Ornaments and Other Ambiguous Artifacts From Franchthi by Perlès, Catherine -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Page Copyright Contents Prologue Preface Chapter One Goals and Methods

What Do We Study? An Ambiguous and Probably Heterogeneous Set of Artifacts A Resolutely Diachronic Perspective The Multiple Facets of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Shells Ornaments

Ornamental Shells as Natural Species Ornaments as Artifacts Ornaments as Symbolic Units

Sampling Strategies: Storage Conditions and Recovery Procedures

Evolving Sieving Procedures A Contrasted Chronostratigraphic Precision

Methods of Study

Identification of Species and Definition of Ornament Types Observations and Recording

Phasing the Ornament Assemblages

Ornaments and Ornamental Species of the Palaeolithic

Chapter Two Environmental Data: Past Shorelines and Potential Resources Chapter Three The Exploitation of Cyclope neritea and Cyclope pellucida

Taphonomic Issues and Representativeness of the Sample Agent of Accumulation Cyclope sp.: An Exclusively Ornamental Taxon Characterisation and Taxonomic Identification Collecting Dead or Live Cyclopes? Selection of Specimens and Production of Ornaments Heavily Worn Beads in a Production Centre?

Chapter Four A Problematic Ornament Type: Antalis sp., the Tusk Shell

Taxonomy The Palaeolithic Antalis sp.: A Partial Recovery From Large to Tiny: Dimensional Variation One or More Agents of Deposition? Tusk Shells as Beads

Chapter Five Columbella rustica, Rare but Heavily Worn Dove Shell Beads

A Fair Representativeness of the Sample A Collection on Beaches from Thanatocoenoses A Selection of Large Specimens The Production of the Dove Shell Beads

Chapter Six Rare Palaeolithic Ornament Types

Homalopoma sanguineum: An Early Upper Palaeolithic Ornament Glycymeris sp.: Pendants or Ochre Recipients? A Single Bone Bead … … and a Unique Perforated Ibex Tooth Stone Beads: Probable Intrusions A Note on Some Species that We Did Not Considered as Ornamental.

Chapter Seven Diachronic Variations

Variations in the Intensity of Manufacturing, Use and Discard of Ornaments

Ornaments and Sediment: Independent Variations Mammal Bones and Ornaments: Again, Independent Variations Collecting Ornamental Shells and Shellfish: Independent Activities Ornaments and Chipped Stone Artifacts: Still Independent Variations Fluctuating Rates of Deposition of Ornaments and Unexpected Similarities

Diachronic Variation in the Composition of Ornament Assemblages and Characterisation of Ornament Phases

Franchthi Ornament Phase 1 Franchthi Ornament Phase 2 Franchthi Ornament Phase 3

Chapter Eight Franchthi Palaeolithic Ornaments: A Uniquely Restricted and Stable Range?

The Predominance of Marine Shells The Predominance of Small, Basket-Shaped Beads and Carnivorous Gastropods Highly Selective Assemblages Stable Choices throughout Many Millennia Where Local Preferences Come into Play: Choice of Species and Significant Absences

Ornaments and Ornamental Shells of the Mesolithic

Chapter Nine Continuity in a Changing Environment

The Same Shell Ornaments … … Despite a Transformed Coastal Environment

Chapter Ten A Massively Predominant Species: Cyclope neritea

Variations in Dimensions and Species Represented A Blind Collection of Adults and Juveniles From Snail to Ornament A Mix of Shells with Very Different States of Use

Chapter Eleven Abundant Mesolithic Columbella rustica

A Collection in Thanatocoenoses, and Variable States of Preservation A Double Process of Selection: On the Beach and in the Cave Were Columbella rustica Heat-Treated? Perforating the Dove Shells Dove Shell Beads: Heavily Used Ornaments

Chapter Twelve Mesolithic Antalis sp.: A Homogeneous Assemblage

Beads of Variable Length The Species Represented Representativeness of the Sample A Collection on Gravelly Beaches Manufacturing the Beads Changing the Colour: Potential Heat-Treatment and Deposits of Ochre

Chapter Thirteen Rare Mesolithic Ornament Types

Perforated Pebbles (M. Miller and C. Perlès) A Problematic Group: Bird Bone Beads or Tusk Shells? A Single Perforated Conus mediterraneus: Mistake or Fancy? A Lonely Fragment of Glycymeris sp. A Note on Shells Species that We Did Not Considered to Be Ornamental

Chapter Fourteen Abundance and Restriction: An Overview of the Franchthi Mesolithic Ornament Assemblages

Why So Many Ornaments?

Variations in the Density of Ornaments to the Volume of Sediment Ornaments and Humans Burials A Shift in Use between the Palaeolithic and the Mesolithic?

Variation behind Homogeneity Franchthi, a Typical Mediterranean Site for Ornaments

Epilogue Lessons from a Monotonous Sequence

Franchthi, a Rare Example of a Coastal Production Centre … … But a Singularly Monotonous Sequence Basket-Shaped Beads, Yes, but Not Just Any Basket! Cultural Continuity or Discontinuity: Which Proxy? Revisiting the Franchthi Occupational Sequence Lithics and Ornaments: Similar Discrepancies from a Synchronic Viewpoint

Appendices

Appendix 1 Lists of Ornaments and Ornamental Shells per Trench and Unit Appendix 2 Molluscan Remains from a Subsample of < 5 mm Residues by A. C. Colonese Appendix 3 Introduction : Modern Shell Reference Collections

Appendix 3.1 Cyclope neritea and Cyclope pellucida

Habitat and Conditions of Collection of Cyclope neritea Reference Collections Analyses of the Reference Collections

Rates of Collection State of Preservation Ratio of Juveniles to Adults Variation in the Size Distribution of Adult C. neritea

Experiments in Perforation Heat Treatment

Appendix 3.2 Columbella rustica

Collecting Columbella rustica

Collecting in Thanatocoenoses along Beaches Collecting by Sight under Water Collecting by Touch in Waist-Deep Water

Dimensional Variation

Height Distribution on Beach Samples (Thanatocoenoses) Height Distribution in Underwater Samples Collected by Sight Height Distribution in Underwater ‘Nests’

State of Preservation Rates of Collection From Reference Collections to Archaeological Inference Experiments in the Production of Dove Shell Beads

Appendix 3.3 Antalis sp.

Reference Collections

Dimensions State of Preservation

Experiments

Appendix 3.4 Conus mediterraneus

Reference Collections Experiments

References Index

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