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Index
Contents 5
How to use this book 8
Finding out about the past 10
Fossils 12
Evolving life 14
How evolution happens 16
Classifying life 18
FISH AND INVERTEBRATES 20–53
Invertebrates cladogram 22
Trilobites 24
Sea scorpions 26
Evolving insects 28
Ammonites and belemnites 30
Toward the first fish 32
Vertebrates cladogram 34
Fish cladogram 36
Jawless fish 38
Armored fish 40
Sharks and rays 44
Spiny sharks 46
Early ray-finned fish 48
Advanced ray-finned fish 50
Lobe-finned fish 52
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 54–99
Early tetrapods and amphibians cladogram 56
Early tetrapods 58
Temnospondyls 60
Life in a swamp forest 62
Lepospondyls and lissamphibians 64
Reptiliomorphs 66
Introducing amniotes 68
Reptiles cladogram 70
Parareptiles 72
Turtles 74
Diversifying diapsids 76
Mosasaurs 78
Placodonts and nothosaurs 80
Short-necked plesiosaurs 82
Long-necked plesiosaurs 84
Ichthyosaurs 86
Early ruling reptile groups 88
Early crocodile-group reptiles 90
Crocodylomorphs 92
Early pterosaurs 94
Advanced pterosaurs 98
DINOSAURS AND BIRDS 100–191
Dinosaurs defined 102
Saurischians cladogram 104
Early theropods 106
Horned lizards 108
Abel’s lizards 110
Stiff tails 112
Strange spinosaurs 114
Giant killers 116
Predator trap 118
Hollow-tail lizards 120
Ostrich dinosaurs 122
Tyrannosaurids 124
Scythe lizards 126
Egg thieves 130
Tail feather 132
Terrible claws 134
Road runners 136
Birds cladogram 138
Archaeopteryx 140
Early birds 142
New birds 144
Introducing sauropodomorphs 148
Prosauropods 150
Early sauropods 152
Double beams 154
Chambered lizards 156
Arm lizards 158
Gigantic lizards 160
Brachiosaurids 162
Ornithischians cladogram 164
Small bipedal plant eaters 166
Early shield bearers 168
Plated dinosaurs 170
Spiky backs 172
Node lizards 174
Fused lizards 176
Camptosaurs and dryosaurs 178
Iguanodon 180
Duck-billed dinosaurs 182
Thick-headed lizards 184
Parrot lizards 186
Early horned dinosaurs 188
Advanced horned dinosaurs 190
MAMMALS AND THEIR ANCESTORS 192–275
Synapsids cladogram 194
Early synapsids 196
Terrible heads 198
Two dog teeth 200
Dog teeth 202
The first mammals 204
Australian pouched mammals 206
American pouched mammals 208
Strange-jointed mammals 210
Placental pioneers 212
Early carnivorans 214
Cats and other feliforms 216
Saber-toothed cats 218
Dogs and other caniforms 220
Insectivores and bats 224
Primitive primates 226
Monkeys 228
Australopithecines 230
Early homo species 232
Neanderthals 234
Homo sapiens 236
Prehistoric rabbits and rodents 238
Island giants and dwarfs 240
Terrible horns 242
Primitive hoofed mammals 244
South American hoofed mammals 246
Uranotheres 250
Horses 252
Brontotheres and chalicotheres 254
Rhinoceroses 256
Proboscideans 258
Platybelodon 260
Mammoths 262
Pigs, hippos, and peccaries 264
Camels 266
Deer and kin 268
Cattle, sheep, and goats 270
Hoofed predators 272
Early whales 274
REFERENCE SECTION 276–376
Fossil timeline 278
Finding fossils 312
Techniques of excavation 314
Famous fossil sites 316
Fossils in the lab 318
Studying fossils 320
Paleobotany 322
Paleoecology 324
Comparative dating 326
Chronometric dating 328
Reconstructing fossils 330
Restoring fossil animals 332
Fossil hunter 334
Biographies 344
The past on display 358
Glossary and additional pronunciation guide 360
Index 366
Acknowledgments 375
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