[Gutenberg 55434] • Early Man in the New World by Hester, Joseph A. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

EARLY MAN IN THE NEW WORLD FOREWORD PREFACE CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, AND TABLES A NOTE ON NOTES 1 THIS SUDDEN NEW WORLD

A Secret Laboratory of Culture Time-Tests by Travel, Tongues, and Physiques From the Old Stone Age to the New From Tools and Bones, Fossils and Rocks

2 THE ROAD OF EARLY MAN

How New Was the New World? A Passage from Asia to North America Men Out of Asia—and All the Continents Bering Strait—Freeway to the New World Three Roads to the South—with One Detour Problematical Roads to the New World Ware Dogma!

3 THE DEAD HAND OF THE AGES

Conflicts and Confusions The Problem of the Ages The Bronze Age—a Phantasm Wood, Bone, and Shell Ages Dividing the Stone Age—the Old and the New Activities of the New Stone Age Agriculture—Test of the Neolithic First a Food Gatherer, Then a Hunter

4 THE GREAT ICE AGE

Our Part of the Geologic Time Scale The Glacial Hypothesis Appears The End of the Great Ice Age River Terraces and Beach Lines The Cause of Glaciation

5 EARLY MAN IN THE OLD WORLD

Archaeology, a New Science Mortillet’s Cramping Classification Enter the Eolith Flake vs. Core Industries Dating Early Man in Europe True Tools—Deceptive Skulls Ancestors from Heidelberg and Swanscombe? Putting the Neanderthal in His Place Ancient Man in Java and China “Giant Ape”—a Mythical Ancestor? “Java” Men in Africa and Europe? Man-Apes or Ape-Men in Africa The Progressive Neanderthal Radiocarbon Dates for the Mousterian Homo sapiens—New or Old? Solutrean Flint Workers Invade Europe Weapons and Tools—from Hand Ax to Arrowhead The Danger in Universal Time-Scales

6 WHAT THE BONES HAVE TO SAY

Early Man as Adam’s Progeny Science and Religion Embattled Reaction, Led by Science The Red Herring of the “Primitive Skull” The Mystery of the Missing Bones South America Provides the First Skulls North American Skulls and Bones Early Man Not Solely Mongoloid or Indian Evidence from Middle America New Finds in the United States

7 THE ARTIFACTS OF EARLY MAN IN THE NEW WORLD

Artifacts from Heaven The Folsom Point—Unique and Potent Americans Hunted Animals Now Extinct Two Other Folsom Sites—Clovis and Lindenmeier Another Fine and Ancient Point The Plainview Point A New Point—and Sloths—in Gypsum Cave Old Lake and River Sites Sandia—Older Than Folsom The Milling Stone Appears A Paucity of Art Objects Hand Axes in the Americas Early Man in Mexico From the Glacial to the Archaic Back of 15,000 Years?

THE MORE IMPORTANT SITES OF EARLY MAN

8 EARLY MAN AND THE GREAT EXTINCTION

A Twofold Problem Myths and Mammoths Archaeological Evidence of Recent Man and the Mastodon Sloth and Camel in Dry Caves The Folsom Bison Not Extinct? The Mystery of Extinction More Radiocarbon Dates for Extinct Mammals

9 PYGMIES, AUSTRALOIDS, AND NEGROIDS—BEFORE INDIANS?

The Mythical Indian Race Racial Definition—the Field of the Physical Anthropologist The Cephalic Index—and Others What Skull Measurements Tell Us About Early Man Europe Recognizes the Australoid in America Hooton and Dixon on Early Invaders A Potpourri of Races Pygmies Before Australoids in the New World? Australoids, Negroids, and Men from Europe No Mongoloids till 300 B.C. Siberian Caucasoids

10 DID THE INDIAN INVENT OR BORROW HIS CULTURE?

Diffusion vs. Independent Invention Bastian’s “Psychic Unity” Complexity an Argument for Diffusion Dispersion as Well as Diffusion The Trap of Time Escape from the Trap Dead Alexander Invades America Independent Inventions Neither Parallel Nor Diffused What Diffusion of Plants and Art?

11 THE INDIAN IN AGRICULTURE

Inventions—Some New, Some Old

NEW WORLD PLANTS AND PRODUCTS

American Plants and Their Cultivation When and Where Did Our Agriculture Begin? The Indian’s Accomplishment in Agriculture How Old Is Corn?

12 PUZZLES, PROBLEMS, AND HALF-ANSWERS

The Pendulum Swings The Puzzle of the Skulls The Puzzle of the Querns The Puzzle of the Points Was Our Early Man a Solutrean? Or Was the American Aurignacian or Magdalenian? Chopping Tools Instead of Hand Axes in Asia Spinden’s Neolithic Blockade Was the First Migration Interglacial? Geological Evidence and the Pluvials In Sum

REFERENCES IN THE TEXT

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12

REFERENCES AS TO ILLUSTRATIONS INDEX

THE NATURAL HISTORY LIBRARY EARLY MAN IN THE NEW WORLD

Transcriber’s Notes