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Index
Contents
Preface
Authors
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
COUNSELING THEORY
What Is Counseling Theory?
What are the Advantages of Counseling Theory?
Why are there so Many Counseling Theories?
What are some Disadvantages of Counseling Theory?
How can you Reconcile the Advantages and Disadvantages?
Which is the Best Counseling Theory?
Has Research Shown One Theory of Counseling to be More Effective than Another?
How do you Identify your Guiding Theory of Counseling?
THE SEVEN C’s
Personal Theory Development as Process
HOW THIS BOOK IS ORGANIZED
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MENTAL HEALTH PERTINENT TO COUNSELING THEORY
The Nature–Nurture Question
DSM–IV–TR Diagnosis
Pharmacotherapy
Managed Care and Brief Therapy
Technical Eclecticism
Diversity Issues
The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 Classical Psychoanalysis
BACKGROUND OF THE THEORY
Historical Context
Founder’s Biographical Overview
Philosophical underpinnings
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Nature of Humans
Function of the Psyche
Structure of the Psyche
Role of the Environment
Interaction of Human Nature and Environment
Psychosexual Development
Model of Mental Health
Healthy Functioning
Unhealthy Functioning
THE PERSONALITY CHANGE PROCESS
Client’s Role
Counselor’s Role
Stages and Techniques
Stages
Techniques
CONTRIBUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
Interface With Recent Developments in the Mental Health Field
The Nature–Nurture Question
DSM–IV–TR Diagnosis
Pharmacotherapy
Managed Care and Brief Therapy
Technical Eclecticism
Diversity Issues
Research on Personality Development and Function
The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Limitations
Contributions
CURRENT STATUS
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
Books
Audiovisuals
Web Sites
REFERENCES
Footnotes
CHAPTER 3 Self Psychology
BACKGROUND OF THE THEORY
Historical Context
Founder’s Biographical Overview
Philosophical underpinnings
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Nature of Humans
Structure of the Psyche
Function of the Psyche
Role of the Environment
Familial
Extrafamilial
Model of Mental Health
Healthy Functioning
Unhealthy Functioning
THE PERSONALITY CHANGE PROCESS
Client’s Role
Transference
Resistance
Counselor’s Role
Stages and Techniques
CONTRIBUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
Interface With Recent Developments in the Mental Health Field
The Nature–Nurture Question
DSM–IV–TR Diagnosis
Pharmacotherapy
Managed Care and Brief Therapy
Technical Eclecticism
Diversity Issues
The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Limitations
Contributions
CURRENT STATUS
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
Print
Audiovisuals
Web Sites
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4 Adlerian Counseling–Individual Psychology
BACKGROUND OF THE THEORY
Historical Context and Founder’s Biographical Overview
Philosophical underpinnings
Responsibility and Creativity
Teleology
Phenomenology
Holism
Social Embeddedness
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Nature of Humans
Function of the Psyche
Structure of the Psyche
Final Point and Summary
Role of the Environment
Familial Environment
Extrafamilial Factors
Model of Mental Health
Healthy Functioning
Unhealthy Functioning
THE PERSONALITY CHANGE PROCESS
Client’s Role
Counselor’s Role
Stages and Techniques
Phase 1: Developing a Therapeutic Relationship
Phase 2: Investigating Style of Life
Phase 3: Understanding
Phase 4: Reorientation
CONTRIBUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
Contributions
Limitations
Interface With Recent Developments in the Mental Health Field
The Nature–Nurture Question
DSM–IV–TR Diagnosis
Pharmacotherapy
Managed Care and Brief Therapy
Technical Eclecticism
Diversity Issues
The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
CURRENT STATUS
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
Books
Audiovisuals
Web Sites
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 Existential Counseling
BACKGROUND OF THE THEORY
Historical Context
Founder’s Biographical Overview
Philosophical underpinnings
Ontology
Phenomenology
Responsibility
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Nature of Humans
Structure of the Psyche
Function of the Psyche
Death
Freedom
Isolation
Meaninglessness
Role of the Environment
The Welts
Destiny
Familial and Extrafamilial Environments
Interaction of Human Nature and Environment
Developmental Stages
Model of Mental Health
Healthy Functioning
Unhealthy Functioning
THE PERSONALITY CHANGE PROCESS
Counselor’s Role
Client’s Role
Stages and Techniques
Addressing the Given of Death
Addressing the Given of Isolation
Addressing the Given of Freedom
Addressing the Given of Meaninglessness
CONTRIBUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
Interface With Recent Developments in the Mental Health Field
The Nature–Nurture Question
DSM–IV–TR Diagnosis
Pharmacotherapy
