[Gutenberg 57343] • The Negro in Chicago / A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot by Relations, The Chicago Commission on Race -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

THE NEGRO IN CHICAGO TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF MAPS FOREWORD INTRODUCTION THE PROBLEM CHAPTER I THE CHICAGO RIOT July 27-August 2, 1919 CHAPTER II OTHER OUTBREAKS IN ILLINOIS

I. Minor Clashes in and near Chicago

1. CLASHES IN CHICAGO PRECEDING THE RIOT OF 1919 2. RACIAL OUTBREAK IN WAUKEGAN May 31 and June 2, 1920 3. THE "ABYSSINIAN" AFFAIR 4. THE BARRETT MURDER

II. The Springfield Riot August 14-15, 1908 III. East St. Louis Riots May 28 and July 2, 1917

CHAPTER III THE MIGRATION OF NEGROES FROM THE SOUTH

I. INTRODUCTION

II. CAUSES OF THE MIGRATION

I. ECONOMIC CAUSES OF THE MIGRATION

A. THE SOUTH B. THE NORTH

II. SENTIMENTAL CAUSES OF THE MIGRATION III. BEGINNING AND SPREAD OF MIGRATION IV. THE ARRIVAL IN CHICAGO V. ADJUSTMENTS TO CHICAGO LIFE VI. MIGRANTS IN CHICAGO VII. EFFORTS TO CHECK MIGRATION

CHAPTER IV THE NEGRO POPULATION OF CHICAGO

A. DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY B. NEIGHBORHOODS OF NEGRO RESIDENCE

I. ADJUSTED NEIGHBORHOODS II. NON-ADJUSTED NEIGHBORHOODS III. BOMBINGS IV. TREND OF THE NEGRO POPULATION V. OUTLYING NEIGHBORHOODS

C. THE NEGRO COMMUNITY

I. THE BEGINNING OF THE NEGRO COMMUNITY II. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NEGRO COMMUNITY

CHAPTER V THE NEGRO HOUSING PROBLEM

A. A STUDY OF NEGRO FAMILIES

I. GENERAL LIVING CONDITIONS II. WHY NEGROES MOVE III. THE FAMILY GROUPING IV. HOW NEGRO FAMILIES LIVE V. A GROUP OF FAMILY HISTORIES

B. PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF NEGRO HOUSING

I. "TYPE A" HOUSES II. "TYPE B" HOUSES III. "TYPE C" HOUSES IV. "TYPE D" HOUSES V. NEIGHBORHOOD IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATIONS VI. EFFORTS OF SOCIAL AGENCIES VII. EFFORTS OF INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLDERS

C. NEGROES AND PROPERTY DEPRECIATION

I. GENERAL FACTORS IN DEPRECIATION OF RESIDENCE PROPERTY II. DEPRECIATION ON THE SOUTH SIDE III. DEPRECIATION AFTER THE COMING OF NEGROES IV. DEPRECIATION IN HYDE PARK

D. FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF NEGRO HOUSING

I. NEGRO PROPERTY CONSIDERED A POOR RISK II. NEGROES AS HOME OWNERS III. REAL ESTATE LOANS TO NEGROES IV. FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF NEGROES

CHAPTER VI RACIAL CONTACTS

INTRODUCTION A. LEGAL STATUS OF NEGROES IN ILLINOIS

I. CIVIL RIGHTS IN PUBLIC PLACES II. DISCRIMINATION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS

B. CONTACTS IN CHICAGO PUBLIC SCHOOLS

I. PHYSICAL EQUIPMENT OF SCHOOLS II. SCHOOL CONTACT PROBLEMS III. RETARDATION

C. CONTACTS IN RECREATION

I. CLASSIFICATION OF FACILITIES II. DISTRIBUTION OF FACILITIES IN RELATION TO NEGRO AREAS III. USE OF FACILITIES IV. CONTACTS V. TRAINING FOR RECREATION DIRECTORS VI. SUMMARY

