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Index
1 Introduction to First Aid Care
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1.1 What Is First Aid? 1.2 General Procedures
Arranging for Medical Assistance (Activating the EMS System)
1.3 Aspects of First Aid
First Aiders Skills Legal Aspects of First Aid Duty to Act Good Samaritan Laws Reasonable-Man Test Right to Refuse Care Controversies in First Aid Care
1.4 Infectious Disease Transmission
Transmission of Infectious Disease Identifying Infectious Diseases Diseases of Concern in the Emergency Setting Bloodborne Pathogens Protecting Yourself from Risk of Infection
1.5 Safety at the Scene
Fire Unstable Structures Motor Vehicle Accidents Electrical Hazards Water Hostility and Violence Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 1 Self-Test
2 Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
2.1 Anatomical Terminology
Terms of Position Terms of Direction and Location
2.2 The Body’s Framework
The Skeletal System Skull Spinal Column Thorax Pelvis Lower Extremities Upper Extremities Joint Movements The Muscular System
2.3 The Body’s Organ Systems
The Circulatory System Heart Blood Vessels Pulse Blood The Respiratory System The Digestive System The Urinary System The Endocrine System
2.4 The Nerves and Skin
The Nervous System The Skin Body Cavities Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 2 Self-Test
3 Victim Assessment
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
3.1 The Victim Assessment Routine
Conduct a Scene Size-Up Establishing Rapport and Control
3.2 Conducting the Primary Survey
Airway and Spine Stabilization Breathing Circulation Disability
3.3 Conducting the Neuro Exam 3.4 Chief Complaint and Vital Signs
Determining the Chief Complaint Assessing Vital Signs Pulse Respiration (Breathing) Temperature and Skin Color Looking for Medical Information Devices
3.5 Taking a History 3.6 Conducting a Secondary Survey
Face, Mouth, Ears, Nose Skull and Neck Chest Abdomen Pelvic Region Back Lower Extremities Upper Extremities Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 3 Self-Test
4 Basic Life Support: Artificial Ventilation
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
4.1 Respiratory Distress
Signs and Symptoms Basic Life Support
4.2 Victim Assessment
Initial Approach to the Patient Activating the EMS System Positioning the Victim and Opening the Airway Head-tilt/Chin-lift Maneuver Jaw-thrust Maneuver Assess Breathing
4.3 Rescue Breathing
Mouth-to-Mouth Ventilation Mouth-to-Mouth Ventilation and Disease Transmission Mouth-to-Barrier Ventilation Mouth-to-Nose Ventilation Mouth-to-Stoma Ventilation Gastric Distention Ventilating Infants and Children
4.4 Obstructed Airway Emergencies
First Aid for a Conscious Victim (Adult or Child) If the Victim Is or Becomes Unconscious If the Victim Is Obese or Pregnant If the Victim Is an Infant Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 4 Self-Test
5 Basic Life Support: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
5.1 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 5.2 Basic Life Support Sequence
Determining Responsiveness and Breathing Activating the EMS System and Obtaining an AED Opening the Airway Determining Breathlessness and Providing Ventilations Providing Rescue Breathing Determining Pulselessness
5.3 Chest Compressions
Positioning Your Hands Delivering Chest Compressions Performing One-Rescuer Adult CPR Terminating CPR Performing Two-Rescuer Adult CPR by Health Care Providers Performing CPR on Infants and Children
5.4 Mistakes, Complications, and When to Withhold
Mistakes in Performing CPR Complications Caused by CPR Withholding CPR
5.5 Defibrillation
Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 5 Self-Test
6 Bleeding and Shock
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
6.1 Bleeding and Its Effects 6.2 Control of Bleeding
Taking Body Substance Precautions Applying Direct Pressure and Elevation Using a Pressure Bandage Using an Air Splint Using a Tourniquet Using a Blood Pressure Cuff
6.3 Internal Bleeding
Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care
6.4 Nosebleed 6.5 Shock
Causes of Shock Types of Shock Signs and Symptoms Management of Shock Preventing Shock
6.6 Anaphylactic Shock
Signs and Symptoms Skin Heart and Blood Vessels Respiratory Tract Gastrointestinal Tract Central Nervous System Management of Anaphylactic Shock Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 6 Self-Test
7 Soft-Tissue Injuries
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
7.1 Closed Injuries
Contusion Hematoma Crush Injuries First Aid Care
7.2 Open Injuries
Abrasion Laceration Avulsion Penetrating and Puncture Wounds Amputations Bites First Aid Care Cleaning Wounds and Preventing Infection Removing Slivers Removing a Fishhook
7.3 Special Treatment Considerations
Chest Injuries Abdominal Injuries Impaled Objects Amputations Clamping Injuries Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 7 Self-Test
8 Injuries to the Face, Eye, and Throat
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
8.1 Injuries to the Eye
