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Index
Title Page Copyright and Credits
Blockchain Quick Reference
Packt Upsell
Why subscribe? PacktPub.com
Foreword Contributors
About the authors About the reviewers Packt is searching for authors like you
Preface
Who this book is for What this book covers To get the most out of this book
Download the example code files Conventions used
Get in touch
Reviews
Blockchain 101
Processing a financial transaction Ledger Concept of a trustless system Introducing blockchain
General elements of blockchain
Peer-to-peer network Block Block header Addresses Wallets Transaction Nodes
What does blockchain solve? Types of blockchains
Public blockchain Semi-private blockchain Private blockchain Consortium blockchain
Byzantine generals problem Consensus Blockchain in a nutshell
Benefits
Banking records Medical records Government records Creative and copyright records University degree records
Challenges
Complexity Network scalability Speed and cost Double spending 
Summary
Components and Structure of Blockchain
Blocks The chain between blocks Hashing and signatures Digital signatures
What are digital keys?
Example block data
Example Ethereum block Bitcoin block Global state Block time and block size
Blockchain miners Blockchain validators Smart contracts Blockchain speed
How to calculate blockchain throughput Comparisons with traditional networks
Summary
Decentralization Versus Distributed Systems
Distributed systems
Resiliency
Fault tolerance and failure isolation
Consensus and coordination Backups
Consistency Peer-to-peer systems Decentralized systems Principles of decentralized systems
Open access Non-hierarchical Ecosystem diversity Transparency Downsides
Speed Censorship resistance Chaos and non-determinism
Summary
Cryptography and Mechanics Behind Blockchain
Principles of security Historical perspective – classical cryptography Types of cryptography
Symmetric cryptography Asymmetric (public-key) cryptography Signatures Hashing
The avalanche effect Collisions Hashing a block Hashing outside PoW
Summary
Bitcoin
The history of Bitcoin Why Bitcoin is volatile Keys and addresses
Currency units Vanity addresses Base58 check encoding
Transactions
Types
Pay-to-Public-Key Hash Pay-to-Script Hash
Blocks
Genesis block
Bitcoin network
Types of nodes
Full node Lightweight nodes Other nodes
Network discovery
Finding peers
DNS seeds Static IPs
Wallets
Types
Deterministic wallet
 Deterministic wallets HD wallets
Non-deterministic wallet
Summary
Altcoins
Introducing Altcoins
Tokens
Ethereum Omni Layer NEO Waves Counterparty
Alternative currency
Monetary alternatives Consensus alternatives Litecoin Ether Ripple Bitcoin Cash
Acquiring cryptocurrency 
Mining of cryptocurrency
Bitcoin mining
Mining difficulty Mining pools
Altcoin mining
Cryptocurrency exchanges Cryptocurrency wallets
Summary
Achieving Consensus
Practical Byzantine fault tolerance algorithm 
Byzantine faults How PBFT works
Proof of Work
How the PoW problem works in Bitcoin
Proof of Stake
The nothing-at-stake attack Variations
Delegated Proof of Stake
Tendermint consensus
Proof of Authority
Establishing authority
Proof of Elapsed time Summary References
Advanced Blockchain Concepts
Blockchain and banks
Unbanked – going pure crypto
Fixing pegs Buying options Why regulated exchanges? Unbanked and unincorporated? The DAO Decentralizing an organization Putting a corporation on a blockchain Cutting out the middle man Providing capital
Social purpose – blockchain as leveler
Banking the unbanked
Silk road LLC – privacy and ethics Tracking all the things Defeating some privacy issues with zero-knowledge proofs Unwrapping the concept of zero-knowledge proofs
Summary
Cryptocurrency Wallets
Introduction to cryptocurrency wallets
Transactions in cryptocurrency wallets Types of cryptocurrency wallets
Currency support Tenancy 
Software wallets Hardware wallets Paper wallets Brain wallet
Usage frequency Key derivation
Non-deterministic wallet Deterministic wallets Hierarchical deterministic wallets Mnemonic codes Key generation process in HD wallets Child key derivation  Private key generation Extended keys 
Summary
Alternate Blockchains
Various uses of blockchain
Government Healthcare Medical research Supply chain Copyright Fine art Shipping Energy Computation and data storage Identification and social security Enterprise
Ripple
Transactions
Stellar  Tendermint Monax Summary
Hyperledger and Enterprise Blockchains
History of Hyperledger Hyperledger projects
Hyperledger Burrow Hyperledger Sawtooth
Sawtooth architecture
Transaction families Transactions and batches The key pieces
Hyperledger Fabric
Architecture choices and features
Organizational focus Private channels Assets Smart contracts
Advantages of Fabric
Hyperledger Iroha Hyperledger Indy
Tools in Hyperledger
Hyperledger Caliper Hyperledger Composer Hyperledger Cello Hyperledger Explorer Hyperledger Quilt Relationships between the tools Which Hyperledger project should you use? Using Hyperledger
Summary
Ethereum 101
Introducing Ethereum Components of Ethereum
Ethereum accounts Ethereum network
Ethereum public MainNet
Ethereum clients
Geth
Installing Geth Managing accounts
Ethereum gas Ethereum virtual machine
Execution environment
Ethereum block
Block header Ommers or uncles
Messages Ethash
Ether
Procuring ether
Trading
Summary
Solidity 101
Basics of Solidity
The basics of working on Solidity
Using the compiler
Programming in Solidity
Laying out a Solidity file
Importing files Commenting
Tags
Structure of a contract
State variables Functions Function modifiers Events
Types
Value types
Boolean Integers Address Array value type Literal Enums Function Function Modifiers
Reference types
Structs Data location
Mapping
Units and global variables
Summary
Smart Contracts
Why smart contracts?
