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Index
Cover Title page Table of Contents Notes on Contributors Acknowledgments Aims and Scope A Note on Transcriptions
Avestan Pahlavi (Zoroastrian Middle Persian) New Persian (Farsi) Arabic Gujarati
Abbreviations Introduction
A Disintegrated Academic Landscape Attempts at Mapping Main Approaches Some Main Figures in the History of Zoroastrian Studies Contributions of Zoroastrian and Iranian Scholars The Impact of the Study of Zoroastrianism on Modern Zoroastrianism Emerging Trends in Recent Scholarship
Part I: Zarathustra Revisited
CHAPTER 1: Zarathustra’s Time and Homeland
Zarathustra’s Time and Homeland: Approximations and Dead Ends The Location of the Legendary Zarathustra The Geographical Horizon of the Young Avesta Further Reading
CHAPTER 2: Zarathustra’s Time and Homeland
External Evidence for the Avesta Linguistic and Literary Relationship between the Older and Younger Avesta The Provenance of the Avesta Conclusion Further Reading
CHAPTER 3: Interpretations of Zarathustra and the Gāthās CHAPTER 3A: The Gāthās CHAPTER 3B: The Gāthās, Said to Be of Zarathustra
The Gāthās within the Avesta The “Edition” of the Old Avesta The Young Avestan Exegesis of the Old Avesta Zarathustra Unity and Homogeneity of the Gāthās The Doctrine of the Gāthās The Sole Source of Zoroastrianism? Concluding Remark
CHAPTER 3C: Dimensions of the Gāthās as Poetry
Further Reading
CHAPTER 3D: The Gāthās as Myth and Ritual
Summary Background The Historical Zarathustra in Western Scholarship My Approach The Gāthās as the Story of Zarathustra The Gathic Ritual Myth
CHAPTER 4: Zarathustra
Zarathustra as Author and Source Zarathustra as Hero, Recipient of Revelation, and Prophet Narratives and Identifications Visual Representations Conclusion Further Reading
Part II: Periods, Regions, and Contexts
CHAPTER 5: Religion and Politics in Pre-Islamic Iran
Zoroastrianism before the Iranian Empires The Achaemenid Empire The Origin of Achaemenid Court Rituals The Zoroastrian Calendar The Judgment of the Soul The Zoroastrian Story of Creation and the End of Time Alexander and the Seleucids The Parthian (Arsacid) Empire The Rise of the Sasanians Further Reading
CHAPTER 6: Zoroastrianism under Islamic Rule
Historical Periodization Conquest and Settlement of the Arab Muslim Conquerors (7th CE) The Age of Conversion and “Heterodox” Movements The Zoroastrian Dark Ages (11th–16th Centuries CE) Zoroastrians under a Shī’ī Gunpowder Empire (16th–18th Centuries CE) Further Reading
CHAPTER 7: Armenian and Georgian Zoroastrianism
Armenia and Georgia: Geography and History Languages and Sources The Religion of Pre-Christian Armenia The Religion of Pre-Christian Georgia The Parthian Commonwealth Further Reading
CHAPTER 8: Zoroastrianism in Central Asia
Sources Calendars The Kushan Pantheon The Sogdian Pantheon Temples The Clergy and Its Literary Productions Marriage Customs Funerary Practices After the Muslim Conquest Conclusion: Central Asian Zoroastrianism in Perspective Further Reading
CHAPTER 9: Zoroastrianism in the Far East
The History of Zoroastrian Studies in the Far East Main Periods The Advance of Zoroastrianism into the Far East (the 4th–9th Centuries) The Formation of “Sinicized” Zoroastrianism (the 10th–20th Centuries) The Parsis in the Far East (the 18th–21st Centuries) Conclusion: Studies on Zoroastrianism in the Far East Acknowledgments Appendix:Chronological Table of Zoroastrianism in the Far East Further Reading
CHAPTER 10: The Parsis
The Early Days Colonial India Parsis in Independent India Final Remarks Further Reading
CHAPTER 11: Zoroastrians in Modern Iran