D. CONTACTS IN TRANSPORTATION

I. INTRODUCTION II. DISTRIBUTION OF NEGRO TRAFFIC III. CONDUCT RESULTING FROM CONTACTS

E. CONTACTS IN OTHER RELATIONS

I. CONTACTS IN PUBLIC PLACES II. "BLACK AND TAN" RESORTS III. CULTURAL CONTACTS IV. CONTACTS IN CO-OPERATIVE EFFORTS FOR RACE BETTERMENT

CHAPTER VII CRIME AND VICIOUS ENVIRONMENT

I. GENERAL CRIME SITUATION II. PREVALENT IMPRESSIONS REGARDING NEGRO CRIME III. CRIMINAL STATISTICS IV. THE NEGRO IN THE COURTS

1. JUVENILE COURT 2. BUREAU OF IDENTIFICATION 3. PROBATION AND PAROLE 4. INSTITUTIONAL INQUIRY 5. OTHER CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS

V. NEGRO CRIME AND ENVIRONMENT VI. VIEWS OF AUTHORITIES ON CRIME AMONG NEGROES

1. FEWER PROFESSIONAL AND BANDED CRIMINALS AMONG NEGROES 2. SEX CRIME AMONG NEGROES AS COMPARED WITH WHITES 3. OFFENSES AGAINST MORALS 4. LYING AND STEALING 5. TYPES OF NEGRO CRIMES 6. MENTAL 7. CHANGE IN CHARACTER OF CRIME OR INCREASE IN CRIME DUE TO MIGRATION 8. LIABILITY OF THE NEGRO TO ARREST 9. DISCRIMINATION IN THE COURTS 10. EASE WITH WHICH NEGROES ARE CONVICTED 11. LEGAL REPRESENTATION FOR NEGRO DEFENDANTS 12. IDENTIFICATION 13. PROBATION ON PAROLE 14. ENVIRONMENT: VICE IN NEGRO RESIDENCE AREAS 15. ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL ASPECTS OF NEGRO CRIME

CHAPTER VIII THE NEGRO IN INDUSTRY

A. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND CONDITIONS

I. INTRODUCTION II. THE NEGRO IN CHICAGO INDUSTRIES IN 1910 AND 1920 III. EMPLOYERS' EXPERIENCE WITH NEGRO LABOR IV. INDUSTRY AS THE NEGRO SEES IT V. INDUSTRIES EXCLUDING THE NEGRO VI. RELATIONS OF WHITE AND COLORED WORKERS VII. FUTURE OF THE NEGRO IN CHICAGO INDUSTRIES

B. ORGANIZED LABOR AND THE NEGRO WORKER

I. INTRODUCTION II. POLICY OF THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR AND OTHER FEDERATIONS III. POLICY OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL UNIONS IV. ATTITUDE AND POLICY OF LOCAL UNIONS IN CHICAGO V. ATTITUDE OF NEGROES TOWARD UNION ORGANIZATION VI. THE NEGRO AND STRIKES VII. ATTITUDE AND OPINIONS OF LABOR LEADERS

CHAPTER IX PUBLIC OPINION IN RACE RELATIONS

A. OPINIONS OF WHITES AND NEGROES

I. BELIEFS CONCERNING NEGROES II. BACKGROUND OF PREVAILING BELIEFS CONCERNING NEGROES III. TYPES OF SENTIMENTS AND ATTITUDES IV. SELF-ANALYSIS BY FIFTEEN WHITE CITIZENS V. PUBLIC OPINION AS EXPRESSED BY NEGROES VI. OPINIONS OF FIFTEEN NEGROES ON DEFINITE RACIAL PROBLEMS

