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Index
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
PART I. INTRODUCTION TO THE MEDIA
Chapter 1. Living in a Media World: An Introduction to Mass Communication
Levels of Communication
Intrapersonal Communication
Interpersonal Communication
Group Communication
Mass Communication
A Mix of Levels
Elements of Mass Communication
The Players in the Mass Communication Process
• Media Transformations: When Media Connect Us to the Most Remote Places on Earth
Contemporary Models of Mass Communication
Evolution of the Media World
Before Print: Pre-Mass Media Communication Networks
Print: Arrival of the Book
Electronic Networks: Telegraph, Gramophone, Radio, Movies, and Television
• Test Your Media Literacy: Can Television Take Anything Seriously?
Online and Mobile Media: Interactive Communication
Understanding the Media World
Defining Media Literacy
The Seven Secrets About the Media “They” Don’t Want You to Know
• Test Your Media Literacy: What Did the Media’s Future Look Like in the Past?
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 2. Mass Communication Effects: How Society and Media Interact
History of Media Effects Research
Rise of Mass Society
Propaganda and the Direct Effects Model
Voter Studies and the Limited Effects Model
• Test Your Visual Media Literacy: The Messages in Propaganda
The Importance of Meaning and the Critical/Cultural Model
Effects of the Media in Our Lives
Message Effects
Medium Effects
• Media Transformations: From Clay to Paper to Electronic Documents
Ownership Effects
Active Audience Effects
Theories of Media and Society
Functional Analysis
Agenda Setting
Uses and Gratifications Theory
• Test Your Media Literacy: Working With Theory
Social Learning
Symbolic Interactionism
Spiral of Silence
Cultivation Analysis
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 3. The Media Business: Consolidation, Globalization, and the Long Tail
The Development of the Media Business in the United States
A Tradition of Private Ownership
The Growth of National News
Big Media: The Legacy Conglomerates
Disney: The Mouse That Grew
News Corporation and 21st Century Fox: A Worldwide Giant Splits in Two
Time Warner Becomes Warner Media: Starting the Trend That “Smaller Is Better”
Viacom and CBS: A Generational Change
Bertelsmann: The World’s Largest Publisher
Big Media: The New Players
Comcast/NBCUniversal: Cable Buys Broadcaster
• Media Transformations: What Is the Right Size? The Changing Scale of Media Companies
Alphabet: Google and Company
• Test Your Visual Media Literacy: Google Doodles
Apple: Reinventing the Media
Media Economics and the Long Tail
The Short Head Versus the Long Tail
Characteristics of the Long Tail
Consequences of the Long Tail
Big Players in the Long Tail
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
PART II. WRITTEN MEDIA
Chapter 4. Books: The Birth of the Mass Media
The Development of the Book and Mass Communication
Early Books and Writing
• Test Your Visual Media Literacy: Emojis Bring Back Picture Writing
The Development of the Printing Press
The Invention of Mass Culture
• Test Your Media Literacy: How Do Words Get Into the Dictionary?
Books in the New World
The Development of Large-Scale, Mass-Produced Books
Buying and Selling Books
Publishers
Authors
Booksellers
Books and the Long Tail
• Media Transformations: The Textbook Business
Books and Culture
The Importance of Blockbuster Books
• Test Your Media Literacy: Libraries
Books and Censorship
• Test Your Visual Media Literacy: Comics Don’t Have to Be Funny
The Future of Books
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 5. Magazines: The Power of Words and Images
The Development of a National Culture
Early Magazines
The Saturday Evening Post
The Birth of Photojournalism
The Magazine Business
The Economics of Magazine Publishing
Trade Magazines
Literary and Commentary Magazines
Newsmagazines
Women’s Magazines
Men’s Magazines
Magazines and Modern Society
Magazines and Body Image
• Test Your Visual Media Literacy: Presenting a Broader Range of Beauty
Who’s in Control? Advertising Versus Editorial
The Importance of Magazine Covers
The Future of Magazines
Magazines for the Twenty-First Century
• Media Transformations: Going From Paper to Digital
Magazines in the Digital Age
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 6. Newspapers and the News: Reflection of a Democratic Society
Inventing the Modern Press
Colonial Publishing: A Tradition of Independence
The Penny Press: Newspapers for the People
Pulitzer, Hearst, and the Battle for New York City
The Tabloids
Broadcast News
The News Business
Newspaper Conglomerates—Consolidation and Profitability
Newspapers With a National Reach and Metropolitan Newspapers
• Test Your Visual Media Literacy: Comic Strip Tells Story of Syrian Refugee Family
Local and Community News
News, Politics, and Society
• Test Your Media Literacy: The View From Nowhere
Sources, Advertisers, and Readers—Whom Do You Please?
