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Index
Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Introduction 1 Fundamentals of Sound
Simple Harmonic Motion and the Sine Wave Sound in Media
Particle Motion Propagation of Sound Speed of Sound
Wavelength and Frequency Complex Waves
Harmonics Phase Partials
Octaves Spectrum Electrical, Mechanical, and Acoustical Analogs
2 Sound Levels and the Decibel
Ratios versus Differences
Expressing Numbers
Logarithms Decibels Reference Levels Logarithmic and Exponential Forms Compared Acoustic Power Using Decibels Measuring Sound-Pressure Level Sine-Wave Measurements
3 Sound in the Free Field
The Free Field Sound Divergence Sound Intensity in the Free Field Sound Pressure in the Free Field
Free-Field Sound Divergence
Sound Fields in Enclosed Spaces
Hemispherical Field and Propagation
4 The Perception of Sound
Sensitivity of the Ear Ear Anatomy
The Outer Ear—Pinna A Demonstration of Directional Cues The Outer Ear—Auditory Canal The Middle Ear The Inner Ear Stereocilia
Loudness versus Frequency
Loudness Control Area of Audibility
Loudness versus Sound-Pressure Level Loudness and Bandwidth Loudness of Impulses Audibility of Loudness Changes Pitch versus Frequency An Experiment in Pitch
The Missing Fundamental
Timbre versus Spectrum Localization of Sound Sources Binaural Localization Law of the First Wavefront
The Franssen Effect The Precedence Effect
Perception of Reflected Sound The Cocktail-Party Effect Aural Nonlinearity Subjective versus Objective Evaluation Occupational and Recreational Hearing Loss Summary
5 Signals, Speech, Music, and Noise
Sound Spectrograph Speech
Vocal Tract Molding of Speech Formation of Voiced Sounds Formation of Unvoiced Sounds Frequency Response of Speech Directionality of Speech
Music
String Instruments Wind Instruments Nonharmonic Overtones
Dynamic Range of Speech and Music Power in Speech and Music Frequency Range of Speech and Music Auditory Area of Speech and Music Noise Noise Measurements
Random Noise White and Pink Noise
Signal Distortion Harmonic Distortion Resonance Audio Filters
6 Reflection
Specular Reflections
Flutter Echoes
Doubling of Pressure at Reflection Reflections from Convex Surfaces Reflections from Concave Surfaces Reflections from Parabolic Surfaces Whispering Galleries Standing Waves Corner Reflectors Mean Free Path Perception of Sound Reflections
The Effect of Single Reflections Perception of Spaciousness, Images, and Echoes Effect of Angle of Incidence, Signal Type, and Spectrum on Audibility of Reflection
7 Diffraction
Diffraction and Wavefront Propagation Diffraction and Wavelength Diffraction by Obstacles Diffraction by Apertures Diffraction by a Slit Diffraction by a Zone Plate Diffraction around the Human Head Diffraction by Loudspeaker Cabinet Edges Diffraction by Various Objects
8 Refraction
The Nature of Refraction Refraction in Solids Refraction in the Atmosphere Refraction in Enclosed Spaces Refraction in the Ocean
9 Diffusion
The Perfectly Diffuse Sound Field Evaluating Diffusion in a Room
Steady-State Measurements
Decay Beats Exponential Decay Spatial Uniformity of Reverberation Time Geometrical Irregularities Absorbent in Patches Concave Surfaces Convex Surfaces: The Polycylindrical Diffuser Plane Surfaces
10 Comb-Filter Effects
Comb Filters Superposition of Sound Tonal Signals and Comb Filters Combing of Music and Speech Signals
Combing of Direct and Reflected Sound
Comb Filters and Critical Bands Comb Filters in Multichannel Playback Reflections and Spaciousness Comb Filters in Microphone Placement Comb-Filter Effects in Practice: Six Examples Estimating Comb-Filter Response
11 Reverberation
Growth of Sound in a Room Decay of Sound in a Room Idealized Growth and Decay of Sound Calculating Reverberation Time
Sabine Equation Eyring-Norris Equation Air Absorption
Measuring Reverberation Time
Impulse Sources Steady-State Sources Measuring Equipment Measurement Procedure
Reverberation and Normal Modes
Analysis of Decay Traces Mode Decay Variations Frequency Effect
Reverberation Characteristic
Reverberation Time Variation with Position
