Human Culture · Highlights of Cultural Anthropology, 3/e by Peregrine, Peter N. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Page Human Culture Highlights of Cultural Anthropology Preface Features About the Authors Human Cultural PART I Introduction

Chapter 1 What Is Anthropology?

Learning Objectives What Is Anthropology? The Scope of Anthropology The Holistic Approach Anthropological Curiosity Fields of Anthropology

Biological Anthropology Cultural Anthropology

Archaeology Anthropological Linguistics Ethnology (Cultural Anthropology)

Applied (Practicing) Anthropology

Specialization The Relevance of Anthropology Summary and Review

What Is Anthropology? The Scope of Anthropology The Holistic Approach Anthropological Curiosity Fields of Anthropology Specialization The Relevance of Anthropology

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Chapter 2 Culture and Culture Change

Learning Objectives Defining Culture

Culture Is Commonly Shared Culture Is Learned Controversies About the Concept of Culture

Cultural Constraints Attitudes That Hinder the Study of Cultures Cultural Relativism

Human Rights and Relativism

Describing a Culture Culture Is Patterned

Culture Is Imperfectly Patterned How and Why Cultures Change

Discovery and Invention Unconscious Invention Intentional Innovation Who Adopts Innovations? Costs and Benefits

Diffusion

Patterns of Diffusion The Selective Nature of Diffusion

Acculturation

Revolution Culture Change and Adaptation Globalization: Problems and Opportunities Ethnogenesis: The Emergence of New Cultures Cultural Diversity in the Future Summary and Review

Defining Culture Cultural Constraints Attitudes That Hinder the Study of Cultures Cultural Relativism Describing a Culture Culture Is Patterned How and Why Cultures Change Culture Change and Adaptation Globalization: Problems and Opportunities Ethnogenesis: The Emergence of New Cultures Cultural Diversity in the Future

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Chapter 3 Understanding and Explaining Culture

Learning Objectives Explanations

Associations or Relationships Theories

Why Theories Cannot Be Proved Overview of Theoretical Approaches

Evolutionary and Ecological Approaches Advantages and Disadvantages of Theoretical Orientations

Evidence: Testing Explanations

Operationalization and Measurement Sampling Statistical Evaluation

Types of Research in Cultural Anthropology

Ethnography

Ethnography as Source Material Ethnographer Disagreements Ethics in Fieldwork

Within-Culture Comparisons Regional Controlled Comparisons Cross-Cultural Research Historical Research

Summary and Review

Explanations Why Theories Cannot Be Proved Overview of Theoretical Approaches Evidence: Testing Explanations Types of Research in Cultural Anthropology

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Part II Cultural Variation

Chapter 4 Communication and Language

Learning Objectives Communication

Nonverbal Human Communication Nonhuman Communication

The Origins of Language

Pidgin and Creole Languages Children’s Acquisition of Language

Descriptive Linguistics

Phonology Morphology Syntax

Historical Linguistics

Language Families and Culture History

The Processes of Linguistic Divergence Relationships Between Language and Culture

Cultural Influences on Language

Basic Words for Colors, Plants, and Animals Grammar

Linguistic Influences on Culture: The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

The Ethnography of Speaking

Social Status and Speech Gender Differences in Speech Multilingualism and Code-Switching

Writing and Literacy Summary and Review

Communication The Origins of Language Descriptive Linguistics Historical Linguistics The Processes of Linguistic Divergence Relationships Between Language and Culture The Ethnography of Speaking Writing and Literacy

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Chapter 5 Economics

Learning Objectives Foraging

The Ngatatjara of Western Australia General Features of Foragers Complex Foragers

Food Production

Horticulture

The Yanomamö General Features of Horticulturalists

Intensive Agriculture

Rural Vietnam: The Mekong Delta General Features of Intensive Agricultural Societies The Commercialization and Mechanization of Agriculture

Pastoralism

The Saami General Features of Pastoralism

Environmental Restraints on Food-Getting The Origin, Spread, and Intensification of Food Production The Allocation of Resources

