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Index
Also of Interest
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Table of Contents
About the editors
Contributing authors
Abbreviations
Part I: Catalysis and activation
1 Catalysis in flow
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Flow versus batch chemistry
1.1.2 Development of catalytic reactions and flow for organic synthesis
1.2 Reactor types, catalytic reactions and productivity
1.2.1 Solid-liquid reactors
1.2.1.1 Olefin (ring closing) metathesis reactions
1.2.1.2 Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions
1.2.1.3 (Chemo)enzymatic reactions
1.2.2 Solid-liquid-gas systems
1.2.2.1 Chemoselective catalytic hydrogenation
1.2.2.2 Asymmetric hydrogenation
1.2.2.3 Oxidation
1.3 Conclusion
Bibliography
2 Catalytic engineering aspects of flow chemistry
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basis of (catalytic) reactor engineering
2.2.1 Flow motion in reactors
2.2.2 Relevant physics
2.2.3 Characteristic times
2.2.4 Characteristic lengths
2.2.5 Surface area
2.2.6 Mixing
2.2.7 Heat issues
2.3 Describing the chemistry
2.3.1 Kinetic rate laws
2.3.2 Rate measurement and reaction time
2.3.3 Catalyst deactivation
2.4 Methodology for Flow reactor dimensioning
2.4.1 Batch versus Flow reactor comparison
2.4.2 Checking for mass and heat transfer limitations
2.4.3 Basis for reactor scale-up
2.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
3 Continuous-flow photochemistry in microstructured environment
3.1 Environmental impact in view of Green Chemistry
3.2 Physical considerations - reasons why microstructured equipment is preferred for flow photochemistry
3.2.1 Absorption of light by molecules in solution
3.2.2 Role of solvent
3.2.3 Micrometer-sized structures as key elements of reactor equipmentfor flow photochemistry
3.3 Technological considerations for flow photochemistry
3.3.1 Light sources
3.3.1.1 Metal vapor and gas-discharge lamps
3.3.1.2 Filter equipment
3.3.1.3 Light emitting diode (LED)
3.3.1.4 Solar light
3.3.2 Reactor concepts for flow photochemistry
3.3.2.1 Chip and glass microreactors
3.3.2.2 Falling film reactor
3.3.2.3 Capillary-based flow reactors
3.4 Chemical considerations for flow photochemistry
3.4.1 Photochemical reactions without catalyst material
3.4.2 Heterogeneous flow photocatalysis
3.4.3 Flow photocatalysis with organic dyes or noble metal complexes
3.5 Summary and outlook
Bibliography
4 Electrochemistry in flow
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Electrochemistry in flow
4.3 Microreactor design
4.3.1 Thin gap cells
4.3.2 ELMI - microstructured high pressure single pass thin gap flow cell
4.3.3 Segmented thin gap flow cells
4.4 Electrochemistry in microreactors
4.4.1 Direct product synthesis
4.4.2 Electrolyte free synthesis
4.4.3 Activation of chemicals
4.4.3.1 Cation pool method
4.4.3.2 Cation flow method
4.5 Ionic liquids in electrochemistry
Bibliography
Part II: Cutting-edge applications in advanced and functional materials
5 Synthesis of materials in flow − principles and practice
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Unique properties of microreactors