Decay Rate and the Reverberant Field Acoustically Coupled Spaces Electroacoustically Coupled Spaces Eliminating Decay Fluctuations Influence of Reverberation on Speech Influence of Reverberation on Music Optimum Reverberation Time
Bass Rise of Reverberation Time Initial Time-Delay Gap Listening Room Reverberation Time
Artificial Reverberation Examples of Reverberation Time Calculations
12 Absorption
Dissipation of Sound Energy Absorption Coefficients
Reverberation Chamber Method Impedance Tube Method Tone-Burst Method
Mounting of Absorbents Mid/High-Frequency Absorption by Porosity Glass-Fiber Low-Density Materials Glass-Fiber High-Density Boards Glass-Fiber Acoustical Tile Effect of Thickness of Absorbent Effect of Airspace behind Absorbent Effect of Density of Absorbent Open-Cell Foams Drapes as Sound Absorbers Carpet as Sound Absorber
Effect of Carpet Type on Absorbance Effect of Carpet Underlay on Absorbance Carpet Absorption Coefficients
Sound Absorption by People Sound Absorption in Air Panel (Diaphragmatic) Absorbers Polycylindrical Absorbers
Poly Construction
Bass Traps: Low-Frequency Absorption by Resonance Helmholtz (Volume) Resonators Perforated Panel Absorbers Slat Absorbers Placement of Materials Reverberation Time of Helmholtz Resonators
Reducing Room Modes with Absorbers
Increasing Reverberation Time Absorption Module Design
13 Modal Resonances
Early Experiments and Examples Resonance in a Pipe Indoor Reflections Two-Wall Resonance Frequency Regions Room-Mode Equation
Mode Calculations—An Example Experimental Verification
Mode Decay Mode Bandwidth Mode Pressure Plots Mode Density Mode Spacing and Timbral Defects
Audibility of Timbral Defects
Optimal Room Proportions
Bonello Criterion
Splaying Room Surfaces
Nonrectangular Rooms
Controlling Problem Modes Simplified Axial-Mode Analysis Summary
14 Schroeder Diffusers
Experimentation Reflection Phase-Grating Diffusers Quadratic Residue Diffusers Primitive Root Diffusers Performance of Diffraction-Grating Diffusers Reflection Phase-Grating Diffuser Applications
Flutter Echo Application of Fractals Diffusion in Three Dimensions Diffusing Concrete Blocks Measuring Diffusion Efficiency
Comparison of Gratings with Conventional Approaches
15 Adjustable Acoustics
Draperies Absorptive Adjustable Panels Hinged Panels Louvered Panels Absorptive/Diffusive Adjustable Panels Variable Resonant Devices Rotating Elements Portable Units
16 Sound Isolation and Site Selection
Propagation through Barriers Approaches to Noise Control Airborne Noise
Transmission Loss
Effect of Mass and Frequency
Coincidence Effect Separation of Mass
Porous Materials Sound Transmission Class Structureborne Noise
Noise Transmitted by Diaphragm Action
Noise and Room Resonances Site Selection The Noise Survey Assessment of Environmental Noise
Measurement and Testing Standards
Recommended Practices Noise Measurements and Construction Floor Plan Considerations
Designing within a Frame Structure Designing within a Concrete Structure
17 Sound Isolation: Walls, Floors, and Ceilings
Walls as Effective Noise Barriers
The Role of Porous Absorbers
The Mass Law and Wall Design Separation of Mass in Wall Design Wall Design Summary Improving an Existing Wall Flanking Sound Gypsum Board Walls as Sound Barriers Masonry Walls as Sound Barriers Weak Links Summary of Wall STC Ratings Floating Floors
Floating Walls and Ceiling Resilient Hangers
Floor/Ceiling Construction Footfall Noise Floor/Ceiling Structures and Their IIC Performance Floor/Ceilings in Frame Buildings
Floor Attenuation with Concrete Layers Plywood Web versus Solid Wood Joists
18 Sound Isolation: Windows and Doors
Single-Pane Windows Double-Pane Windows Acoustical Holes in Glass: Mass-Air-Mass Resonance Acoustical Holes in Glass: Coincidence Resonance Acoustical Holes in Glass: Standing Waves in the Cavity Glass Mass and Spacing Dissimilar Panes Laminated Glass Plastic Panes Slanting the Glass Third Pane Cavity Absorbent Thermal Glass Example of an Optimized Double-Pane Window Construction of an Observation Window Proprietary Observation Windows Sound-Insulating Doors Sound Locks Composite Partitions
19 Noise Control in Ventilating Systems
