A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity by Kyle, Donald G. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD Title page Copyright page Figures Maps and Plans Notes on Contributors Acknowledgments General Introduction

1 Definitions, Parameters 2 The Development of the Field 3 The Aims and Design of This Companion 4 Organizational Structure: Sections, Parts, and Chapters

SECTION I: Greece

PART I : The Background

CHAPTER 1 : Greek Athletic Competitions

1 Introduction 2 From Funeral Games to Athletic Festivals 3 The Historical Ancient Olympics 4 The Olympic Program of Contests 5 Gymnic Contests 6 Hippic Contests 7 More Panhellenic Crown Games 8 Local or Civic Games

CHAPTER 2 : Sport in the Aegean Bronze Age

1 Introduction 2 Prepalatial Crete (c.3100–c.1950 BCE, Early Minoan I–Middle Minoan IA) 3 Protopalatial Crete (c.1950–c.1750 BCE, Middle Minoan IB–IIB) 4 Neopalatial Crete (c.1750–c.1450 BCE, Middle Minoan IIIA–Late Minoan IB) 5 Monopalatial Crete (c.1450–c.1375 BCE, Late Minoan II–IIIA1) 6 The Palatial Greek Mainland (c.1425–c.1190 BCE, Late Helladic IIIA1–IIIB2) 7 The Postpalatial Aegean (c.1190–c.1020 BCE)

CHAPTER 3 : Sport in the Early Iron Age and Homeric Epic

1 Introduction 2 Sport in the Material Culture of the Early Iron Age 3 Sport in Homeric Epic 4 Conclusion

CHAPTER 4 : Representations of Sport in Greek Literature

1 Introduction 2 Beauty 3 Moral Excellence 4 Opposition 5 Skill 6 Conclusion

CHAPTER 5 : Picturing Victory

1 Introduction 2 Training 3 Competition 4 Victory 5 The Sociopolitical Context

CHAPTER 6 : Inscriptions as Evidence for Greek Sport

1 Introduction 2 The Gymnasion in Hellenistic and Roman Poleis 3 The Agonistic Market 4 Associations of Athletes 5 Athletes: Social Status and Values

CHAPTER 7 : Recent Trends in the Study of Greek Sport

1 Introduction 2 The Origins and Rise of Greek Sport: Agonism and Ethnicity 3 Ancient Olympia 4 The Periodos 5 Local Games 6 Sport, Classes, and Social Change 7 The Culture of Greek Sport: Religion, Education, and Ideology 8 Macedonia and Hellenistic Greek Sport 9 Greek Sport and Rome 10 Our Sources: Literary and Material Evidence 11 Conclusion

PART II : Places

CHAPTER 8 : Panhellenic Athletics at Olympia

1 Introduction 2 Olympia as a “Panhellenic” Sanctuary 3 Olympia as an Extra-Urban Sanctuary of Elis 4 Tensions Arising from the Double Nature of Olympia 5 Conclusion

CHAPTER 9 : Sport and Society in Sparta

1 Introduction 2 Spartan Sport in the Classical Period 3 Sport and Society in Sparta in the Classical Period: Introduction 4 Sport and Society in Sparta in the Classical Period: Socialization and Coercion 5 Sport and Society in Sparta in the Classical Period: Consensus 6 Conclusion

CHAPTER 10 : Sport, Society, and Politics in Athens

1 Introduction 2 Sport in Archaic Athens: Precursors and the Great Panathenaia 3 Athletes in Greek Society 4 Athenian Sociopolitical Sport History 5 Conclusion

CHAPTER 11 : Athletic Festivals in the Northern Peloponnese and Central Greece

1 Introduction 2 The Pythian Games at Delphi 3 The Isthmian Games 4 The Nemean Games 5 The Sanctuary of Zeus at Mt Lykaion in Arcadia 6 Conclusion: A Question of Priority

CHAPTER 12 : Sport and Society in the Greek West

1 Introduction 2 Sport in the Greek West: Croton 3 Sport in the Greek West: Taras 4 Gela, Syracuse, and Akragas: The Deinomenids and Emmenids 5 Conclusion

PART III : People, Settings, Ideas

CHAPTER 13 : Sport and Democratization in Ancient Greece (with an Excursus on Athletic Nudity)