Media and Political Bias
• Media Transformations: Where Do We Go for the News?
Patriotism and the Press—Reporters Risk Their Lives to Report the News
The Alternative Press
The Future of News
News in the Age of Mobile Media
The Future Is Mobile and Social
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
PART III. ELECTRONIC MEDIA
Chapter 7. Audio: Music and Talk Across Media
History of Sound Recording and Transmission
Storing Musical Performances: The Development of the Recording Industry
Transmitting Music and Talk: The Birth of Radio
From the Golden Age to the Television Age
• Test Your Media Literacy: When Is a Radio Show Racist?
Radio’s New Look: HD and Satellite
Streaming/Downloads: Online and Mobile Audio
• Test Your Media Literacy: Podcasting From the Long Tail
Music, Youth Culture, and Society
Rock ’n’ Roll and the Integration of Music
The Changing Face of Popular Music
Country: Pop Music for Adults
Finding a Niche: Popular Radio Formats
Talk Radio: Politics, News, Shock Jocks, and Sports
Public Radio
Concerns About Effects of Music on Young People
Changing the Musical Experience: From Social Music to Personal Soundtracks
From Singles to Digital Downloads: Making Money in the Recording Industry
LPs Versus 45s
CDs and Digital Recording
Economics of Streaming and Downloads
Radio Consolidates and Goes High-Tech
The Future of Sound
Music and the Long Tail: Alternatives to Broadcasting
• Media Transformations: Working and Living in the Long Tail
New Economic Models for the Music Industry
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 8. Movies: Mass Producing Entertainment
The Development of Movies
The First Moviemakers
The Studio System
The Blacklist
Television and the Movies
The Movie Business
The Blockbuster Era
Home Video
Digital Production and Projection
• Media Transformations: As You Like It: Movie Viewership in the Digital Era
• Test Your Visual Media Literacy: Are Practical Effects “More Real” Than Digital Effects?
What Makes a Movie Profitable?
Movies and Society
How Much Influence Do Movies Have?
Diversity in the Movies
• Test Your Visual Media Literacy: Does It Look As If Women Have Major Film Roles?
The Production Code: Protecting the Movies From Censorship
The Ratings System
The Future of Movies
Movies as a Brand
Movie Promotion on the Internet
Movies and the Long Tail
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 9. Television: Broadcast and Beyond
Television: Broadcast and Cable/Satellite
Broadcast Television
Cable and Satellite Television
Digital Television
From Broadcasting to Narrowcasting: The Changing Business of Television
Networks and Affiliates
Educational Broadcasting Becomes Public Broadcasting
The Fox Network
Defining Ratings
An Earthquake in Slow Motion
Diversity on Television
Television and Society
Television as a Major Social Force
• Test Your Visual Media Literacy: What Does a TV Show Look Like?
How Do Viewers Use Television?
Standards for Television
• Test Your Media Literacy: No Sense of Place
The Problem of Decency
Moving Beyond Broadcasting
Defining Television in the Twenty-First Century
• Media Transformations: The Earthquake in Slow Motion Continues
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 10. Online Media: The Internet, Social Media, and Video Games
The Development of the Internet
Packet Switching: Letting Computers Talk to Each Other
ARPAnet
Connecting Incompatible Networks
What Are Online/Mobile Media?
Email
Texting and Direct Messaging
The World Wide Web
Search as a Medium
Blogs
• Test Your Visual Media Literacy: Humans of New York
Podcasts and Streaming Media
Social Media: Sharing Our Lives Online
What Makes Media Social?
Who Are Our Social Media?
• Test Your Media Literacy: Should the President Be Tweeting?