The Amelioration Society, the Struggle against Discrimination and New Agencies Constitutional Changes Under the Pahlavīs Nationalism: Ideological Reappraisal and Civic Zoroastrianism Religious Boundaries and Modernization The Islamic Republic Some Conclusions and Prospects Further Reading
CHAPTER 12: The Zoroastrian Diaspora
Zoroastrians in China Zoroastrians in East Africa Parsis in Pakistan Zoroastrians in Britain Zoroastrians in North America Zoroastrians in Australia Final Remarks Further Reading Appendix Chronological table
Part III: Structures, Discourses, and Dimensions
CHAPTER 13: Theologies and Hermeneutics
“Religion” and the “Sacred Word” Good and Evil, Truth and Falsehood The Nature, Will, and Desire of God The Nature of the Evil Spirit and the Demons The Divine Plan, Predestination, and Time Human Behavior, Religious Wisdom, and Life Practices “The Problem of Evil” and Defenses of Dualism Textual Taxonomies: The Ahunwar, the Twenty-One Nasks, and the Dēn Sacred Wisdom, Priestly Authority, and the Teaching of Religious Knowledge Religion and Polemics: Disciplining Selves and Critiquing Others Conclusions Acknowledgment Further Reading
CHAPTER 14: Cosmologies and Astrology
The Cosmic Fight and the Double Dimension of Existence and of Creation Unlimited and Limited Time The Organization of the World and the Place of the Iranians in the Mazdean Cosmography Early Iranian Astral Cosmology and Mythology The Avestan Heaven and the Astral Bodies The Myth of Tištriia and the Astral Battle against the Falling Stars Later Mazdean Cosmology and Astrology The Planets, Their Names, and Their Demonization Other Doctrines Final Remarks Further Reading
CHAPTER 15: Myths, Legends, Eschatologies
The Beginnings Zoroaster’s Life The End Conclusion Further Reading
CHAPTER 16: Gender
A Gendered Concept of the Divine? “Priesthood of Believers” Purity, Pollution, and Sexuality Religio-Social Experience Final Remarks Further Reading
CHAPTER 17: Law in Pre-Modern Zoroastrianism
Reconstructing Zoroastrian Law Law and Religion Law of Persons and Animals Family Law, Marriage, and Succession Law of Property and Obligations Criminal Law Legal Proceedings Zoroastrian Law after the Muslim Conquest Final Remarks Further Reading
CHAPTER 18: Law and Modern Zoroastrians
Reinventing Zoroastrian Law Inheritance Marriage Religious Trusts Beyond India Final Remarks Abbreviations Further Reading Cases Statutes, Constitutions, and Related Papers
Part IV: Practices and Sites
CHAPTER 19: Ethics
The Ritual or “Narrow” Morality Morality in a General Sense Final Remarks Further Reading
CHAPTER 20: Prayer
Introduction Prayer Texts in Avestan Prayers in Languages Other than Avestan Prayer in Modern Zoroastrianism Conclusion Further Reading
CHAPTER 21: Purity and Pollution / The Body
The Source of Impurity and the Effects of Pollution Analysis The Removal of Pollution Conclusion Further Reading
CHAPTER 22: Rituals
Terminology Reform and Change Animal Sacrifice The Art of Words Priesthood and Laity The Ritualization of Daily Life Priestly Liturgies Initiations and Weddings Initiation into the Priesthood Funerals and Post-Funerary Services Further Reading
CHAPTER 23: Festivals and the Calendar
The Earliest Zoroastrian Festivals Zoroastrian Festivals in Sasanian and Early Islamic Iran Festivals in the Modern Period Final Remarks Further Reading
CHAPTER 24: Religious Sites and Physical Structures
Ancient Holy Structures Institutions of Late Antiquity Medieval and Pre-Modern Places of Piety Modern Communities and Their Religious Sites Further Reading
Part V: Intersections
CHAPTER 25: Early India and Iran