5.2.1 Mixing
5.2.2 Thermal and pressure control
5.2.3 Fluid behavior
5.2.3.1 Reynolds number, Re
5.2.3.2 Capillary number, Ca
5.2.3.3 Weber number, We
5.3 Synthesis of materials in flow
5.3.1 Linear polymers
5.3.2 Beads, disks, and other solid polymeric materials
5.3.3 Janus materials
5.3.4 Capsules
5.3.5 Membranes and fibers
5.3.6 Nanoparticles and inorganic nonpolymeric materials
5.4 Conclusions
Bibliography
6 Flow chemistry for nanotechnology
6.1 Introduction to nanotechnology and graphene technology
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Definition and concepts
6.1.3 Brief history of nanotechnology
6.1.4 Why nanotechnology?
6.1.5 Batch and flow-chemistry based nanonization technologies
6.1.6 Overview and principles of microfluidic reactors
6.2 Nanomaterials
6.2.1 Structure and properties: is the smaller better?
6.2.2 Organic nanoparticles: biologically active small molecules
6.2.3 Inorganic nanoparticles: metallic, bimetallic and semiconductor particles
6.2.4 Hybrid nanoparticles
6.3 Theoretical background of nanoparticle synthesis using flow-chemistry based approaches
6.3.1 Principles of nanoparticle stabilization
6.3.2 Classical nucleation theory
6.4 Application of flow technology in nanoparticle synthesis
6.4.1 Synthesis of metal nanoparticles
6.4.2 Synthesis of semiconductor nanoparticles
6.4.3 Synthesis of biologically active organic nanoparticles
6.4.3.1 Applications of nanosized biologically active small molecules
6.5 Impact of nanotechnology: an outlook
Bibliography
7 Continuous-flow synthesis of carbon-11 radiotracers on a microfluidic chip
7.1 Introduction to continuous-flow microreactors and carbon-11 radiolabeling
7.2 Microfluidic synthesis of raclopride
7.2.1 Microfluidic nonradioactive synthesis of raclopride
7.2.2 Microchip radioactive synthesis of [11C]raclopride
7.3 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
7.3.1 Reaction engineering lab®(REL) module - “ideal” flow-reactor model
7.3.2 Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) module - “geometry-dependent” flow study
7.4 Conclusion
Bibliography
Part III: Additional features of the Flow Process: in-line analytics, safety and green principles
8 Lab environment: in-line separation, analytics, automation & self optimization
8.1 The role of analytics in flow applications
8.1.1 Applications of mass spectroscopy
8.1.2 React IR flow cell
8.1.2.1 Technical details of the instrument
8.1.2.2 In-line monitoring of a hydrogenation reaction
8.1.2.3 Accurate addition of sequential reagents using IR spectroscopy
8.1.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
8.1.3.1 Bench-top NMR: picoSpin™
8.1.3.2 Stripline high resolution probe
8.2 Automation and self optimization
8.2.1 General description of the self-optimization methods
8.2.2 Automation and feedback control systems
8.2.2.1 An example to compare three different black-box algorithms: Knoevenagel synthesis
8.2.3 Nelder-Mead Simplex method
8.2.3.1 Description of optimization method
8.2.4 Multidimensional optimization
8.2.5 Optimization and scale-up
8.2.6 Flow reactors with built-in optimization
8.3 In-line separation
8.3.1 Liquid-liquid separators
8.3.1.1 Technical description
8.3.1.2 Example for application
8.3.2 Scavenger and chromatography columns
8.3.2.1 Scavenger columns for a series of work-up procedure
8.3.2.2 Parallel columns for continuous operation
8.3.3 Simulated moving Bed Chromatography
8.3.3.1 True Moving-Bed Chromatography - an imaginary process
8.3.3.2 Simulated Moving-Bed Chromatography (SMB) – a practical process
8.3.3.3 SMB in the practice
Bibliography
9 Safety aspects related to microreactor technology
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Chemical processes
9.1.2 Safety in chemical processes
9.2 Inherently safer processes using microreaction technology
9.2.1 Advantages of microreaction technology to safety
9.2.1.1 Heat exchange
9.2.1.2 Small volumes, containment and multistep on-site capability
9.2.1.3 Embedded controls, automation and expansion of reaction space
9.2.2 Recent examples of processes involving dangerous reagents/reactions under MRT conditions
9.2.2.1 MRT processes involving exothermic reactions and highly reactive, potentially explosive materials
9.2.2.2 MRT processes involving toxic materials
9.2.3 MRT processes involving harsh conditions (elevated temperatures and pressures)
9.3 Conclusions
Bibliography
10 From green chemistry principles in flow chemistry towards green flow process design in the holistic viewpoint
10.1 Introduction of Green Chemistry principles
10.1.1 Green principles
10.1.2 Green flow chemistry
10.2 Flow process design and relation to green chemistry/engineering
10.2.1 Flow processing - major means in process intensification
10.2.2 Transport intensification - the flow-scale
10.2.3 Chemical intensification – the reactor scale
10.2.4 Process-design intensification – the full-process scale
10.2.5 Elemental green criteria with proven impact of flow process design
10.2.6 Elemental green criteria with suspected impact of flow process design
10.2.7 Elemental green criteria with uncertainty over impact of flow process design
10.3 Holistic methodology introduction for systematic green flow process design
10.4 Green flow process design for fine chemicals/ pharmaceuticals
10.4.1 Technology comparison for green pharmaceutical process design
10.4.2 Flow process design of a green biphasic fine chemical synthesis
10.4.3 Exergetic LCA for improvement of an existing pharmaceutical production process
10.5 Green flow process design for bulk chemicals and benchmark to conventional process
10.5.1 Process simulation
10.5.2 LCA for continuous flow synthesis of ADA
10.5.3 LCA for two-step conventional synthesis of ADA
10.5.4 Complete LCA picture
10.5.5 Enlightment
10.6 Outlook for green flow process design
Bibliography
Answers to the study questions
Chapter 1: Catalysis in flow
Chapter 2: Catalytic engineering aspects of flow chemistry
Chapter 3: Continuous-flow photochemistry in microstructured environment
Chapter 4: Electrochemistry in flow
Chapter 5: Synthesis of materials in flow – principles and practice
Chapter 6: Flow chemistry for nanotechnology
Chapter 7: Continuous-flow synthesis of carbon-11 radiotracers on a microfluidic chip
Chapter 8: Lab environment: in-line separation, analytics, automation & self optimization
Chapter 9: Safety aspects related to microreactor technology
Chapter 10: From green chemistry principles in flow chemistry towards green flow process design in the holistic viewpoint
Index
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