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Index
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. The Electric Battery and a Low-Carbon Future
Introduction
What Is an Electric Battery?
The Electric Battery as Core Climate Solution
How the Battery Begets Cleaner Cars
How the Battery Helps Integrate Intermittent Renewables
The Electric Battery: A Very Brief History
Why Is It Called a Battery?
Alessandro Volta and the Voltaic Pile
Planté and the First Rechargeable Battery
Leclanché and the First Dry Cell
Invention of the Alkaline Battery: Jungner versus Edison
Alkaline’s True Arrival: Lewis Urry’s Eveready
The Leading Edge of Lithium
What’s Next?
Chapter 2. The Technical Challenge: More Powerful and Longer-Lasting Batteries
Introduction
Primer: Electricity and Storage
What Is Energy?
What Is Electricity?
How Does Electricity Transport Energy?
Battery Basics: What Are the Components of a Battery?
How Is Electric Potential Created?
Electricity Storage: How Are Batteries Quantified and Compared?
Traditional Battery Chemistries
Lithium-Ion Batteries
Leading-Edge Battery Chemistries
Beyond the Battery: How Are Batteries Configured for Scalability?
How Do Batteries Rely on Other Technologies?
Building the Battery
Where Do Battery Materials Come From?
How Are Batteries Manufactured?
Remaining Technological Challenges
Conclusion
Chapter 3. The Battery’s Environmental Footprint: How Clean Is the Technology?
Introduction
Understanding the Life-Cycle Environmental Impact
Life-Cycle Assessment Standards
Goal and Scope: Establishing Boundary Conditions
Determining Life-Cycle Inventory Analysis
Evaluating Total Environmental Impact
Conducting Sensitivity Analyses
Life-Cycle Environmental Impact of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Boundary Conditions
Total Life-Cycle Environmental Impacts
Impact of Spillover Effects
Regional Grid Operations
Associated Social Impacts
Conclusion: Is the Electric Battery a Clean Technology?
Chapter 4. The Battery as the Enabler for Electrifying Mobility
Technological Change and the Automobile
The Climate Factor
A Long and Winding Road for Electric Car Development
Early EV History
First Regulations for Auto Emissions
CAFE Standards Set the Stage for an Electric Vehicle Comeback
California’s Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Regulation
The Rise and Fall of the EV1
The Popularity of the Toyota Prius
The Rise of the Modern Electric Vehicle
The Global EV Leader
Influential EV Market Factors
The EV Battery
Gallons versus Kilowatt Hours
What Determines EV Range?
The Current EV Battery Market
Future Performance and Research
End of Battery Life and Recycling
Battery-Charging Infrastructure
EV Charging Levels and Infrastructure
Battery Design and Charging
Electric Vehicle Incentives and Programs
EV Case Study: California’s EV Leadership
EV Case Study: Blue Indy
EV Case Study: Norway’s Global Leadership
Mass Transit
Heavy-Duty Vehicle Market
Conclusion
Chapter 5. Batteries for Home and Business Storage: Transforming the Customer Side of the Meter
Introduction: Energy Storage, the Electric Grid and a Low-Carbon Future
Tesla’s Big Battery Announcement
Sonnen: German Engineering for Behind-the-Meter Storage
Batteries for the Home and Business: End-Use Storage Opportunities
Dynamic Pricing and Solar Energy Arbitrage
Demand Charge Reduction
Home Consumption of Solar PV
Storage as a Backup Energy Resource
Behind-the-Meter Pricing Plans and Services
Case Study: SRP—Innovative Demand Rates for Solar and Storage?
Case Study: SMUD Pioneering Smart Rates and Storage
SMUD’s Plans for Charging Forward?
Case Study: GMP—Innovative Fees for Battery Services?
Case Study: Stem Is the Behind-the-Meter Leader in SCE’s Storage Procurement
Concluding Comments
Chapter 6. Batteries for Grid Storage: Wholesale Electric Markets, Renewables, and Microgrids
Introduction: Grid-Level Storage
Bulk Energy Storage Opportunities: Wholesale Markets for Energy Storage
Markets for Energy and Capacity
Markets for Ancillary Services
Transmission Deferral and Congestion Mitigation
Renewable Energy Integration
The Utility Scale Battery Storage Market
Case Study: AES Energy Storage Leading the Grid-Level Transformation
Other Grid Storage Applications
Battery Storage as a Virtual Power Plant
From the Car to the Grid: Reusing End-of-Life Car Batteries for Grid Storage
Batteries for Grid Resilience: Microgrids and Storage
Overview of Microgrid Development
The Path Forward for Grid Storage
Chapter 7. Alternate Forms of Electric Storage
Introduction
Main Applications of Alternative Storage: The Bulk Power System
Energy and Capacity Storage Opportunities
Ancillary Services Storage Opportunities
Energy Storage Systems: Beyond the Battery
Pumped Hydro
Case Study: California’s Bison Peak Projects
Case Study: Iowa Hill Pumped Storage Project
Rail Energy Storage
Compressed Air Energy Storage
Case Study: Lightsail Distributed Compressed Air Systems
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
Supercapacitors
Flywheels
Case Study: Beacon Power
Thermal Energy Storage
Pumped Heat Electricity Storage
Liquid Air Electricity Storage
Molten Salt
Case Study: Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project
Thermal Ice and Water
Case Study: Ice Bear
Conclusion: Ready for Prime Time?
Chapter 8. Charging Forward to a Low-Carbon Future
The Paris Agreement
National Policies that Impact the Electric Battery
Ending Fossil Fuel Subsidies
CAFE Standards
The Clean Power Plan
The Role of State Policy
California’s Energy Storage Mandate and More
Other States Follow California’s Lead
The Electric Battery Is Charging Forward
Notes
Index
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