Going Mobile
Mobile Apps
Video Games as Mass Communication
• Media Transformation: Video Games as a Spectator Sport
Diversity and Representation in Video Games
The Internet and Society
The Hacker Ethic
Hacking the 2016 Presidential Election
The Notion of Cyberspace
Broadening Our Online World
Conflicts Over Digital Media
Convergence of Old and New Media
Everything Is Data
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
PART IV. STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION
Chapter 11. Advertising: Selling a Message
The Development of the Advertising Industry
The Birth of Consumer Culture
The Growth of Brand Names
Advertising-Supported Media
The Advertising Business
The Client
The Agency
Burger King and Google
The Media
The Audience
• Test Your Media Literacy: Target’s Targeting
Advertising in Contemporary Culture
The Problem of Clutter
Debunking Subliminal Advertising
When Advertisements Are More Important Than the Program
Advertising to Children
• Test Your Media Literacy: Limits on Advertising Food to Children
The Future of Advertising
Integrated Marketing Communication
• Media Transformations: From Advertorials to Native Advertising
Is Anyone Watching Television Ads?
Product Placement
The Long Tail of Advertising
Social Marketing
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 12. Public Relations: Interactions, Relationships, and the News
From Press Agentry to Professionalism
The Origins of Public Relations
• Test Your Media Literacy: False Reports Garner Publicity
World War I: The Federal Government Starts Using Public Relations
Public Relations Becomes a Profession
The Business of Public Relations
What Is Public Relations?
The Public Relations Process
Who Are the Publics?
Crisis Communication
Public Relations Goes Online
• Media Transformations: Coca-Cola Freestyle
Public Relations and Society
Journalism and Public Relations
Public Relations and the Government
Spin Control: A More Personal Form of Public Relations
Public Relations and the Civil Rights Movement
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
PART V. REGULATION AND CONTROL OF THE MEDIA
Chapter 13. Media Law: Free Speech and Fairness
The Development of a Free Press
The First Amendment: “Congress Shall Make No Law”
The Roots of American Free Speech
Limits on Free Speech in the Post-9/11 Era
Protection of Individuals
Libel
Invasion of Privacy
Privacy Law in Europe
Free Press/Fair Trial
• Test Your Visual Media Literacy: Should Legal Protections Extend to Offensive Speech?
Controlling the Press
Honesty and the Press
Prior Restraint
Free Speech and Students
Journalists Going to Jail
Obscenity
• Test Your Media Literacy: When Is Arresting Reporters Considered Acceptable?
Regulation of the Media Industry
Copyright and Fair Use
The Rise and Fall of Broadcast Regulation
Mandating Fairness on the Air
The Telecommunications Act of 1996
• Media Transformations: Net Neutrality
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 14. Media Ethics: Truthfulness, Fairness, and Standards of Decency
Ethical Principles and Decision Making
Aristotle: Virtue and the Golden Mean
Kant: The Categorical Imperative
John Stuart Mill: The Principle of Utility
• Test Your Visual Media Literacy: “It was such a violent collision”
John Rawls: The Veil of Ignorance
Hutchins Commission: Social Responsibility Ethics
The Bok Model for Ethical Decision Making
Ethics and News
Truthfulness
Conflict of Interest
Sensationalism
• Test Your Media Literacy: Recognizing Fake News, Consumer Responsibility
Going Too Far: The News of the World Hacking Scandal
When and How Do You Apologize?
There Is No “They”: The Sago Mine Disaster
Photography
Enforcing Ethics
Ethics and Persuasive Communication
Advertising
Ethics in Public Relations
Attacks on Women Through Online Media
• Media Transformations: Importance of Representation
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 15. Global Media: Communication Around the World
Media Ideals Around the World
Authoritarian Theory
Communist Theory
Libertarian Theory
Social Responsibility Theory
Norms for the Press in the Twenty-First Century
The Internet in the Twenty-First Century
Going Global: Media Standards Around the World
• Test Your Media Literacy: Updating the Four Theories
Canada, Western Europe, and Great Britain
• Test Your Visual Media Literacy: Are There Limits to What Media Images Should Display?
Central and Latin America
Islamic Countries and the Middle East
Africa
Russia and the Former Soviet Republics
• Test Your Media Literacy: How Free Are the World’s Media to Report the News?
Asia
• Media Transformations: Are We Really Living in a Media World?
Chapter Review
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Glossary
Notes
Index
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