Assessment Basic First Aid Care for Eye Injuries Foreign Objects in the Eye First Aid Care Injuries to the Eye Sockets First Aid Care Injuries to the Eyelids First Aid Care Injuries to the Eyeball First Aid Care Chemical Burns of the Eye First Aid Care Light Burns of the Eye Impaled Objects in the Eye and Extruded Eyeball First Aid Care Removing Contact Lenses Removing Hard Contact Lenses Removing Soft Contact Lenses
8.2 Injuries to the Face
Fractures of the Face and Jaw Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Objects Impaled in the Cheek Injuries to the Nose Injuries to the Ear Injuries to the Throat Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care
8.3 Dental Emergencies
Toothache Loose Tooth Broken Tooth Knocked-Out Tooth Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 8 Self-Test
9 Injuries to the Chest, Abdomen, and Genitalia
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
9.1 Chest Injuries
Signs and Symptoms Basic First Aid Care for Chest Injuries
9.2 Specific Chest Injuries
Flail Chest First Aid Care Compression Injuries and Traumatic Asphyxia First Aid Care Broken Ribs First Aid Care Hemothorax, Tension Pneumothorax, Open Pneumothorax, and Pneumothorax
9.3 Abdominal Injuries
Assessment of Abdominal Injuries Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Abdominal Evisceration Rupture, or Hernia First Aid Care
9.4 Injuries to the Genitalia
Male Genitalia Female Genitalia Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 9 Self-Test
10 Dressing and Bandaging
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
10.1 Dressings
Gauze Pads Special Pads Bandage Compresses Applying a Sterile Bandage
10.2 Bandages
Triangular and Cravat Bandages Roller Bandages
10.3 Principles of Dressing and Bandaging
Improvising Dressings and Bandages Applying Special Dressings and Bandages Pressure Dressings Slings Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 10 Self-Test
11 Musculoskeletal Injuries
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
11.1 The Musculoskeletal System
Bones Joints Muscle Tendons Ligaments
11.2 Sprains, Dislocations, Strains, and Cramps
Sprains Dislocations Strains Cramps Muscle Contusions
11.3 Injuries to Bones
Mechanisms of Injury Direct Force Indirect Force Twisting Force Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care
11.4 Splinting
Rules for Splinting Types of Splints Rigid Splints Traction Splints Improvised Splints Hazards of Improper Splinting Special Considerations in Splinting Splinting a Long Bone Splinting a Joint Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 11 Self-Test
12 Common Sport and Recreational Injuries
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
12.1 Injuries to the Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist, and Hand
Fractured Clavicle Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Shoulder Separation Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Dislocated Shoulder Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Dislocated Elbow Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Fracture of the Radial Head Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Colles’s and Smith’s Fractures Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Fracture and Dislocation of the Carpal Bones Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Metacarpal Fractures Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Fractured or Dislocated Fingers Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Sprained Thumb (Gamekeeper’s Thumb) Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care
12.2 Injuries to the Hip, Leg, Knee, Ankle, and Foot
Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Hip Pointer Hip Dislocation Signs and Symptoms Hip Fracture Signs and Symptoms Ischial Tuberosity Fracture Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Hamstring Strain Signs and Symptoms Sprained Knee Ligaments Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Dislocated Patella Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Achilles Tendon Rupture Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Ankle Sprains Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Dislocated Ankle Fractured Tibia or Fibula Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 12 Self-Test
13 Head and Spine Injuries
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
13.1 Types of Head Injuries
Injury to the Scalp Injury to the Brain Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Injury to the Skull (Skull Fracture)
13.2 Assessment, Signs, and Symptoms of Head Injury
Victim Assessment Signs and Symptoms of Skull Fracture Closed and Open Head Injuries Signs and Symptoms
13.3 First Aid Care for Head Injury 13.4 Injuries to the Spine
Mechanisms of Injury Complications of Spinal Injury Inadequate Breathing Effort Paralysis Victim Assessment
13.5 Signs and Symptoms of Spinal Injury 13.6 First Aid Care for Spinal Injury
Helmet Removal Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 13 Self-Test
14 Poisoning Emergencies
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
14.1 Ingested Poisons
Poison Control Centers The Importance of Taking a History Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Food Poisoning First Aid Care
14.2 Activated Charcoal
Dosage Administration
14.3 Inhaled Poisons
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care
14.4 Injected Poisons
Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care