The Indo-European and Indo-Iranian Heritage of Avestan Linguistic Similarities between Avestan and Old Indic The Old Indic and Avestan Literature Time and Place of the Indo-Iranians The Old Indic and Avestan Poets and Their Poetry Shared Myths: Cosmology Dragon-Killers and Other Myths Mythical Geography Poetic Formulas Gods and Demons Ahura Mazdā Mitra/Miθra Vāyu/Vaiiu Apām Napāt /Apąm Napāt̰ Bhága/Baga (Baγa) Aryamán/Airiiaman Evil Deities Ritual Soma/Haoma Conclusion Further Reading
CHAPTER 26: Judaism
Early Encounters: The Achaemenid Conquest of the Near East Intersections with Zoroastrianism in Second Temple Times Intersections during Late Antiquity: The Talmud and Zoroastrianism After the Conquest: Medieval Intersections between Jews and Zoroastrians Conclusion Further Reading
CHAPTER 27: The Classical World
Early Greek Cosmologists: 540–450 BCE Greek Historians of the East: 450–370 BCE Plato and the Academy: 370–300 BCE The Hellenistic Period: 300–30 BCE The Roman and Early Byzantine Periods: 30 BCE–600 CE Final Remarks Further Reading
CHAPTER 28: From Miθra to Roman Mithras CHAPTER 29: Christianity
The Wise Men from the East Zoroastrian Elements in Early Christianity Zoroaster and Iranian Religion in the Church Fathers and Gnostic Literature Christians in Arsacid and Sasanian Iran Persecutions of Christians in Sasanian Iran Zoroastrian Polemics against Christianity Early Islamic Times Further Reading
CHAPTER 30: Manichaeism in Iran
Manichaeans in Sasanian Iran Zoroastrian Topics and Elements in Manichaeism The Manichaean “Worldview” in Zoroastrianism and in Later Iranian Traditions Pahlavi Texts against Manichaeans and Anti-Zoroastrica Written by Manichaeans Conclusion Further Reading
CHAPTER 31: Islam
The Attitudes toward Zoroastrianism in Early Islam Descriptions of Zoroastrianism in Muslim Literature Iranian Influence in Early Arabic Literature The Iranian Festivals: Nowrūz and Mehragān Zoroastrian Polemics against Islam Secular Themes in Islam Derived from Iran Middle Persian Books Translated into Arabic Further Reading
CHAPTER 32: The Yezidi and Yarsan Traditions
Further Reading
CHAPTER 33: The Bahā’ī Faith
Early Interactions with Zoroastrian Leaders The Zoroastrian Conversions Factors in the Conversion of Zoroastrians Separation, Integration, and Intermarriage The Zoroastrian Converts in Later Years Conclusion Further Reading
Part VI: Primary Sources
CHAPTER 34: Primary Sources
Avestan Middle Persian Scholarly Resources
CHAPTER 35: Primary Sources
The Zoroastrian Dialects of Yazd and Kermān Texts Written in Middle Persian Language in Persian Script (Pārsī) Narratives of the Lives of Religious Figures The Ṣaddars Religious Miscellanies The Persian Revāyats Scientific and Astrological Texts Zoroastrian–Muslim Apologetic Texts Stories of Migration to India Didactic and Ethical Works Devotional Works Āẕar Kayvān The 18th and 19th Centuries Persian Printing in the 19th Century 20th-Century Zoroastrian Persian Texts Community Magazines
CHAPTER 36: Primary Sources
Old Parsi Gujarati Translation Texts The Archive of the Navsari Bhagarsath Anjuman The Classical Compositions of Ervad Rustam Peśotan Hamjiār The 18th- and Early 19th-Century Compositions The Calendar Controversy and the Beginning of Print Literacy The Missionary Controversy Zoroastrian Reform and Iranian Philology Theosophy and Ilm-e Kṣnum (Khshnoom) Travelogues Sources on Zoroastrian Ritual Parsi History and Genealogy Translations of Avestan and Pahlavi Texts Novels, Poetry, Songs, and Drama Library Abbreviation
Bibliography Index of People, Places, and Topics Index Locorum End User License Agreement
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