1 Introduction 2 Sociopolitical Change 3 Changes in Greek Sport 4 Sport as a Model of and for Egalitarian Relationships 5 Sport as an Arena of Meritocratic Status Competition 6 Sport as a Source of Social Capital 7 Sport and Group Closure 8 Athletic Nudity and Democratization 9 Conclusion

CHAPTER 14 : Growing Up with Greek Sport

1 Introduction 2 Physical Education 3 Athletic Contests

CHAPTER 15 : Eros and Greek Sport

1 Introduction 2 Textual Sources 3 Visual Evidence 4 Three Questions about the Connection between Paederastia and Sport

CHAPTER 16 : Greek Female Sport

1 Introduction 2 The Ancient Evidence: Problems and Perspectives 3 Early Greece: Precursors, Epic, and Myth 4 Spartan Female Physical Education 5 Athenian Girls’ Races or Rites 6 The Heraia at Olympia 7 The Olympic Ban on Women 8 Kyniska of Sparta 9 Hellenistic Females and Competition 10 Female Athletics in the Roman Empire 11 Conclusion: From Rites to Athletics

CHAPTER 17 : People on the Fringes of Greek Sport

1 Introduction 2 Officials 3 Jockeys, Drivers, Coaches, Trainers, and Musicians 4 Spectators 5 Intellectuals 6 Social Groups and Classes 7 Ethnic Groups

CHAPTER 18 : The Greek Stadium as a Reflection of a Changing Society

1 Introduction 2 The Form of the Greek Stadium 3 The Introduction of the Hysplex 4 Vaulted Entrance Tunnels 5 Formal Seating for Spectators 6 Civic Stadia

CHAPTER 19 : The Social Life of Greek Athletic Facilities (other than Stadia)

1 Introduction: Casting the Net Wide 2 Spaces for Competition 3 Spaces for Preparation 4 Spaces and Structures for Hosting Athletic Competitions 5 The Meaning and Use of Spatial Indeterminacy 6 Conclusion

CHAPTER 20 : The Role of Religion in Greek Sport

1 Introduction 2 Religion and the Origins of Greek Sport 3 Religiosity and Ritual in Festival Games 4 The Religious Status of Victorious Athletes 5 Conclusion

CHAPTER 21 : Ancient Critics of Greek Sport

1 Introduction 2 Arete and Rewards: Critics of Sport in Archaic Greece 3 Sport, Politics, and Conflict 4 Critiques of Greek Sport in the Age of Empires 5 Conclusion

CHAPTER 22 : Sport, Spectacle, and Society in Ancient Macedonia

1 Introduction 2 Sources 3 Macedonians and Sport Outside the Kingdom 4 Sport inside Macedonia 5 Spectacles 6 Conclusion: Society

PART IV : Later Greek Sport and Spectacle

CHAPTER 23 : Greek Sport in Egypt

1 Introduction 2 Sport in the Early Ptolemaic Kingdom 3 Sport in Egypt in the Later Hellenistic and Early Roman Periods 4 Changes in Administration and Sport in Egypt in the Third Century CE 5 Conclusion

CHAPTER 24 : Sport in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor

1 Introduction 2 The Growth of the “Agonistic Market” 3 Sports Culture in Greek Cities of Asia Minor 4 Emperors and Contests 5 Conclusion

SECTION II: Rome

PART I : The Background

CHAPTER 25 : Overview of Roman Spectacle

1 Introduction 2 Ludi 3 Chariot Races 4 Drama 5 Gladiatorial Combats 6 Staged Animal Hunts 7 Staged Sea Battles 8 Greek Athletics 9 Conclusion

CHAPTER 26 : Etruscan Sport

1 Introduction 2 Early Depictions of Etruscan Sport 3 Events 4 Equipment 5 Social Status of Athletes 6 The Social Contexts of Etruscan Sport 7 The Physical Contexts of Etruscan Sport 8 Conclusion

CHAPTER 27 : Writing Arenas

1 Introduction 2 Genres and Roman Attitudes toward Entertainments 3 The “Serious” Genres 4 The “Lighter” Genres 5 Conclusion

