Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy · Expert Consult - Online by Wolverton, Stephen E. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Title page Table of Contents Copyright List of contributors Preface Dedication Acknowledgements A dozen suggestions to help the reader optimally utilize this book Part I: Introduction

Chapter 1: Basic principles of pharmacology

Introduction Pharmacokinetics – part I (Tables 1-2 and 1-3) Pharmacodynamics (the drug produces the desired pharmacologic effect) Pharmacokinetics – part II Percutaneous absorption

Chapter 2: Principles for maximizing the safety of dermatologic drug therapy

Introduction Anticipation Prevention Diagnosis Management Parting thoughts

Chapter 3: Polymorphisms: why individual drug responses vary

Introduction Evaluating the patient Factors that influence medication effects (including adverse effects) Drug metabolism – Phase I reactions Drug metabolism – Phase II reactions (Table 3-9) Severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions linked to genetic polymorphisms Tests for genetic polymorphisms and clinical significance Conclusions and future directions

Chapter 4: Adherence to drug therapy

Introduction Measures of adherence The magnitude of poor adherence in dermatology Factors that influence adherence behavior Strategies to improve adherence behavior Conclusions

Part II: Important Drug Regulatory Issues

Chapter 5: The FDA drug approval process

Introduction Federal legislation for drug safety and efficacy Phase I–IV testing FDA advisory panels Off-label drug use Generic drugs Special drug approval categories Related issues

Chapter 6: Pharmacovigilance: verifying that drugs remain safe

Introduction Summary

Chapter 7: Drugs taken off the market: important lessons learned

Introduction Presentation of benefit–risk in labeling Product label ‘lifecycle’ changes RISKS AND BENEFITS: FDA safety information Drug withdrawal

Part III: Systemic Drugs for Infectious Diseases

Chapter 8: Systemic Antibacterial Agents

Introduction Penicillins Cephalosporins β-lactam and β-lactamases inhibitor combinations Carbapenems and monobactams Other systemic agents affecting the bacterial cell wall Macrolides Fluoroquinolones Tetracyclines Rifamycins Folate synthesis inhibitors Lincosamides Glycyclines Oxazolidinones Quinupristin and dalfopristin combination Daptomycin Lipoglycopeptides Summary

Chapter 9: Systemic antifungal agents

Introduction Conclusion

Chapter 10: Systemic antiviral agents

Introduction Drugs for human herpes virus infections Drugs for human immunodeficiency virus infections Summary Acknowledgment

Chapter 11: Systemic antiparasitic agents

Ivermectin Albendazole Thiabendazole Alternative agents – doxycycline as antiparasitic agent

Part IV: Systemic Immunomodulatory and Antiproliferative Drugs

Chapter 12: Systemic corticosteroids

Systemic corticosteroids Pharmacology (Table 12-1) Systemic corticosteroids chapter update

Chapter 13: Methotrexate

Introduction Pharmacology Clinical use

Chapter 14: Azathioprine

Introduction Pharmacology Clinical use Summary

Chapter 15: Mycophenolate mofetil and mycophenolic acid

Introduction Pharmacology Mechanism of action Clinical use Off-label dermatologic uses Immunobullous disease AUTOIMMUNE CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE

Chapter 16: Cyclosporine

Introduction Summary

Chapter 17: Cytotoxic agents

Introduction Major subcategories of cytotoxic agents and the cell cycle Patient education issues Antimetabolites Alkylating agents

Chapter 18: Dapsone

Introduction Pharmacology Clinical use

Chapter 19: Antimalarial agents

Introduction Pharmacology Clinical use Monitoring guidelines70–72,107 Drug interactions Therapeutic guidelines

Chapter 20: Systemic retinoids

Introduction and historical perspective Pharmacology Clinical use Acknowldgment

Chapter 21: Interferons

Introduction – interferon Pharmacology Clinical use Acknowledgment

Part V: Drugs Used in Conjunction with Ultraviolet or Visible Light

Chapter 22: PUVA photochemotherapy and other phototherapy modalities

Introduction and drug history Puva photochemotherapy Clinical use Treatment procedure Narrowband UVB phototherapy UVA-1 phototherapy

Chapter 23: Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (photopheresis)

Introduction Treatment delivery and considerations Pharmacology Clinical use

Chapter 24: Photodynamic therapy

Introduction Pharmacology

Part VI: Biological Therapeutics

Chapter 25: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors

Introduction – psoriasis pathogenesis Etanercept Infliximab Adalimumab

Chapter 26: Interleukin 12/23 inhibitors

Introduction Monoclonal antibody treatments Interleukin-12/23 therapy The future: combination therapy and switching Conclusions