Managed Care and Brief Therapy
Technical Eclecticism
Diversity Issues
The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Limitations
Contributions
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
Books
Audiovisuals
Web Sites
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6 Person-Centered Counseling
BACKGROUND OF THE THEORY
Biographical and Historical Overview
Founder’s Biographical Overview
Philosophical underpinnings
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Nature of Humans
Function of the Psyche
Structure of the Psyche
Role of Environment
Model of Mental Health
Healthy Functioning
Unhealthy Functioning
THE PERSONALITY CHANGE PROCESS
Client’s Role
Motivation to Change
Capacity and Responsibility for Change
Source of Resistance
Counselor’s Role
Goals of Counseling
Characteristics of an Effective Counselor
Stages and Techniques
The Therapeutic Relationship
Assessment
Change Strategies
Addressing Client Resistance
CONTRIBUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
Interface with Recent Developments in the Mental Health Field
The Nature–Nurture Question
DSM–IV–TR Diagnosis
Pharmacotherapy
Managed Care and Brief Therapy
Technical Eclecticism
Diversity Issues
The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Limitations
Contributions
CURRENT STATUS AND SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
Books
Audiovisuals
Web Sites
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7 Gestalt Counseling
BACKGROUND OF THE THEORY
Historical Context
Founders’ Biographical Overview
Philosophical underpinnings
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Nature of Humans
Function of the Psyche
Structure of the Psyche
Role of the Environment
Interaction of Human Nature and Environment
Healthy Functioning
Unhealthy Functioning
THE PERSONALITY CHANGE PROCESS
Client’s Role
Counselor’s Role
Stages and Techniques
Reversal
Dialog
Directed Awareness
CONTRIBUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
Interface With Recent Developments in the Mental Health Field
The Nature–Nurture Question
DSM–IV–TR Diagnosis
Pharmacotherapy
Managed Care and Brief Therapy
Technical Eclecticism
Diversity Issues
The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Limitations
Contributions
CURRENT STATUS
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
Books
Audiovisuals
Web Sites
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 8 Behavioral Counseling
BACKGROUND OF THE THEORY
Historical Context and Founder’s Biographical Overview
Philosophical underpinnings
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Nature of Humans
Function of the Psyche
Structure of the Psyche
Role of the Environment
Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
The Relationship of Operant and Classical Conditioning
Impact of the Familial Versus Extrafamilial Environments
Model of Mental Health
Unhealthy Functioning
Healthy Functioning
THE PERSONALITY CHANGE PROCESS
Client’s Role
Counselor’s Role
Stages and Techniques
Assessment
Change Strategies
CONTRIBUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
Interface With Recent Developments in the Mental Health Field
The Nature–Nurture Question
DSM–IV–TR Diagnosis
Pharmacotherapy
Managed Care and Brief Therapy
Technical Eclecticism
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Diversity Issues
Limitations
Contributions
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
Books
Audiovisuals
Web Sites
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 9 Cognitive Counseling
REALITY TESTING
BACKGROUND OF THE THEORY
Historical Context
Founder’s Biographical Overview
Philosophical underpinnings
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Nature of Humans
Function of the Psyche
Structure of the Psyche
Summary
Role of the Environment
Model of Mental Health
Healthy Functioning
Unhealthy Functioning
THE PERSONALITY CHANGE PROCESS
Client’s Role
Motivation to Change
Capacity for Change
Responsibility for Change
Source of Resistance
Counselor’s Role
Goals of Counseling
Characteristics of an Effective Counselor
Stages and Techniques
Overall Structure
Assessment
Change Strategies and Techniques
Responding to Resistance
CONTRIBUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
Interface With Recent Developments in the Mental Health Field
The Nature–Nurture Question
DSM–IV–TR Diagnosis
Pharmacotherapy
Managed Care and Brief Therapy
Diversity Issues
Technical Eclecticism
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Limitations
Contributions
Current Status
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
Books and Print
Audiovisuals
Web Sites
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 10 Rational Emotive Behavioral Counseling
BACKGROUND OF THE THEORY
Historical Context and Founder’s Biographical Overview
Philosophical underpinnings
Epistemology and Dialectics
Responsible Hedonism
Humanism
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Nature of Humans
Function of the Psyche
Structure of the Psyche
Role of the Environment
Model of Mental Health
Healthy Functioning