Natural Resources: Land

Foragers Horticulturalists Pastoralists Intensive Agriculturalists Colonialism, the State, and Land Rights

The Conversion of Resources

Types of Economic Production

Preindustrial Industrial Tributary Postindustrial

Incentives for Labor

The Profit Motive and Subsistence Economies Social Rewards of Sharing Achievement

Forced and Required Labor

Taxation Corvée Slavery

Division of Labor

By Gender and Age Beyond Gender and Age

The Distribution of Goods and Services

Reciprocity

Generalized Reciprocity Balanced Reciprocity

Redistribution Market or Commercial Exchange

Kinds of Money

The Worldwide Trend Toward Commercialization

Migratory Labor

Nonagricultural Commercial Production

Supplementary Cash Crops Introduction of Commercial and Industrial Agriculture

Summary and Review

Foraging Food Production Environmental Restraints on Food-Getting The Origin, Spread, and Intensification of Food Production The Allocation of Resources The Conversion of Resources The Distribution of Goods and Services The Worldwide Trend Toward Commercialization

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Chapter 6 Social Stratification: Class, Ethnicity, and Racism

Learning Objectives Variation in Degree of Social Inequality Egalitarian Societies Rank Societies Class Societies

Open Class Systems

Degree of Openness Degree of Inequality

Recognition of Class Caste Systems Slavery

Racism and Inequality

Race as a Construct in Biology Race as a Social Category

Ethnicity and Inequality The Emergence of Stratification Summary and Review

Variation in Degree of Social Inequality Egalitarian Societies Rank Societies Class Societies Racism and Inequality Ethnicity and Inequality The Emergence of Stratification

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Chapter 7 Sex and Gender

Learning Objectives Gender Concepts Physique and Physiology Gender Roles

Who Does What Work?

Strength Theory Compatibility-with-Child-Care Theory Economy-of-Effort Theory Expendability Theory Theoretical Weaknesses Changing Labor and Gender Roles

Relative Contributions to Work: Who Works More?

Overall Work Subsistence Work

Political Leadership and Warfare The Relative Status of Women Personality Differences

Aggression Dependence Sociability and Passivity Sexuality

Cultural Regulations of Sexuality: Permissiveness Versus Restrictiveness

Premarital Sex Sex in Marriage Extramarital Sex Homosexuality

Reasons for Sexual Restrictiveness

Summary and Review

Gender Concepts Physique and Physiology Gender Roles Relative Contributions to Work: Who Works More? Political Leadership and Warfare The Relative Status of Women Personality Differences Sexuality

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Chapter 8 Marriage, Family, and Kinship

Learning Objectives Marriage

The Na Exception Same-Sex Marriages

Why Is Marriage Nearly Universal?

Gender Division of Labor Prolonged Infant Dependency Sexual Competition A Look at Other Mammals and Birds

How Does One Marry?

Marking the Onset of Marriage Economic Aspects of Marriage

Bride Price Bride Service Exchange of Females Gift Exchange Dowry Indirect Dowry

Whom Should One Marry or Not Marry?

Incest Taboo Arranged Marriages Exogamy and Endogamy Cousin Marriages

How Many Does One Marry?

Polygyny

Sororal and Nonsororal Polygyny Why Is Polygyny a Common Practice?

Polyandry

The Family

Adoption Variation in Family Form Extended-Family Households

Possible Reasons for Extended-Family Households

The Importance of Kinship Patterns of Marital Residence Types of Affiliation with Kin

Unilineal Descent Ambilineal Descent Bilateral Kinship Variation in Unilineal Descent Systems

Lineages Clans Phratries Moieties Combinations

Patrilineal Organization

Matrilineal Organization

Functions of Unilineal Descent Groups

Regulating Marriage Economic Functions Political Functions Religious Functions

Ambilineal Systems

Explaining Variation in Residence Explaining the Emergence of Different Systems of Kin Affiliation Summary and Review

