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Index
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1: Geologic Time
Geochronology
Early Views and Discoveries
The Principle of Superposition of Rock Strata
The Classification of Stratified Rocks
The Emergence of Modern Geologic Thought
James Hutton’s Recognition of the Geologic Cycle
Lyell’s Promulgation of Uniformitarianism
Determining the Relationships of Fossils with Rock Strata
Early Attempts at Mapping and Correlation
The Concepts of Facies, Stages, and Zones
Facies
Stages and Zones
The Completion of the Phanerozoic Time Scale
The Development of Radioactive Dating Methods and Their Application
Early Attempts at Calculating the Age of the Earth
An Absolute Age Framework for the Stratigraphic Time Scale
Nonradiometric Dating
Geologic Processes as Absolute Chronometers
Weathering Processes
Accumulational Processes
Geomagnetic Variations
Biological Processes as Absolute Chronometers
Tree-Ring Growth
Coral Growth
Geochronology Concepts
Bioherm
Biozone
Cordilleran Geosyncline
The Law of Faunal Succession
Faunizone
Fossil
Fossil Record
Index Fossil
Marker Bed
Paleogeology
Remanent Magnetism
Tephrochronology
Varved Deposit
Chapter 2: Dating
The Distinctions Between Relative-Age and Absolute-Age Measurements
The Global Tectonic Rock Cycle
The Determination of Sequence
Correlation
Principles and Techniques
Geologic Column and its Associated Time Scale
Absolute Dating
The Principles of Isotopic Dating
The Origin of Radioactive Elements used in Dating
The Isochron Method
The Analysis of Separated Minerals
Model Ages
Multiple Ages for a Single Rock; the Thermal Effect
Instruments and Procedures
The Use of Mass Spectrometers
Technical Advances
The Major Methods of Isotopic Dating
The Uranium-Lead Method
The Rubidium-Strontium Method
The Samarium-Neodymium Method
The Rhenium-Osmium Method
Potassium-Argon Methods
Fission-Track Dating
Carbon-14 Dating and Other Cosmogenic Methods
Uranium-Series Disequilibrium Dating
Other Dating Methods and Techniques
Dendrochronology
Helium Dating
Ionium-Thorium Dating
Obsidian-Hydration-Rind Dating
Protactinium-231–Thorium-230 Dating
Radiation-Damage Dating
Uranium-234–Uranium-238 Dating
Uranium-Thorium-Lead Dating
Chapter 3: Precambrian Time
Eons of Precambrian Time
The Hadean Eon
The Archean Eon
The Proterozoic Eon
The Precambrian Environment
Paleogeography
Paleoclimate
The Evolution of the Atmosphere and Ocean
Climatic Conditions
Precambrian Life
Microfossils and Stromatolites
Ediacaran Fossils
Precambrian Geology
The Major Subdivisions of the Precambrian System
The Oldest Minerals and Rocks
Significant Geologic Events
Archean Crustal Growth
Proterozoic Plate Movements
The Occurrence and Distribution of Precambrian Rocks
Archean Rock Types
Greenstone-Granite Belts
Granulite-Gneiss Belts
Sedimentary Basins, Basic Dikes, and Layered Complexes
Proterozoic Rock Types
Basic Dikes
Layered Igneous Intrusions
Shelf-Type Sediments
Ophiolites
Greenstones and Granites
Granulites and Gneisses
Orogenic Belts
Glacial Sediments
The Correlation of Precambrian Strata
Establishing Precambrian Boundaries
Precambrian Geologic Formations
Animikie Series
Avalonian Orogeny
Banded-Iron Formation (BIF)
Belt Series
Beltian Geosyncline
Bruce Series
Canadian Shield
Coutchiching Series
Dalradian Series
Grand Canyon Series
Hudsonian Orogeny
Huronian System
Indian Platform
Katangan Complex
Kenoran Orogeny
Keweenawan System
Lewisian Complex
Longmyndian Series
Onverwacht Series
Pound Quartzite
Seine Series
Sturtian Series
Swaziland System
Waterberg Series
Witwatersrand System
Conclusion
Glossary
For Further Reading
Index
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