Chapter 27: Rituximab and future biological therapies

Introduction

Part VII: Miscellaneous Systemic Drugs

Chapter 28: Antihistamines

Importance of histamine in skin diseases Historical overview First-generation antihistamines Second-generation H1 antihistamines Fexofenadine Loratadine Cetirizine Desloratadine Levocetirizine H1 antihistamine therapy – special TOPICS

Chapter 29: Vasoactive and antiplatelet agents

Pathophysiology involving cutaneous vasculature Calcium channel blockers β-blockers Aspirin Dipyridamole Pentoxifylline Nitric oxide donors Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors Iloprost Antiangiogenesis agents

Chapter 30: Antiandrogens and androgen inhibitors

Introduction Physiologic role of androgens Antiandrogens Androgen inhibitors Hormone preparations Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs Herbal remedies

Chapter 31: Psychotropic agents

Introduction Classification of psychodermatologic disorders The management of anxiety in dermatology The management of depression in dermatology The management of delusional disorders in dermatology The management of obsessive–compulsive disorder in dermatology Summary

Chapter 32: Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy

Introduction Pharmacology Acknowledgment

Chapter 33: Systemic anticancer agents: dermatologic indications and adverse events

Introduction Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRIs) Multitargeted kinase inhibitors (MKI) Alkylating agents Topoisomerase inhibitors Antimicrotubule AGENTS (TAXANES) Anthracyclines Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors Miscellaneous Monoclonal antibodies Antimetabolites Biotherapy (immunokines) BRAF inhibitors Summary

Chapter 34: Drugs for the skinternist

Introduction Therapy for corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis Bexarotene for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma – central hypothyroidism Therapy for retinoid- OR Cyclosporine-induced hyperlipidemia Fibric acid derivatives Corticosteroid-associated peptic ulcer disease Vitamin D therapy Acknowledgment

Chapter 35: Miscellaneous systemic drugs

Introduction Anticholinergic agents – glycopyrrolate and propantheline Attenuated androgens – danazol and stanozolol Biotin Clofazimine Colchicine Fumaric acid esters Gold Nicotinamide Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Penicillamine Potassium iodide Thalidomide Vitamin E Zinc sulfate

Part VIII: Topical Drugs for Infectious Diseases

Chapter 36: Topical Antibacterial Agents

Introduction Drugs used for wound care and minor topical bacterial infections Drugs used for acne and rosacea Antiseptics Acknowledgment

Chapter 37: Topical antifungal agents

Introduction Polyenes Azoles Allylamines and benzylamines Other topical antifungals Comparative studies

Chapter 38: Topical and intralesional antiviral agents

Introduction Viricidal drugs Immune-enhancing drugs Cytodestructive drugs

Chapter 39: Topical antiparasitic agents

Introduction

Part IX: Topical Immunomodulatory and Antiproliferative Drugs

Chapter 40: Topical corticosteroids

Introduction Pharmacology Clinical use

Chapter 41: Topical retinoids

Introduction Pharmacology Clinical use Acknowledgement

Chapter 42: Topical and intralesional chemotherapeutic agents

Introduction Topical chemotherapeutic agents Intralesional chemotherapeutic agents

Chapter 43: Topical contact allergens

Introduction Mechanism of action in alopecia areata Mechanism of action in warts Diphenylcylopropenone Squaric acid dibutyl ester Dinitrochlorobenzene

Chapter 44: Topical calcineurin inhibitors

Introduction Tacrolimus Pimecrolimus

Chapter 45: Topical Vitamin D3

Introduction Pharmacology Vitamin D analogs

Part X: Miscellaneous Topical Drugs

Chapter 46: Sunscreens

Introduction Sunscreen options Clinical use Summary

Chapter 47: Therapeutic shampoos

Introduction Dermatoses involving the scalp Historical perspective Pharmacology Clinical use Therapeutic guidelines Summary

Chapter 48: α-Hydroxy acids

Introduction Pharmacology Clinical use Formulations Adverse effects Summary

Chapter 49: Chemical peels

Introduction Superficial chemical peels Medium-depth chemical peels Deep chemical peels

Chapter 50: Products for the care of chronic wounds

Introduction Wound healing physiology and ideal wound healing environment General approach to a patient with chronic wounds Venous ulcer disease Systemic and surgical treatments