Marriage Why Is Marriage Nearly Universal? How Does One Marry? Whom Should One Marry or Not Marry? How Many Does One Marry? The Family The Importance of Kinship Patterns of Marital Residence Types of Affiliation with Kin Explaining Variation in Residence Explaining the Emergence of Different Systems of Kin Affiliation

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Chapter 9 Political Life: Social Order and Disorder

Learning Objectives Variation in Types of Political Organization

Band Organization Tribal Organization

Kinship Bonds Age-Set Systems

Chiefdom Organization State Organization Nation-State, Nationalism, and Political Identity Factors Associated with Variation in Political Organization

The Spread of State Societies Variation in Political Process

Getting to Be a Leader

“Big Men” “Big Women”

Political Participation

Resolution of Conflict

Peaceful Resolution of Conflict

Avoidance Community Action Negotiation and Mediation Ritual Reconciliation—Apology Oaths and Ordeals Adjudication, Courts, and Codified Law

Violent Resolution of Conflict

Individual Violence Feuding Raiding Large-Scale Confrontations

Explaining Warfare Political and Social Change

Summary and Review

Variation in Types of Political Organization The Spread of State Societies Variation in Political Process Resolution of Conflict

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Chapter 10 Religion and Magic

Learning Objectives The Universality of Religion

The Need to Understand Reversion to Childhood Feelings Anxiety and Uncertainty The Need for Community Need for Cooperation

Variation in Religious Beliefs

Types of Supernatural Forces and Beings

Supernatural Forces Supernatural Beings

The Character of Supernatural Beings Structure or Hierarchy of Supernatural Beings Intervention of the Gods in Human Affairs Life After Death

Variation in Religious Practices

Ways to Interact with the Supernatural Magic

Sorcery and Witchcraft

Types of Practitioners

The Shaman Sorcerers and Witches Mediums Priests Practitioners and Social Complexity

Religion and Adaptation Religious Change

Religious Conversion

Christianity on Tikopia Explaining Conversion

Revitalization

The Seneca and the Religion of Handsome Lake Cargo Cults Fundamentalism

Summary and Review

The Universality of Religion Variation in Religious Beliefs Variation in Religious Practices Religion and Adaptation Religious Change

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Chapter 11 The Arts

Learning Objectives Body Decoration and Adornment Explaining Variation in the Arts

Visual Art Music Folklore

Viewing the Art of Other Cultures Artistic Change, Culture Contact, and Global Trade

“Tourist” Art and “Fine” Art

Summary and Review

Body Decoration and Adornment Explaining Variation in the Arts Viewing the Art of Other Cultures Artistic Change, Culture Contact, and Global Trade

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Part III Using Anthropology

Chapter 12 Global Problems

Learning Objectives Natural Events, Disasters, and Famine Inadequate Housing and Homelessness Family Violence and Abuse

Violence Against Children Violence Against Wives Reducing the Risk

Crime War Terrorism Making the World Better Summary and Review

Natural Disasters and Famine Inadequate Housing and Homelessness Family Violence and Abuse Crime War Terrorism Making the World Better

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Chapter 13 Practicing and Applying Anthropology

Learning Objectives Ethics of Applied Anthropology Evaluating the Effects of Planned Change Difficulties in Instituting Planned Change

Anthropologists as Advocates and Collaborators

Environmental Anthropology Business and Organizational Anthropology Cultural Resource Management Museum Anthropology Forensic Anthropology Medical Anthropology Cultural Understandings of Health and Illness

Concepts of Balance or Equilibrium Supernatural Forces The Biomedical Paradigm Treatment of Illness

Medical Practitioners

The Shaman Physicians

Political and Economic Influences on Health Health Conditions and Diseases

AIDS Mental and Emotional Disorders

Depression

Undernutrition

Summary and Review

Ethics of Applied Anthropology Evaluating the Effects of Planned Change Difficulties in Instituting Planned Change Environmental Anthropology Business and Organizational Anthropology Cultural Resource Management Museum Anthropology Forensic Anthropology

medical Anthropology

Cultural Understandings of Health and Illness Political and Economic Influences on Health Health Conditions and Diseases

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Glossary Notes Bibliography bi1 Index

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