Chapter 4: Syrian Cultural Life
Daily Life and Social Customs
The Arts
Nizār Qabbānī
Cultural Institutions
Sports and Recreation
Krak des Chevaliers
Media and Publishing
Chapter 5: Syria: Past and Present
From Early History to the Hellenistic and Roman Periods
Ebla
The Hellenistic Age
Roman Provincial Organization
Economy and Culture
Byzantine Syria
Medieval Period
Early Islamic Rule
Khālid ibn al-Walīd
Great Mosque of Damascus
The Umayyads
The ‘Abbāsids
From the 9th to the 12th Century
The Ayyūbids and Mamlūks
Ottoman Period
Ottoman Government, 16th–17th Centuries
‘Abd al-Ghanī al-Nābulusī
Decline of Ottoman Authority
Egyptian Domination
Ottoman Rule Restored
World War I
Faysal I
French Mandate
World War II and Independence
Early Years of Independence
The Colonels
The Union with Egypt, 1958–61
The “Secessionist” Regime, 1961–63
Ba‘thist Syria After 1963
Emergence and Fracture of the Syrian Ba‘th
Hafiz al-Assad
Ideology and Foreign Policy to 1990
Bashar al-Assad
Foreign Engagement and Domestic Change Since 1990
Chapter 6: Lebanon: The Land and Its People
Relief
Lebanon Mountains
Lītānī River
Drainage
Soils
Climate
Plant and Animal Life
Ethnic and Linguistic Groups
Religion
Druze
Settlement Patterns
Demographic Trends
Chapter 7: The Lebanese Economy
Agriculture
Resources and Power
Manufacturing
Finance
Bekaa Valley
Trade
Services
Labour and Taxation
Transportation
Chapter 8: Lebanese Government and Society
Local Government
Justice
Political Process
Security
Health and Welfare
Housing
Education
Social and Economic Division
American University of Beirut
Chapter 9: Lebanese Cultural Life
Daily Life and Social Customs
The Arts
Khalil Gibran
Cultural Institutions
Sports and Recreation
Media and Publishing
Chapter 10: Lebanon: Past and Present
Byblos
Phoenicia
Relations with Egypt
Phoenicia as a Colonial and Commercial Power
Assyrian and Babylonian Domination of Phoenicia
Persian Period
Greek and Roman Periods
Lebanon in the Middle Ages
Maronite Church
Ottoman Period
Bashīr Shihāb II
French Mandate
Lebanon After Independence
Khuri Regime, 1943–52
Chamoun Regime and the 1958 Crisis
Chehabism: From Chehab to Hélou, 1958–76
Civil War
Mūsā al-Sadr
Lebanon’s Second Republic (1990– )
Hezbollah
Hassan Nasrallah
Chapter 11: Jordan: The Land and Its People
Relief
Drainage
Dead Sea
Soils
Climate
Plant and Animal Life
Ethnic Groups
Languages
Religion
Settlement Patterns
Demographic Trends
Irbid
Chapter 12: The Jordanian Economy
Agriculture
Resources and Power
Manufacturing
Finance
Trade
Services
Labour and Taxation
King’s Highway
Transportation and Telecommunications
Chapter 13: Jordanian Government and Society
Local Government
Justice
Political Process
Security
Health and Welfare
Housing
Education
Chapter 14: Jordanian Cultural Life
The Arts
Cultural Institutions
Sports and Recreation
Media and Publishing
Chapter 15: Jordan: Past and Present
Biblical Associations
The Latin Kingdom and Muslim Domination
Petra
Transjordan, the Hāshimite Kingdom, and the Palestine War
Hāshimite
Jordan Under King Hussein
Securing the Throne, 1953 to c. 1960
The PLO and the June 1967 War
From 1967 to Civil War
From 1973 to the IntifāDah
Renouncing Claims to the West Bank
From the Persian Gulf War to Peace with Israel
Hussein’s Last Years and the Ascension of ‘Abdullāh II
Conclusion
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
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