An Introduction to Classical Nahuatl by Launey/Mackay -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Preface How to Use This Book

Part one Preliminary Lesson: Phonetics and Writing

Lesson One: Intransitive Verbs, Word Order, Absolutive Suffix

1.1 Present Tense of Intransitive Verbs 1.2 Form of the Prefixes in Front of a Vowel 1.3 Assimilation of Nasals 1.4 Word Order 1.5 Number in Nouns and the Absolutive Suffix

Lesson Two: Nouns and Nominal Predicates, the Plural of Nouns, Questions and Negation

2.1 Nominal Predicates 2.2 Forms of the Absolutive Suffix 2.3 Nouns without the Absolutive Suffix 2.4 Plural of Nouns 2.5 Details about the Plural 2.6 Pluralizable Inanimate Objects 2.7 The Particle Ca 2.8 Word Order and Focalization 2.9 Questions and Negation

Lesson Three: Transitive Verbs

3.1 Object Prefixes 3.2 Writing of /k/ 3.3 The Helping Vowel /i/ with the Third Person Object 3.4 Third Person Plural Object 3.5 Combination with a Noun Object 3.6 Indefinite Prefixes 3.7 Variation in the Stem after -tla- 3.8 Word Order in Transitive Constructions 3.9 Focalization of the Object

Lesson Four: Emphatic, Interrogative, Demonstrative and Negative Pronouns

4.1 Emphatic Pronouns 4.2 Predication and Focalization with the Emphatic Pronouns 4.3 Topicalized Pronouns 4.4 ‘Who?’ 4.5 Demonstratives 4.6 Demonstratives Combined with in 4.7 In and On after a Noun 4.8 ‘What?’ 4.9 ‘No One’, ‘Nothing’ 4.10 Interrogatives Preceded by in

Lesson Five: Irregular Verbs, Introduction to Locatives

5.1 Câ ‘To Be’ 5.2 Yauh ‘To Go’ 5.3 Hu tz ‘To Come’ 5.4 Locatives 5.5 Syntax of Locatives 5.6 No Indication of Direction with Locatives 5.7 Nic n and mpa with Another Locative 5.8 The Suffix - pa

Lesson Six: Directional and Reflexive Prefixes

6.1 Directional Prefixes 6.2 Metaphorical Uses of the Directional Prefixes 6.3 The Helping Vowel in Front of -c-on- 6.4 Order of Prefixes 6.5 Reflexive Prefixes 6.6 Meaning of the Reflexive 6.7 Morphology of the Reflexive in Front of a Vowel

Lesson Seven: Quantifiers, Zan, Ye, Oc

7.1 Number Nouns 7.2 Place for Numbers 7.3 Plural of Numbers 7.4 Plural of c 7.5 Numbers as Predicates 7.6 Other Quantifiers 7.6.1 Miyac 7.6.2 Moch 7.7 Counting Nouns 7.8 Zan, Ye, Oc 7.9 Ayamo and Aoc

Lesson Eight: Preterite Tense

8.1 Introduction to the Tenses 8.2 Principles for Forming the Preterite 8.3 Formation of Base 2 by Dropping the Final Vowel 8.4 Modification of the Final Consonant 8.5 Base 2 Formed by Dropping the Final Vowel and Adding a Glottal Stop 8.6 Base 2 Formed with the Glottal Stop without Dropping the Final Vowel 8.7 Base 2 without Modification 8.8 The Augment 8.9 The Tense with Ayamo 8.10 Preterite of Irregular Verbs

Lesson Nine: Imperative/Optative, Vocative, Future, Imperfect

9.1 Imperative/Optative 9.2 Variants of x - 9.3 Lengthening of the Stem Vowel 9.4 Imperative/Optative in Irregular Verbs 9.5 The Optative in Other Persons 9.6 Negation of the Optative 9.7 Vocative of Nouns 9.8 Morphology of the Future 9.9 Meaning of the Future 9.10 The Imperfect