Unhealthy Functioning
THE PERSONALITY CHANGE PROCESS
Client’s Role
Counselor’s Role
Stages and Techniques
Beginning
Middle
Ending
CONTRIBUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
Interface With Recent Developments in the Mental Health Field
The Nature–Nurture Question
DSM–IV–TR Diagnosis
Pharmacotherapy
Managed Care and Brief Therapy
Technical Eclecticism
Diversity Issues
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Contributions
CURRENT STATUS
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
Books
Audiovisuals
Web Sites
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 11 Reality Therapy and Choice Theory
BACKGROUND OF THE THEORY
Historical Context
Founder’s Biographical Overview
Philosophical underpinnings
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Nature of Humans
Function of the Psyche
Structure of the Psyche
Role of the Environment
Familial Environment
Extrafamilial Factors
Model of Mental Health
Healthy Functioning
Unhealthy Functioning
THE PERSONALITY CHANGE PROCESS
Client’s Role
Counselor’s Role
Stages and Techniques
W (Wants)
D (Direction and Doing)
E (Evaluation)
P (Plan)
CONTRIBUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
Contributions
Limitations
Interface with Recent Developments in the Mental Health Field
The Nature–Nurture Question
DSM–IV–TR Diagnosis
Pharmacotherapy
Managed Care and Brief Therapy
Technical Eclecticism
Diversity Issues
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
CURRENT STATUS
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
Books
Audiovisuals
Web Sites
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 12 Constructivist Approaches*
BACKGROUND OF THE THEORY
Historical Context and Philosophical Underpinnings
Founder’s Biographical Overview
Solution-Focused Therapy
Narrative Therapy
Mahoney’s Constructivist Psychotherapy
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Nature of Humans
Function of the Psyche
Structure of the Psyche
Role of the Environment
Familial Environment
Extrafamilial Factors
Model of Mental Health
THE PERSONALITY CHANGE PROCESS
Client’s Role
Counselor’s Role
Stages and Techniques
Solution-Focused Therapy
Narrative Therapy
Mahoney’s Constructive Psychotherapy
CONTRIBUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
Interface With Recent Developments in the Mental Health Field
The Nature–Nurture Question
DSM–IV–TR Diagnosis
Pharmacotherapy
Managed Care and Brief Therapy
Technical Eclecticism
Diversity
The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Limitations
Contributions
Current Status
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
Books
Audiovisuals
Web Sites
REFERENCES
Footnotes
CHAPTER 13 Systems Approaches
BACKGROUND OF THE THEORY
Historical Context
Founders’ Biographical Overviews
Philosophical underpinnings
Any System is an Organized Whole, and Elements Within the System Are Necessarily Interdependent
Patterns in a System are Circular Rather than Linear
THE THEORY: DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILY SYSTEMS
Nature of Family Systems
Family systems are ubiquitous
Function of Family Systems
Structure of Family Systems
Role of the Environment
Familial
Extrafamilial
Interaction of Nature and Environment on System Development
Healthy Functioning
Unhealthy Functioning
THE SYSTEM CHANGE PROCESS
Client’s Role
Counselor’s Role
Stages and Techniques
Stages
Techniques
CONTRIBUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
Interface With Recent Developments in the Mental Health Field
The Nature–Nurture Question
DSM–IV–TR Diagnosis
Pharmacotherapy
Managed Care and Brief Therapy
Technical Eclecticism
Diversity Issues
The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Limitations
Contributions
CURRENT STATUS
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
Books
Audiovisuals
Web Sites
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 14 Integral Counseling: The Prepersonal, Personal, and Transpersonal in Self, Culture, and Nature
BACKGROUND OF THE THEORY
Historical Context
Founder’s Biographical Overview
Philosophical Underpinnings
Perennial Philosophy
Four Quadrant Model
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Nature of Humans
Function of the Psyche
Structure of the Psyche
Role of the Environment
Familial
Extrafamilial
Interaction of Human Nature and Environment
Healthy Functioning
Unhealthy Functioning
THE PERSONALITY CHANGE PROCESS
Client’s Role
Counselor’s Role
Stages and Techniques
Relationship
Assessment
Treatment Plan
Techniques
Meditation
Addressing Resistance
CONTRIBUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
Interface With Recent Developments in the Mental Health Field
The Nature–Nurture Question
DSM–IV–TR Diagnosis
Pharmacotherapy
Managed Care and Brief Therapy
Technical Eclecticism
Diversity Issues
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Limitations
Contributions
CURRENT STATUS
SUMMARY
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
REFERENCES
Author Index
Subject Index
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