The Russian Revolution by Pipes, Richard -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Other Books by This Author Title Page Copyright Dedication Contents Illustrations Acknowledgments Abbreviations Introduction Part One: The Agony of the Old Regime

1 - 1905: The Foreshock

University Disturbances of 1899 as Beginning of Revolution Plehve and Zubatov Outbreak of Russo-Japanese War, Plehve assassinated and replaced by Mirskii: the great Zemstvo Congress (November 1904) “Bloody Sunday” Tsarism Tries Moderate Reforms The Debacle of Tsushima and Talk of a Representative Body University Turmoil Resumes and Leads to General Strike Witte Advises Concessions Emergence of St. Petersburg Soviet The October Manifesto Witte forms Cabinet and Represses Radicals; Nationwide Pogroms 1905 as Apogee of Russian liberalism

2 - Official Russia

Patrimonialism Nicholas and Alexandra The Bureaucracy Ministries Conservative and Liberal Officialdom Economic Development Undermines Autocracy The Army The Gentry The Orthodox Church

3 - Rural Russia

Household, Village, and Commune Land Shortage Industrial Workers Peasant Mentality Peasant Attitudes to Law and Property Changes in Peasant Mood After 1900

4 - The Intelligentsia

Its European origins Sociétés de Pensée Socialism as Ideology of the Intelligentsia The Ideal of a “New Man” Emergence of Russian Intelligentsia Revolutionary Movement in Nineteenth Century Russia The Socialists-Revolutionaries Russian Liberals

5 - The Constitutional Experiment

Monarchy and Constitutionalism The Fundamental Laws of 1906 Elections to the Duma The First Duma Stolypin Stolypin Represses Terror His Agrarian Reforms The Second Duma and the Electoral Law of June 3, 1907 Stolypin’s Political Difficulties Begin The Western Zemstvo Crisis Stolypins Murder Assessment of Stolypin Russia on the Eve of World War I

6 - Russia at War

Strategic Preparations and Russia’s Readiness for War Early Campaigns: East Prussia and Galicia Russian Debacle in Poland, 1915 Changes in Government Emergence of the Progressive Bloc and Nicholas’s Assumption of high command Bringing Society into Limited Partnership in the War Effort

7 - Toward the Catastrophe

Inflation The Brusilov Offensive Rise of Tension in the Country Food Crisis Protopopov The Liberals Decide to Attack Duma Sessions of November 1916 Assassination of Rasputin Last Days at Tsarskoe Selo Plots Against the Imperial Family

8 - The February Revolution

Mutiny of Petrograd Garrison The Duma Hesitates to Claim Power Emergence of Petrograd Soviet and of its Executive Committee Duma and Soviet agree on formation of Provisional Government Order No. 1 Abdication of Nicholas II Michael refuses the crown Early actions of Provisional Government Soviet undermines the government Land, Constituent Assembly, and War Aims Revolution Spreads Nationwide Ex-tsar returns to Tsarskoe Selo Extraordinary Rapidity of Russia’s Breakdown

Part Two: The Bolsheviks Conquer Russia

9 - Lenin and the Origins of Bolshevism

Lenin’s Early Years Lenin and Social Democracy His Personality His Disenchantment with Social Democracy Emergence of Bolshevism Final split with the Mensheviks Lenin’s Agrarian and Nationality Programs Financial affairs of the Bolshevik party The Malinovskii Episode Zimmerwald, Kiental, and Connections with Enemy Agents

10 - The Bolshevik Bid for Power

The Bolshevik Party in early 1917 Lenin returns to Russia with German help Lenin’s Revolutionary Tactics The April 1917 Bolshevik Demonstration Socialists Enter Provisional Government Bolshevik assets in the Struggle for Power and German Subsidies The Aborted Bolshevik street action in June Kerensky’s summer offensive The Bolsheviks ready another Assault Preparation for Putsch The Events of July 3–5 The Putsch Suppressed: Lenin flees, Kerensky Dictator