Lesson Ten: Possessed Forms of the Noun

10.1 Morphology of the Possessed Form 10.2 Forms of the Possessive Suffix 10.3 Possessive Prefixes 10.4 Plural of the Possessed Forms 10.5 Syntax of Possessed Nouns 10.6 Constructions Indicating Possession 10.7 Dropping of Short Vowels in the Possessed Form 10.8 Retention of Short Vowels in Nouns Ending in - atl , - itl 10.9 Possessed Form of Monosyllables 10.10 Vocative of Possessed Forms

Lesson Eleven: Inherent Possession, the Suffix -y , ‘To Have’, Possessive Nouns

11.1 Nouns for Family Relationships 11.2 Nouns for Parts of the Body 11.3 The Suffix - y 11.4 - y in the Possessed Form 11.5 - y of Inalienable Possession 11.6 ‘To Have’: Piya and Possessed Forms 11.7 Possessive Nouns 11.8 - huâ or - ê ? 11.9 Possessive Nouns in - yô 11.10 The Possessed and Derivative Forms of Possessive Nouns

Lesson Twelve: Nominal Suffixes, “Adjectives”

12.1 Honorific, Deprecatory, Diminutive and Augmentative Suffixes 12.1.1 -tzin 12.1.2 -t n 12.1.3 -p l 12.1.4 -pil 12.1.5 -zol 12.2 The Problem of Adjectives 12.3 ‘Large’ and ‘Small’ 12.4 “Adjectives” in -qui 12.5 “Adjectives” in - huac and Verbs in - hua 12.6 “Adjectives” in -tic 12.7 “Adjectives” in - c 12.8 Derivation of Adjectives 12.9 ‘Very’

Lesson Thirteen: The Principal Locative Suffixes

13.1 The Suffix - c(o) 13.2 Placement of Locatives 13.3 Possessed Locatives 13.4 Locative nouns: -pan 13.5 -cpac 13.6 -tlan 13.7 -tech 13.8 Ch n(-tli) 13.9 Honorific Locatives 13.10 Locatives and “Adjectives”

Lesson Fourteen: Coordination, Phrases of Time and Manner

14.1 ‘And’ 14.1.1 hu n 14.1.2 Auh 14.1.3 Juxtaposition 14.2 N , Àzo, Ànozo 14.3 -(ti)ca 14.4 Ic 14.5 Iuh(qui) 14.6 Qu n 14.7 ‘When?’: c 14.8 ‘When?’: Qu mman 14.9 Subordinate Temporal Clauses 14.10 Quin

Lesson Fifteen: Impersonal and Passive Verb Forms

15.1 Impersonal Forms of Intransitive Verbs with Animate Subjects 15.2 Morphology of the Impersonal Voice 15.3 Inanimate Impersonal in tla- 15.4 Passive Voice 15.5 Morphology of the Passive 15.5.1 Regular Formation 15.5.2 Other Formations 15.6 Impersonal Forms of Intransitive Verbs Based on the Passive Stem 15.7 Impersonal Form of Transitive Verbs 15.8 Reflexive Impersonal 15.9 Reflexive and Passive 15.10 Inherently Impersonal Verbs 15.11 The Third Person Plural Substituting for the Impersonal 15.12 Alternation between Impersonal and Personal Forms Review Exercises for Part One Part two

Lesson Sixteen: Agent Nouns, the -ni Form

16.1 The Preterite as Agent Noun 16.2 Inanimate “Agent Nouns” 16.3 The -ni Form 16.4 Plural of the -ni Form 16.5 -ni Form and Preterite 16.6 -ni Form of the Passive 16.7 -ni Form of the Impersonal: Instrument Nouns 16.8 Possessed Form of the Instrument Noun 16.9 Use of the -ni Form in Wishes

Lesson Seventeen: Compound Nouns, Verbal Incorporation

17.1 Compound Nouns 17.2 Meaning of Compounds 17.3 Verb Incorporation 17.3.1 Object Incorporation 17.3.2 Modifying Incorporation 17.4 Impersonal and Passive Forms of Compounds 17.4.1 Modifying Incorporation 17.4.2 Object Incorporation 17.5 Placement of tla -