CHAPTER X PUBLIC OPINION IN RACE RELATIONS—Continued B. INSTRUMENTS OF OPINION MAKING

I. THE PRESS

1. GENERAL SURVEY OF CHICAGO NEWSPAPERS 2. INTENSIVE STUDY OF CHICAGO NEWSPAPERS 3. NEWSPAPER POLICY REGARDING NEGRO NEWS 4. THE NEGRO PRESS

II. RUMOR

1. AN IMPRESSION STUDY 2. THE BUBBLY CREEK RUMOR 3. RIOT RUMORS 4. RUMORS PREDICTING RIOTS 5. RUMORS CONCERNING NEGRO RADICALS 6. RUMOR WITHIN THE NEGRO GROUP 7. RUMORS OF ATROCITIES 8. RUMORS AND THE MIGRATION

III. MYTHS

1. THE RAPE MYTH 2. THE SEX MYTH

IV. PROPAGANDA

1. EDUCATIONAL PROPAGANDA 2. RADICAL AND REVOLUTIONARY PROPAGANDA 3. MALICIOUS PROPAGANDA 4. DEFENSIVE PROPAGANDA

V. CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER XI SUMMARY OF THE REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMISSION

THE SUMMARY I. The Chicago Riot

1. BACKGROUND 2. STORY OF THE RIOT 3. RUMORS AND THE RIOT 4. CONDUCT OF THE POLICE 5. THE MILITIA 6. RESTORATION OF ORDER 7. THE AFTERMATH 8. OUTSTANDING FEATURES OF THE RIOT

II. The Migration of Negroes from the South III. The Negro Population of Chicago

1. DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY 2. NEIGHBORHOODS OF NEGRO RESIDENCE 3. THE NEGRO COMMUNITY

IV. Racial Contacts

1. CONTACTS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS 2. RECREATION 3. CONTACTS IN TRANSPORTATION 4. CRIME AND VICIOUS ENVIRONMENT

V. The Negro in Chicago Industries

1. INCREASE IN NEGRO LABOR 2. CLASSIFICATION OF NEGRO WORKERS 3. EMPLOYERS' EXPERIENCE WITH NEGRO LABOR 4. LABOR TURNOVER 5. NEGRO WOMEN IN INDUSTRY 6. INDUSTRIES EXCLUDING THE NEGRO 7. RELATIONS BETWEEN WHITE AND NEGRO WORKERS 8. THE PERIOD OF INDUSTRIAL DEPRESSION 9. ORGANIZED LABOR AND NEGRO WORKERS

VI. Public Opinion in Race Relations

A. OPINIONS OF WHITES AND NEGROES B. FACTORS IN THE MAKING OF PUBLIC OPINION

THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMISSION

To the Police, Militia, State's Attorney, and Courts: To the City Council and Administrative Boards, the Park Boards and the Municipal Bureau of Parks, Playgrounds, and Bathing-Beaches: To the Board of Education: To Social and Civic Organizations, Labor Unions, and Churches: To the Public: To the White Members of the Public: To the Negro Members of the Public: To Employers and Labor Organizations: To Negro Workers: To the Street-Car Companies: To Restaurants, Theaters, Stores, and Other Places of Public Accommodation: To the Press:

APPENDIX

A. BIOGRAPHICAL DATA OF MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION B. THE STAFF OF THE COMMISSION

INVESTIGATION PREPARATION OF REPORT

C. EPITOME OF FACTS IN RIOT DEATHS

I. Deaths due to mob violence, and in which the coroners' jury recommended members of the unknown mob be apprehended and held to justice, and in which none of the members were so apprehended. The cases listed in this category do not include all those due to mob violence, but only those qualified as stated: II. Deaths due to circumstances creating no criminal responsibility: III. Deaths due to the Angelus riot as to which no recommendations were made by the coroner's jury: IV. Deaths in circumstances which seemed to involve specific persons named by the coroner's jury for further investigation, but as to which no indictments followed: V. Deaths for which specific persons were subsequently indicted by the grand jury:

INDEX FOOTNOTES

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