Selection of Noise Criterion Fan Noise Machinery Noise and Vibration Air Velocity Natural Attenuation Duct Lining Plenum Silencers Packaged Attenuators Reactive Silencers Tuned Silencers Duct Location ASHRAE Active Noise Control Some Practical Suggestions
20 Acoustics of Listening Rooms and Home Theaters
Playback Criteria Planning the Playback Room Acoustical Treatment of Playback Rooms Peculiarities of Small-Room Acoustics
Room Size and Proportion Reverberation Time
Low-Frequency Considerations
Modal Anomalies Control of Modal Resonances Bass Traps for Playback Rooms
Mid/High-Frequency Considerations
Identification and Treatment of Reflection Points Lateral Reflections and Control of Spaciousness
Loudspeaker Placement Listening Room Plan Home-Theater Plan
Controlling Early Reflections Other Treatment Details
21 Acoustics of Home Studios
Home Acoustics: Modes Home Acoustics: Reverberation Home Acoustics: Noise Control Studio Budget Studio Treatment Home Studio Plan Recording in the Studio Garage Studio
22 Acoustics of Small Recording Studios
Ambient Noise Requirements Acoustical Characteristics of a Studio
Direct and Indirect Sound Role of Room Treatment
Room Modes and Room Volume
Mode Analysis for Different Room Sizes
Reverberation Time
Reverberation in Small Rooms Optimal Reverberation Time
Diffusion Noise Studio Design Example
Absorption Design Goal Proposed Room Treatment
23 Acoustics of Large Recording Studios
Design Criteria Floor Plan Wall Sections
Section D-D Section E-E Sections F-F and G-G
Studio Treatment Drum Booth Vocal Booth Sound-Lock Corridor Reverberation Time
24 Acoustics of Control Rooms
Initial Time-Delay Gap Live End–Dead End Specular Reflections versus Diffusion Low-Frequency Resonances in Control Rooms Initial Time-Delay Gaps in Practice Loudspeaker Placement and Reflection Paths The Reflection-Free-Zone Control Room Control-Room Frequency Range Outer Shell and Inner Shell of the Control Room Design Criteria Design Example 1: Control Room with Rectangular Walls Design Example 2: Double-Shell Control Room with Splayed Walls Design Example 3: Single-Shell Control Room with Splayed Walls
25 Acoustics of Audio/Video Rooms
Design Factors Acoustical Treatment Audio/Video Room Example
Appraisal of Room Resonances Control of Room Resonances Absorption Calculation Proposed Treatment Specialized Treatment
Voice-Over Booth
Dead versus Live Ambience Early Reflections
Live End–Dead End Voice Studio
26 Acoustics of Large Halls
Essential Design Criteria Reverberation and Echo Control Air Absorption Hall Design for Speech
Volume Hall Geometry Absorption Treatment Ceiling, Walls, and Floor
Speech Intelligibility
Speech Frequencies and Duration Subject-Based Measures Analytical Measures
Concert Hall Acoustical Design
Reverberation Clarity Brilliance Gain Seating Capacity Volume Spaciousness Apparent Source Width Initial Time-Delay Gap Bass Ratio and Warmth
Concert Hall Architectural Design
Balcony Ceiling and Walls Raked Floor
Virtual Image Source Analysis Hall Design Procedure Case Studies
27 Acoustical Distortion
Acoustical Distortion and the Perception of Sound Sources of Acoustical Distortion
Coupling of Room Modes Speaker-Boundary Interference Response Comb Filtering Diffusion Diffusion Measurement
Design Approach
28 Room Acoustics Measurement Software
Acoustical Measurements Basic Analysis Instruments Time-Delay Spectrometry Techniques Maximum-Length Sequence Techniques AcoustiSoft ETF Program
Frequency-Response Measurements Resonance Measurements Fractional-Octave Measurements Energy-Time Curve Measurements Reverberation Time
29 Room Optimizer
Modal Response Speaker-Boundary Interference Response Optimization Theory of Operation
Prediction of Room Response Optimizing Procedure Cost Parameter
Optimization Procedure Results of Operation
Stereo Pair Stereo Pair with Two Woofers per Loudspeaker 5.1-Channel Home Theater with Dipole Surrounds 5.1-Channel Home Theater with Matched Satellites Subwoofer
Summary
30 Room Auralization
History of Acoustical Modeling The Auralization Process
Scattering Coefficients Receiver Characterization Echogram Processing Room Model Data Room Model Mapping Binaural Playback
Summary
Bibliography Appendix: Selected Absorption Coefficients Glossary Index
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