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Index
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction
UNIT ONE: SPOKEN AND WRITTEN ENGLISH
1.1. Informal spoken English
Sections 17–19
1.2. Cooperation in conversation
Sections 21–23
1.3. Tag questions and ellipsis
Sections 24–25; 245; 384; 684
1.4. Coordination
Section 26
1.5. Finite clauses in spoken English
Section 27; 360–374
1.6. Stress
Sections 33–35; 633; 743–745
1.7. Nucleus and tone units
Sections 36–37
1.8. Tones
Sections 38–42
UNIT TWO: EMOTION
2.1. Emotive emphasis in speech 1
Sections 298–301; 528
2.2. Emotive emphasis in speech 2
Sections 302–305; 417
2.3. Describing emotions 1
Sections 306–308; 499
2.4. Describing emotions 2
Sections 309–318; 722–723
UNIT THREE: STRUCTURE
3.1. Clauses
Sections 486–495; 151; 170; 198; 202–204; 207; 211; 499; 573–577; 588; 613; 686; 718; 724; 727; 737; 739
3.2. Combinations of verbs
Section 739; 735–737
UNIT FOUR: DETERMINERS
4.1. Count and non-count nouns
Sections 57–69; 510; 597–601
4.2. Amount and quantity
Sections 70–81; 675–680; 697–699
4.3. The use of the article
Sections 82–90; 448; 475; 579; 597; 641; 747
4.4. Other words of definite meaning
Sections 91–101; 521; 619; 667
4.5. Expressions using ‘of’ and the genitive
Sections 102–107; 530–535
UNIT FIVE: TIME, TENSE AND ASPECT
5.1. Auxiliary verbs
Sections 477–478; 582; 735
5.2. The auxiliary verbs do, have and be
Sections 479–482; 736
5.3. The modal auxiliaries
Sections 483–485; 736
5.4. Meanings and forms
Sections 113–115; 573–578; 740–741
5.5. Present time
Sections 116–121
5.6. Past time 1
Sections 122–127; 550–572
5.7. Past time 2
Sections 128–131
5.8. The progressive aspect
Sections 132–139
5.9. Future time 1
Sections 140–146
5.10. Future time 2
Sections 147–148
5.11. Summary
Sections 149–150
UNIT SIX: ADJECTIVES
6.1. Adjectives
Sections 440–444
6.2. Adjective or adverb?
Sections 445–447
6.3. Adjectives as heads
Section 448; 90; 579–580
6.4. Adjective patterns
Sections 436–438
6.5. Adjective patterns with a to-infinitive
Section 439
UNIT SEVEN: ADVERBS, ADVERBIALS AND PREPOSITIONS
7.1. Adverbs
Sections 464–469
7.2. Adverbials – Introduction
Sections 449–452
7.3. Time–when 1
Sections 151–155; 455–456
7.4. Time–when 2
Sections 156–160
7.5. Duration
Sections 161–165; 457
7.6. Frequency
Sections 166–169; 458
7.7. Place, direction and distance
Section 170; 454
7.8. Prepositions of place
Sections 171–178
7.9. Overlap between types of prepositions
Sections 179–183
7.10. Various positions
Sections 184–186
7.11. Motion
Sections 187–189
7.12. Space and motion
Sections 190–192
7.13. Distance
Section 193
7.14. Manner, means and instrument
Sections 194–197; 453
7.15. Prepositions (general)
Sections 657–660
7.16. Two or more adverbials
Section 460
7.17. Degree
Section 215; 459
7.18. Gradable words and degree 1
Sections 216–218
7.19. Gradable words and degree 2
Sections 219–221
7.20. Other aspects of degree adverbs
Sections 222–223
7.21. Role, standard and point of view
Section 224
7.22. Sentence adverbials
Sections 461–463
UNIT EIGHT: CLAUSE TYPES
8.1. Cause, result, purpose and reason
Sections 198–206; 323; 365; 613–615
8.2. Concession and contrast
Sections 211–212; 361; 462
UNIT NINE: LINKING
9.1. Linking signals
Sections 351–359; 238; 470–472
9.2. ‘General purpose’ links
Sections 371–374; 110–111; 493–494; 686–694