11 - The October Coup

Kornilov appointed Commander in Chief Kerensky asks Kornilov’s help in Suppressing Anticipated Bolshevik Coup The Break between Kerensky and Kornilov Rise in Bolshevik Fortunes Lenin in Hiding Bolsheviks plan their own Congress of Soviets Bolsheviks take over Soviet’s Military-Revolutionary Committee The Critical decision of October 10 Milrevkom initiates coup d’état Kerensky Reacts Bolsheviks declare Provisional Government Overthrown The Second Congress of Soviets ratifies passage of power and passes laws on peace and land Bolshevik coup in Moscow few Aware of what had Transpired

12 - Building the One-Party State

Lenin’s strategy after Power Seizure Lenin and Trotsky rid themselves of accountability to the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet strike of white collar employees The Council of People’s Commissars Accord with Left SRs and the breakup of the Peasant Congress Elections to the Constituent Assembly Decision to be rid of it The Dissolution of the Assembly Effects and Implications Movement of Worker Plenipotentiaries

13 - Brest-Litovsk

Bolsheviks and traditional diplomacy German and Bolshevik approaches to talks Divisions in the Bolshevik Command Initial Negotiations Trotsky at Brest Bitter Divisions among Bolsheviks and the German ultimatum Germans decide to be Firm They Advance into Soviet Russia Allied Efforts to win over Bolsheviks Moscow requests Allied help Russians Capitulate to German terms Soviet Government moves to Moscow Terms of Brest-Litovsk Treaty First Allied landings in Russia American reaction to Bolshevik policies principles of Bolshevik foreign policy principles of Bolshevik foreign policy

14 - The Revolution Internationalized

Small Western interest in Russian Revolution foundations of Red Army laid further talks with Allies German Embassy arrives in Moscow Soviet Embassy in Berlin and its subversive activities The Czechoslovak Rebellion Bolsheviks adopt military conscription Czech advances The Kaiser decides to continue Pro-Bolshevik Policy The Left SRs plot Uprising They kill Mirbach Suppression of their Rebellion Savinkovs clandestine organization The Iaroslavl Rising Riezler fails in attempt to reorient German policy Further Allied activities on Russian soil Bolsheviks request German intervention Supplementary Treaty with Germany Russians decide the Germans have Lost the War The Problem of foreign “Intervention”

15 - “War Communism”

Its Origins and Objectives “Left Communists”plan Implementation Attempts to Abolish Money Creation of Supreme Economic Council Decline of Industrial Productivity Decline of Agricultural Productivity Efforts to abolish the market and the growth of a shadow Economy Anti-labor legislation Trade Union Policy Effects of War Communism

16 - War on the Village

Bolsheviks view Peasants as class Enemy What Peasants gained in 1917–18 and at what cost Food Requisition Policies and hunger in the Cities Campaign against the Village begins, May 1918 Food Supply Detachments meet with resistance: massive peasant revolt “Committees of the Poor” Assessment of the Campaign

17 - Murder of the Imperial Family

Russian Regicide Unique The Ex-tsar and Family in the first months of Bolshevik Rule Ekaterinburg Bolsheviks want Ex-tsar in their Custody Nicholas and Alexandra transported to Ekaterinburg The “House of Special Designation” Murder of Michael as trial Baloon Cheka Fabricates rescue Operation Decision to kill Ex-tsar taken in Moscow: Cheka takes over guard duties The Murder Disposal of the Remains Assassination of other members of the Imperial family at Alapaevsk Moscow Announces execution of Nicholas but not of family Implications of these Events

18 - The Red Terror

Lenin’s attitude toward Terror Abolition of Law Origins of the Cheka Cheka’s conflict with the Commissariat of Justice Lenin shot, August 30, 1918 Background of this event and beginning of Lenin Cult “Red Terror” Officially Launched Mass Murder of Hostages Some Bolsheviks revolted by Bloodbath Cheka Penetrates all Soviet Institutions Bolsheviks create Concentration Camps Victims of Red Terror Foreign Reactions

Afterword Glossary Chronology Notes One Hundred Works on the Russian Revolution About the Author

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