Chapter 51: Agents used for treatment of hyperkeratosis

Introduction

Chapter 52: Cosmetic therapy

Cosmetic therapy overview Skin bleaching agents Skin pigmenting products – dihydroxyacetone Facial foundations and camouflage cosmetics Skin cleansers Moisturizers Hair shampoos Hair permanent waving agents Hair-straightening agents Hair-dyeing agents Hair-bleaching agents Nail polish

Chapter 53: Irritants and allergens: When to suspect topical therapeutic agents

Introduction Contact dermatitis: the concept When to suspect contact dermatitis Final thoughts

Chapter 54: Insect repellents

Introduction Insect biology Insect repellents overview Chemical insect repellents Biopesticide repellents Plant-derived repellents Efficacy of DEET versus botanical repellents Related issues

Chapter 55: Miscellaneous topical agents

Introduction Topical antioxidants Topical agents for hemostasis and hyperhidrosis Other topical agents

Part XI: Injectable and Mucosal Routes of Drug Administration

Chapter 56: Local anesthetics

Introduction Injectable local anesthetics Topical anesthetics Co-injectable vasoconstrictors Other agents with local anesthetic effects

Chapter 57: Injectable dermal and subcutaneous fillers

Introduction Categories of dermal fillers Fillers on the horizon

Chapter 58: Botulinum toxin injections

Introduction and history Conclusions

Chapter 59: Oral mucosal therapeutics

Introduction Review of common terminology Erosive gingivostomatitis Herpetic gingivostomatitis Oral candidiasis Hairy tongue Recurrent aphthous stomatitis Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis Mucositis (stomatitis) Xerostomia Burning mouth syndrome

Part XII: Major Adverse Effects from Systemic Drugs

Chapter 60: Hepatotoxicity of dermatologic drug therapy

Introduction The liver and drug metabolism Mechanisms of drug hepatotoxicity Risk factors for drug hepatotoxicity Drug information dissemination issues Classification systems (Table 60-7) Drug etiologies Diagnosis Management Looking to the future – lessons from the past

Chapter 61: Hematologic toxicity of drug therapy

Introduction General principles Major categories of drug-induced hematologic toxicity Drugs Prescribed by Dermatologists – Risk of Hematologic Toxicity Treatment of hematologic toxicities Acknowledgments

Chapter 62: Drug-induced malignancy

Introduction Assessment of drug causation for malignancy induction General principles of carcinogenesis Review of malignancy risk with organ transplantation Review of malignancy risk with autoimmune diseases Specific drugs used in dermatology and their potential risk for malignancy Prevention and detection of possible malignancies The bottom line

Chapter 63: Neurologic adverse effects from dermatologic drugs

Introduction General principles Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Demyelinating disorders Pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension) Drug-induced CNS toxicity and seizures Peripheral neuropathy/polyneuropathy Specific drugs

Chapter 64: Dermatologic drugs during pregnancy and lactation

Introduction General principles Guide for specific drug use Summary Q64-8

Chapter 65: Drug interactions

Introduction General principles of drug interactions Cytochrome P-450-based drug interactions Importance of the order of drug administration Drug interaction risks by drug category Genetic polymorphisms Pharmacodynamic mechanisms of drug interactions Do all drugs in a given class behave in a similar manner? Summary

Chapter 66: Cutaneous drug reactions with systemic features

Introduction Drug hypersensitivity syndrome (DHS) Serum sickness and serum sickness-like reactions Drug-induced lupus (DIL) Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis Stevens–johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis Anaphylaxis General discussion

Part XIII: Special Pharmacology and Therapeutic Topics

Chapter 67: Pharmacoeconomics

Introduction Various cost analyses Analyzing the various cost analyses How are pharmacoeconomic analyses used? Pharmaceutical pricing strategies Pharmaceutical patient assistance programs Generic drugs and substitution Why is pharmacoeconomics important to clinicians?

Chapter 68: Informed consent and risk management

Introduction Historical perspective Ethical perspective Basic legal principles Components of informed consent Systemic drugs and informed consent Optimizing patient understanding Exceptions to the informed consent requirements Medicolegal risk management Dermatology malpractice Summary

Chapter 69: Compounding in dermatology

Introduction The ‘compounding triad’ Developing a stable compounding formula Properly write the prescription Monitor the patient Summary

Chapter 70: Dermatologic drug therapy in children

Introduction General issues Specific medications used in children

Appendix I – Ten drugs of increasing importance to dermatology Appendix II – Dapsone patient education and informed consent Subject Index

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