14.5 Absorbed Poisons
Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 14 Self-Test
15 Drug and Alcohol Emergencies
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
15.1 The Nature of Drug and Alcohol Emergencies
Determining Whether an Emergency Is Drug or Alcohol Related Determining Whether a Drug- or Alcohol-Related Emergency Is Life Threatening
15.2 Alcohol Emergencies
Acute Intoxication Binge Drinking Withdrawal Syndrome Delirium Tremens
15.3 Assessment and Management
Observation and Assessment Severity of Intoxication Level of Consciousness Obtaining a History Signs That Immediate Medical Attention Is Needed General Guidelines for Managing a Drug or Alcohol Crisis Managing a Violent Drug or Alcohol Victim First Aid Care Managing an Overdose The Talk-Down Technique
15.4 Drugs of Concern
Hallucinogens Stimulants Depressants/Narcotics Other Drugs of Abuse Care for Drug Use and Overdose Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 15 Self-Test
16 Cardiovascular and Stroke Emergencies
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
16.1 Coronary Artery Disease
Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis
16.2 Angina Pectoris, Congestive Heart Failure, and Myocardial Infarction
Angina Pectoris Signs and Symptoms Congestive Heart Failure Signs and Symptoms Myocardial Infarction Signs and Symptoms
16.3 First Aid Care for Cardiac Emergencies
First Aid Care–Pulse Is Absent First Aid Care–Responsive Victim
16.4 Stroke
Causes and Types of Strokes Thrombotic Embolic Hemorrhagic Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 16 Self-Test
17 Respiratory Emergencies
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
17.1 Dyspnea
First Aid Care
17.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Emphysema Signs and Symptoms Chronic Bronchitis Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care for COPD
17.3 Asthma
Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Status Asthmaticus Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care
17.4 Pneumonia
Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care
17.5 Hyperventilation
Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 17 Self-Test
18 Diabetic Emergencies LEARNING OBJECTIVES 18.1 Diabetes 18.2 Understanding the Differences between Hyperglycemic and Hypoglycemic Emergencies
First Aid Care First Aid Care of Severe Hyperglycemia (DKA) First Aid Care of Hypoglycemia Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 18 Self-Test
19 Acute Abdominal Distress and Related Emergencies
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
19.1 Assessment
Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Nausea and Vomiting Diarrhea
19.2 Special Considerations
Ruptured Esophageal Varices Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 19 Self-Test
20 Seizures, Dizziness, and Fainting
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
20.1 Seizures
Causes of Seizures Overview of Types of Seizures Status Epilepticus
20.2 Assessment and First Aid Care
Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Assessment Considerations First Aid Care for Seizures First Aid Care for Status Epilepticus
20.3 Dizziness and Fainting
Dizziness Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Fainting Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 20 Self-Test
21 Childbirth and Related Emergencies
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
21.1 Reproductive Anatomy
Labor Dilation Crowning and Delivery Delivery of the Placenta First Aid Supplies for Delivery
21.2 Predelivery Emergencies
Miscarriage Seizure during Pregnancy Vaginal Bleeding in Late Pregnancy Ectopic Pregnancy Signs and Symptoms Preeclampsia and Eclampsia Ruptured Uterus Signs and Symptoms
21.3 Normal Delivery
Imminent Delivery Transporting a Woman in Labor Assisting with Delivery Delivery Procedures Vaginal Bleeding following Delivery
21.4 Care and Resuscitation of the Newborn
Care of a Newborn Resuscitating a Newborn
21.5 Abnormal Deliveries
Prolapsed Cord Breech Birth Limb Presentation Multiple Births Passage of Meconium Premature Birth Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 21 Self-Test
22 Pediatric and Geriatric Emergencies
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
22.1 Assessing the Child
Special Assessment Techniques Obtaining a History Taking Vital Signs
22.2 Emergencies Involving Children
Common Emergencies with Children Cardiac Arrest Seizures Shock
22.3 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Child Abuse
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Child Abuse and Neglect Identifying Abuse First Aid Care Caring for Yourself
22.4 Geriatric Emergencies
How Body Systems Change with Age Differing Signs and Symptoms Special Assessment Considerations Special Examination Considerations Special Trauma Considerations Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 22 Self-Test
23 Bites and Stings
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
23.1 Snakebite
Severity of Snakebite Signs and Symptoms of Snakebites
23.2 Insect Bites and Stings
Black Widow Spider Brown Recluse Spider Scorpion Fire Ants Ticks Centipedes Insect Stings Anaphylactic Shock
23.3 Marine Life Bites and Stings 23.4 First Aid for Bites and Stings