Automating processes and resolutions between parties
Real-world example
Increased transparency
Ending centralized data
Increased fairness
Smart contract approaches
Example Ethereum smart contracts
The promises Security considerations Dealing with threats in smart contracts
Limitations of smart contracts
Data quality and mistakes Legal validity Stability of meaning
Summary
References
Ethereum Development
Introduction Preparing for smart contract development
Remix Geth and Mist MetaMask Token standard
Methods in ERC20
Web3 Truffle framework
Ganache
Working on a smart contract Summary
Ethereum Accounts and Ether Tokens
Introducing Ethereum accounts
Ethereum state transition function Genesis block Transaction receipts
Elements
Post-transaction state Gas used Set of logs The bloom filter
Structure
Transaction sub state
Suicide set Log series Refund balance
Messages Calls
Ethereum block validation
Uncles validation Block difficulty Block finalization
Disadvantages of Ethereum-based tokens Summary
Decentralized Applications
What makes an application decentralized
Defining a decentralized application Decentralized apps and blockchain
Using blockchain does not make an application decentralized
Major decentralized blockchain applications
IPFS
Typical web communications Peer-to-peer file transfer Value to blockchain projects
Aragon district0x
What is a district?
Ethereum name service Civic/uPort Gnosis Steemit CryptoKitties
Summary
References
Mining
Cryptocurrency mining
The mining process
Algorithms  Mining hardware
CPU-based mining GPU-based mining FPGA-based mining ASIC-based mining
Miner types
Cloud mining Hardware mining
Mining rigs
Mining pools
Pay-per-share – PPS Proportional – PROP Pay-per-last-N-shares – PPLNS The double geometric method – DGM Shared maximum pay per share – SMPPS Equalized shared maximum pay per share – ESMPPS Recent shared maximum pay per share – RSMPPS Capped pay per share with recent backpay – CPPSRB Bitcoin pooled mining – BPM Pay on target – POT SCORE Popular pools
Mining software Summary
ICO 101
The current state of the ICO market
Increasing volume of ICOs
Typical aspects of an ICO campaign
Whitepaper Private placement Pre-sale
Good pre-sale practices
Public sale
Capped sale Uncapped sale Dutch auction
Influencer marketing PR campaigns Content marketing ICO reviewers Smart contract and prototype development
Code audits
Bounty campaigns Airdrops Road shows
Issues with ICOs and blockchain projects
Proof of product-market fit and traction
Low barrier to entry
Does a project really need the blockchain? Misleading token practices
Legality
Utility versus Security Other considerations
Sustainability Advantages of ICOs
Liquidity Lack of gatekeepers Minimal investment sizes
Notable scams 
Onecoin Pincoin and iFan Bitconnect
Other problems
Major hacks
The DAO Parity
Securing an ICO
SSH key locked servers DNS security Intrusion detection Purchase related domains Monitor social channels Multi-signature wallets Code audits
Conclusion References
Creating Your Own Currency
Understanding types of cryptocurrency
Tokens based on existing blockchains Creating a new blockchain from scratch A forked blockchain with one's own genesis block
Litecoin's development The process
Creating one's own cryptocurrency
Setting up Litecoin
Platform selection
Preparation Dependency installation Build instructions
Setting up our own coin
Port selection The setting of block-related parameters Amount limit The coinbase maturity number Genesis block creation Wallet address Checkpoints Creatives and graphics
Summing up 
Summary
Scalability and Other Challenges
Scalability and decentralization Blockchains in business Usability
Lack of protection
51% attacks Network forks Catastrophic bugs Lack of interoperability Low availability of blockchain skills Privacy Energy consumption Summary References
Future of Blockchain
Ongoing fragmentation and specialization
Video games Real estate Logistics Licensing Industry consortiums A large number of total-loss projects
Legal and regulatory evolution
Security token offerings Aggregate and insurance products
Technological stabilization
Ethereum and Hyperledger  Service consolidation and product offerings Cross-chain communication
Intersecting with AI and IoT
Blockchain-intersecting AI Blockchain-intersecting IoT
Summary
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