Lesson Eighteen: Bitransitive Verbs, Ambitransitive Verbs

18.1 Introduction to Bitransitive Verbs 18.2 Reduction of Definite Object Prefixes 18.3 Retention of the Third Person Plural -im- 18.4 The Reflexive with Bitransitive Verbs 18.5 Passive/Impersonal Forms of Bitransitive Verbs 18.6 Incorporation with Bitransitive Verbs 18.7 Ambitransitive Verbs 18.8 Àci and Mati 18.9 yi

Lesson Nineteen: Causative Verbs

19.1 Introduction to Causative Verbs 19.2 Morphology of Causative Verbs 19.3 Notes on the Meaning of the Causative 19.4 Causatives of Itta 19.5 Causatives of Mati 19.6 Causative of the Reflexive 19.7 Passive and Impersonal of the Causative 19.8 Semi-Causatives 19.9 Semi-Causatives of Verbs in - o 19.10 Restrictions on the Formation of Causatives

Lesson Twenty: Applicative Verbs

20.1 Introduction to Applicative Verbs 20.2 The Suffix - lia 20.3 Applicatives in -ia , -(l)huia 20.4 Applicative in the Form of a Causative 20.5 Notes on the Meaning of the Applicative 20.6 Applicative of the Reflexive 20.7 Passive of the Applicative 20.8 Applicative of the Causative 20.9 Semi-Applicative Verbs 20.10 Applicative and Incorporation

Lesson Twenty-One: Honorific and Deprecatory Verbs

21.1 Introduction to Honorific Verbs 21.2 General Principle for Forming the Honorific 21.3 Honorific of Intransitives 21.4 Honorific of Transitives 21.5 Honorific of the Object 21.6 Honorific of Bitransitives 21.7 Honorific of Reflexives 21.8 Double Reflexive 21.9 Restrictions on the Honorific 21.10 Deprecatory Verbs

Lesson Twenty-Two: Pluperfect, Counterfactual, Vetitive, Directional Conjugations

22.1 The Pluperfect 22.2 The Counterfactual 22.3 The Vetitive 22.4 The Directional of Motion Toward 22.5 The Directional of Motion Away

Lesson Twenty-Three: Morphological Peculiarities of Certain Nouns and Verbs

23.1 Suffixless Nouns 23.2 Nouns Borrowed from Spanish 23.3 T lp chtli and Ichp chtli 23.4 Hu huê and Ilamâ 23.5 chc uh and Icc uh 23.6 Peculiarities of Certain Preterites 23.7 Verbs of State 23.8 Suffix -tz

Lesson Twenty-Four: More on Locatives

24.1 Review of Locatives 24.2 Other Locative Noun Suffixes 24.2.1 - tl c and - n huac 24.2.2 - tz lan and - nepantlâ 24.2.3 -hu c 24.2.4 - campa 24.3 Locative Suffixes with Non-Spatial Meaning 24.3.1 -hu n 24.3.2 -pal 24.3.3 -pampa 24.3.4 -teuh 24.4 -tlâ 24.5 Compound Locatives 24.6 Tla- as Possessive Prefix of Locative 24.7 Cecni 24.8 -c n 24.9 -y n 24.10 ‘Himself ’ etc. 24.11 Words for Position 24.12 Demonstrative Locatives

Lesson Twenty-Five: More on Quantifiers

25.1 Qu xquich 25.2 zqui and xquich 25.3 Cequi 25.4 ‘Very Big’ and ‘Very Small’ 25.5 Aquì- 25.6 Numbers from 20 to 399 25.7 Counting above 400 25.8 -pa Added to Quantifiers 25.9 -ca Added to Quantifiers 25.10 -(i)xtin 25.11 C l and El 25.11.1 C l ‘Alone’ 25.11.2 El ‘By Himself ’ 25.12 Counting Nouns (cont'd)

Lesson Twenty-Six: Details about Number and Person, Indefinite Pronouns and Adverbs

26.1 Coordination of Noun and Pronoun 26.2 Nouns in the First and Second Person 26.3 Number Agreement with Juxtaposed Nouns 26.4 Titèhu n 26.5 -pô 26.6 ‘A Man’, ‘a Woman’ 26.7 ‘Together’, ‘Each Other’ 26.8 Indefinite Pronouns and Adverbs 26.9 Qu mmany n 26.10 Iyô 26.11 Amî 26.12 Tìquê, Amìquê 26.13 C tlèhu tl, C tlia, C tlî

