How Computers Really Work: A Hands-On Guide to the Inner Workings of the Machine by Matthew Justice -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication About the Author About the Tech Reviewers BRIEF CONTENTS CONTENTS IN DETAIL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION

Who Is This Book For? About This Book About Exercises and Projects My Computing Journey

1 COMPUTING CONCEPTS

Defining a Computer Analog and Digital Number Systems Bits and Bytes Prefixes Hexadecimal Summary

2 BINARY IN ACTION

Representing Data Digitally Binary Logic Summary

3 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Electrical Terms Defined Ohm’s Law Circuit Diagrams Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law Circuits in the Real World Light-Emitting Diodes Summary Project #1: Build and Measure a Circuit Project #2: Build a Simple LED Circuit

4 DIGITAL CIRCUITS

What Is a Digital Circuit? Logic with Mechanical Switches The Amazing Transistor Logic Gates Designing with Logic Gates Integrated Circuits Summary Project #3: Build Logical Operators (AND, OR) with Transistors Project #4: Construct a Circuit with Logic Gates

5 MATH WITH DIGITAL CIRCUITS

Binary Addition Half Adders Full Adders A 4-bit Adder Signed Numbers Unsigned Numbers Summary Project #5: Build a Half Adder

6 MEMORY AND CLOCK SIGNALS

Sequential Logic Circuits and Memory The SR Latch Using the SR Latch in a Circuit Clock Signals JK Flip-Flops T Flip-Flops Using a Clock in a 3-Bit Counter Summary Project #6: Construct an SR Latch Using NOR Gates Project #7: Construct a Basic Vending Machine Circuit Project #8: Add a Delayed Reset to the Vending Machine Circuit Project #9: Using a Latch as a Manual Clock Project #10: Test a JK Flip-Flop Project #11: Construct a 3-bit Counter

7 COMPUTER HARDWARE

Computer Hardware Overview Main Memory Central Processing Unit (CPU) Beyond Memory and Processor Bus Communication Summary

8 MACHINE CODE AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

Software Terms Defined An Example Machine Instruction Calculating a Factorial in Machine Code Summary Project #12: Factorial in Assembly Project #13: Examining Machine Code

9 HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING

High-Level Programming Overview Introduction to C and Python Comments Variables Stack and Heap Memory Math Logic Program Flow Functions Object-Oriented Programming Compiled or Interpreted Calculating a Factorial in C Summary Project #14: Examine Variables Project #15: Change the Type of Value Referenced by a Variable in Python Project #16: Stack or Heap Project #17: Write a Guessing Game Project #18: Use a Bank Account Class in Python Project #19: Factorial in C

10 OPERATING SYSTEMS

Programming Without an Operating System Operating Systems Overview Operating System Families Kernel Mode and User Mode Processes Threads Virtual Memory Application Programming Interface (API) The User Mode Bubble and System Calls APIs and System Calls Operating System Software Libraries Application Binary Interface Device Drivers Filesystems Services and Daemons Security Summary Project #20: Examine Running Processes Project #21: Create a Thread and Observe It Project #22: Examine Virtual Memory Project #23: Try the Operating System API Project #24: Observe System Calls Project #25: Use glibc Project #26: View Loaded Kernel Modules Project #27: Examine Storage Devices and Filesystems Project #28: View Services

11 THE INTERNET

Networking Terms Defined The Internet Protocol Suite A Trip Through the Internet Foundational Internet Capabilities Networking Is Computing Summary Project #29: Examine the Link Layer Project #30: Examine the Internet Layer Project #31: Examine Port Usage Project #32: Trace the Route to a Host on the Internet Project #33: See Your Leased IP Address Project #34: Is Your Device’s IP Public or Private? Project #35: Find Information in DNS

12 THE WORLD WIDE WEB

Overview of the World Wide Web The Languages of the Web Web Browsers Web Servers Summary Project #36: Examine HTTP Traffic Project #37: Run Your Own Web Server Project #38: Return HTML from Your Web Server Project #39: Add CSS to Your Website Project #40: Add JavaScript to Your Website

13 MODERN COMPUTING

Apps Virtualization and Emulation Cloud Computing The Deep Web and Dark Web Bitcoin Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality The Internet of Things Summary Project #41: Use Python to Control a Vending Machine Circuit

A ANSWERS TO EXERCISES B RESOURCES

Buying Electronic Components for the Projects Powering Digital Circuits Troubleshooting Circuits Raspberry Pi

INDEX

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