CHAPTER 28 : Representations of Spectacle and Sport in Roman Art

1 Introduction 2 Beast Hunts 3 Public Executions 4 Gladiatorial Combats 5 Chariot Races 6 Greek Sport 7 The Importance of Context 8 Public Contexts: Amphitheaters and Baths 9 Between Public and Private: Tombs 10 Private Contexts: Houses 11 Conclusion

CHAPTER 29 : Material Evidence for Roman Spectacle and Sport

1 Introduction 2 Objects Used by Participants in and Observers of Roman Sport and Spectacle 3 Nonliterary Texts 4 Cultural Objects 5 Burials and Bones

CHAPTER 30 : Trends in the Study of Roman Spectacle and Sport

1 Introduction 2 Sport and Spectacle as Entertainment 3 Sport and Spectacle as a Political and Moral Arena 4 The Crowd as Participant 5 Conclusion

PART II : Spectacles and Sport in Rome

CHAPTER 31 : Gladiatorial Combat as Alluring Spectacle

1 Introduction 2 The Allure of Sport 3 Gladiators and Sport 4 Psychological Processes

CHAPTER 32 : Women with Swords

1 Introduction 2 What Do We Know? 3 Problematic Evidence 4 The Phenomenon of Female Gladiators 5 Women as Spectators

CHAPTER 33 : Roman Chariot Racing

1 Introduction 2 The Circus 3 Charioteers 4 Spectators and Fans 5 Conclusion

CHAPTER 34 : Roman Beast Hunts

1 Introduction 2 Origins and Development of the Beast Hunts in Republican Rome 3 Animal Spectacles under the Empire 4 The Infrastructure of Roman Animal Spectacles 5 The Performers 6 The End of Animal Spectacula

CHAPTER 35 : Spectacular Executions in the Roman World

1 Introduction 2 Origins 3 “Fatal Charades” 4 Popularity 5 Spectacular Executions in the Later Empire

CHAPTER 36 : Greek Sports in Rome

1 Introduction 2 Greek Sports Come to Rome 3 Venues in Rome for Greek Sports 4 A Clubhouse for the Guild of Athletes 5 Greek Sports as Exercise in Rome 6 Conclusion

PART III : People, Settings, Ideas

CHAPTER 37 : Amphitheaters in the Roman World

1 Introduction 2 Origins of Amphitheaters and Their Early Development at Rome 3 The Republican Amphitheater 4 Construction and Location 5 The Colosseum and Amphitheaters in Imperial Italy 6 Amphitheaters in the Western Empire 7 Amphitheaters in the Eastern Empire 8 Conclusion

CHAPTER 38 : Venues for Spectacle and Sport (other than Amphitheaters) in the Roman World

1 Introduction 2 Circuses 3 Stadia 4 Artificial Lakes 5 Adapted and Modified Venues 6 Conclusion: Spectacle and Structures

CHAPTER 39 : People on the Margins of Roman Spectacle

1 Introduction 2 Condemned Criminals 3 Support Personnel 4 Jews and Other Non-Romans 5 Conclusion

CHAPTER 40 : Religion and Roman Spectacle

1 Origins 2 Theories and Critique of Secularization 3 Gods, Curses, and Devotions

CHAPTER 41 : Ancient Critics of Roman Spectacle and Sport

1 Introduction 2 Roman Objections to Roman-Style Spectacles: Opposition from the Literary Elite and the Stoics 3 Roman Objections to Greek-Style Athletics in Roman Contexts: Opposition from Elite Romans, Doctors, and Intellectuals 4 Jewish Objections to Sport and Spectacle in the Roman World 5 Christian Objections to Sport and Spectacle in the Roman World 6 Conclusion

PART IV : Later Roman Spectacle and Sport

CHAPTER 42 : Romanization through Spectacle in the Greek East

1 Introduction: Roman(izing?) Spectacles 2 Spectacle 3 Beast Hunts and Executions 4 Gladiators 5 Conclusion

CHAPTER 43 : Spectacle and Sport in Constantinople in the Sixth Century CE

1 Introduction 2 Byzantine Spectacle 3 Byzantine Riots 4 The Conjunction of Spectacle and Riot 5 Conclusion

Index

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