General First Aid Care First Aid Care for Snakebite First Aid Care for Marine Life Poisoning Removing a Tick Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 23 Self-Test
24 Burn Emergencies
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
24.1 Assessment of Burns
Degree of the Burn Percentage of Body Burned Severity of the Burn Location of the Burn Accompanying Complications and Age of the Victim
24.2 Burn Management
General Care of Thermal and Radiant Burns First Aid Care
24.3 Inhalation Injuries
Signs and Symptoms Inhalation of Toxic Fumes Carbon Monoxide First Aid Care
24.4 Chemical Burns First Aid Care 24.5 Electrical Burns
Protecting Yourself and the Victim Types of Electrical Burns Severity of Electrical Shock Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Lightning Injuries First Aid Care Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 24 Self-Test
25 Heat and Cold Emergencies
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
25.1 Temperature Regulation
How the Body Loses Heat How the Body Conserves Heat How Clothing Affects Thermal Equilibrium
25.2 Heat-Related Injuries (Hyperthermia)
Heatstroke Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Heat Exhaustion Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Heat Cramps Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care
25.3 Cold-Related Injuries (Hypothermia)
General Hypothermia Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care First Aid Care for Severe Hypothermia Immersion Hypothermia First Aid Care Frostbite Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 25 Self-Test
26 Water Emergencies
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
26.1 Drowning and Near-Drowning
Resuscitating Cold-Water Submersion Victims Ensuring Your Own Safety Head or Spinal Injury Head Splint Hip/Shoulder Support
26.2 First Aid Care for Near-Drowning
Ice Rescues
26.3 Diving Emergencies
Diving in Shallow Water Deep-Water Diving Air Embolism Decompression Sickness Signs and Symptoms First Aid Care Barotrauma Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 26 Self-Test
27 Wilderness Emergencies
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
27.1 Preventing Wilderness Emergencies 27.2 Basic Survival
Shelter Water Food
27.3 Altitude-Related Problems in the Wilderness
Acute Mountain Sickness Signs and Symptoms High Altitude Pulmonary Edema High Altitude Cerebral Edema First Aid for Altitude-Related Illness
27.4 Special Wilderness Considerations
Assessing the Scene Assessing the Victim Determining a Plan First Aid for Shock in a Wilderness Setting Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Lightning Deaths and Injuries Preventing Lightning Injury First Aid for Lightning Strikes Soft-Tissue Injuries First Aid Attacks by Wild Animals Musculoskeletal Injuries First Aid for General Dislocations First Aid for Shoulder Dislocation First Aid for Kneecap Dislocation First Aid for Finger Dislocation Splinting a Fracture Spinal Injuries Signs and Symptoms Immobilizing a Victim Avalanche Rescue Surviving an Avalanche Rescuing an Avalanche Victim Wilderness Evacuation Calling or Sending for Help Deciding to Evacuate Deciding How to Evacuate Death of a Wilderness Victim Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 27 Self-Test
28 Psychological Emergencies and Disasters
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
28.1 Goals and Basic Principles
Goals of Psychological Care Basic Principles of Psychological Care
28.2 Psychological Crises
Distinguishing between Physical and Psychological Causes Specific Crises
28.3 Suicide
Risk Factors First Aid Care
28.4 Assessment
Assessing the Potential for Violence
28.5 Legal Considerations 28.6 First Aid Care for Psychological Emergencies
Managing a Violent Victim Calming Psychological Emergency Victims Restraining a Victim
28.7 Mass Casualties and Disasters
Managing Mass Casualty or Disaster Situations Triage Conducting Triage Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 28 Self-Test
29 Lifting and Moving Victims
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
29.1 General Principles for Moving Victims
When to Make an Emergency Move
29.2 One-Rescuer Techniques
Walking Assist Blanket Drag Shirt Drag Sheet Drag Firefighter’s Carry
29.3 Two- and Three-Rescuer Techniques
Seat Carries (Two Rescuers) Extremity Lift (Two Rescuers) Chair Litter Carry (Two Rescuers) Flat Lift and Carry (Three Rescuers)
29.4 Equipment
Canvas Litter or Pole Stretcher Backboards Blanket Stretcher Improvised Stretchers Stretcher Transportation Summary Key Terms Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 29 Self-Test
30 Vehicle Stabilization and Victim Extrication
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
30.1 Basic Guidelines
Deciding to Stop at the Scene Keeping Yourself and Others Safe Locating the Victims Dealing with Dangers
30.2 Stabilizing the Vehicle
Tools and Equipment
30.3 Gaining Access to the Victim 30.4 Stabilizing and Moving the Victim
Removing a Victim on the Seat of a Vehicle Removing a Victim Lying on the Floor Summary Key Term Critical Thinking Exercise Chapter 30 Self-Test
Appendix A Skills Assessment Sheets Appendix B Answers to Self-Tests Glossary Index Credits
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