9.3. Cross-reference to noun phrases and substitutes for a noun phrase
Sections 375–382; 510; 529; 597–601; 619–622; 675–680
9.4. Substitutes for structures containing a verb
Sections 383–385; 479; 482
9.5. Substitutes for wh-clauses and to-infinitive clauses
Sections 387–389; 94; 99; 376
9.6. Omission with non-finite and verbless clauses
Sections 392–394; 493–494
UNIT TEN: CONDITIONS
10.1. Open and hypothetical conditions
Sections 207–210; 275; 366–367
10.2. Other ways of expressing hypothetical meaning
Sections 277–278
10.3. Condition and contrast
Sections 213–214; 368
UNIT ELEVEN: COMPARISON
11.1. Comparison 1
Section 227; 500–504
11.2. Comparison 2
Sections 225–226; 505–507
11.3. Comparison 3
Sections 228–229 & 233
11.4. Comparison 4
Sections 230–232
UNIT TWELVE: ADDITION, EXCEPTION AND RESTRICTION
12.1. Addition
Sections 234–235
12.2. Exception
Section 236
12.3. Restriction
Sections 237–238
UNIT THIRTEEN: INFORMATION, REALITY AND BELIEF
13.1. Questions and answers 1
Sections 240–242; 536–541; 609–612; 681–683
13.2. Questions and answers 2
Sections 243–244
13.3. Questions and answers 3
Sections 245–248; 612; 684
13.4. Responses
Sections 249–252; 22–23
13.5. Omission of information
Sections 253–255
13.6. Reported statements
Sections 256–258
13.7. Indirect questions
Sections 259–260; 681
13.8. Denial and affirmation 1
Sections 261–262; 581–585; 610–611; 697–699
13.9. Denial and affirmation 2
Section 263; 586–587
13.10. Denial and affirmation 3
Sections 264–269; 611–612
UNIT FOURTEEN: MODIFYING
14.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive meaning
Sections 110–112
14.2. Post-modifiers
Sections 641–649; 70; 106; 110; 128; 132; 151; 170; 194; 198; 392; 443; 470; 531; 589; 593; 596; 654; 686–687; 728; 740
14.3. Pre-modifiers
Sections 650–653; 440; 459; 522
14.4. Relative clauses
Sections 685–694; 110–111; 371–372; 461; 595; 659; 747
14.5. Apposition
Sections 470–472; 397; 589; 593; 646
UNIT FIFTEEN: MODALITY
15.1. Agreement and disagreement
Sections 270–273
15.2. Fact, hypothesis and neutrality
Sections 274–282; 416; 493; 589; 609; 706–708
15.3. Degrees of likelihood
Sections 283–292; 461–463; 483; 501; 542
15.4. Attitudes to truth
Sections 293–297; 508; 587; 733
15.5. Volition
Sections 319–324
15.6. Permission and obligation
Sections 325–329; 483
15.7. Influencing People 1
Sections 330–335 & 339; 417
15.8. Influencing People 2
Sections 336–338 & 340; 608; 730
UNIT SIXTEEN: ADDRESSING
16.1. Vocatives
Sections 349–350
16.2. Commands
Sections 497–498
UNIT SEVENTEEN: FOCUSING
17.1. Focusing information
Sections 396–401; 744
17.2. Organising information – Given and new information
Sections 402–407
17.3. Organising information – Order and emphasis
Sections 411–414
17.4. Organising information – Inversion
Sections 415–417; 584–585; 590–594; 681–684
17.5. Organising information – Fronting with ‘so/neither’
Section 418
17.6. Organising information – Cleft sentences
Sections 419–423; 496; 592
17.7. Organising information – Postponement
Sections 424–429
17.8. Organising information – Other choices
Sections 430–432; 488; 608; 613–618; 730; 740
17.9. Organising information – Avoiding intransitive verbs
Sections 433–434
ANSWER KEY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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