Lesson Twenty-Seven: Compound Verbs

27.1 Auxiliary Verbs 27.1.1 Câ 27.1.2 Ìcac 27.1.3 Oc 27.1.4 Mani 27.1.5 Nemi 27.1.6 Yauh 27.1.7 Hu tz 27.1.8 Calaqui 27.1.9 Huetzi 27.1.10 hua 27.1.11 Qu za 27.1.12 Àci 27.2 Transitive Reflexive Auxiliaries 27.3 Non-Reflexive Transitive Auxiliaries 27.4 Auxiliaries Added to Auxiliaries 27.5 Auxiliaries Added to Possessive Nouns 27.6 Stems Appearing Only with Auxiliaries 27.7 Verbal Compounds with - c -

Lesson Twenty-Eight: Reduplication outside of the Plural, More on Verbs

28.1 Verbal Reduplication in /CV:/ 28.2 /CV:/ Reduplication with Numbers 28.3 /CV:/ Reduplication with Locatives 28.4 /CV′/ Reduplication 28.5 Morphology of the /CV′/ Reduplication 28.6 /CV′/ outside of Verbs 28.7 /CV/ Reduplication 28.8 Verbs in -ni 28.9 Nequi as Auxiliary 28.10 Mati, Toca, (Nè)nequi 28.11 -tlani

Lesson Twenty-Nine: Derivative Verbs

29.1 Verbs from Non-Verbal “Adjectives” in -c 29.1.1 Intransitive Derived Verbs in -ya 29.1.2 Transitive Derived Verbs in - lia 29.2 -ti 29.3 -tic, -tiya, -tilia 29.4 Verbs with Possessive Prefixes 29.5 - tia 29.6 Verbs Based on Nouns in -y 29.7 -oa 29.8 -huia 29.9 -tla

Lesson Thirty: Derivative Nouns

30.1 Action Nouns 30.2 Object Nouns: Regular Formation 30.3 Other Ways to Form Object Nouns 30.4 Nouns of State 30.5 Thematic Nouns 30.6 Delocative Nouns (Names for Inhabitants)

Lesson Thirty-One: Noun Clauses

31.1 Clauses as Subject or Object: Indirect Questions 31.2 Object Noun Clauses 31.3 Noun Clauses with the Future 31.4 Noun Clauses with the -ni Form and Optative 31.5 Noun Clauses Introduced by in ic 31.6 Noun Clauses as Subject 31.7 Noun Clause Not Represented with a Prefix

Lesson Thirty-Two: Attributives, Relative Clauses, Copula Verbs, Semi-Auxiliaries

32.1 Attributives 32.2 Relative Clauses 32.3 Relatives for Relationships Other Than Subject/Object 32.4 Copula Verbs 32.5 Semi-Auxiliaries

Lesson Thirty-Three: Comparisons, Clauses of Result, Purpose and Cause

33.1 Comparative 33.2 Equation 33.3 Superlative 33.4 Result 33.5 Purpose 33.6 Cause 33.7 Yê and -ê

Lesson Thirty-Four: Conditions, More Particles

34.1 Conditional Clauses 34.2 Semi-Hypothetical Conditions 34.1.1 Past Contrafactual 34.1.2 Present Contrafactual 34.1.3 Hypothetical 34.1.4 Simple Future 34.3 Concessive Clauses 34.4 T l 34.5 Nel 34.6 Cu l 34.7 Mâ

Lesson Thirty-Five: Temporal Clauses, Particles, Interjections

35.1 More on Temporal Clauses 35.2 Expressions for Various Temporal Relationships 35.3 Particles for Statement Modulation 35.4 Ach 35.5 Mach 35.6 Connectives 35.7 Interjections and Exclamations

Appendix One: Traditional Orthography Appendix Two: Inflexional Patterns Appendix Three: The Aztec Calendar Appendix Four: Key to the Exercises Nahuatl-to-English Vocabulary English-to-Nahuatl Vocabulary Index

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