Airport Systems · Planning, Design and Management 2/E by de Neufville, Richard -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Preface Acknowledgments User’s Guide Part I Introduction 1 The Future of the Airport and Airline Industry 1.1 The Airport Industry in the Early Twenty-First Century 1.2 Long-Term Growth 1.3 Organizational Change Low-Cost and Integrated Cargo Airlines Privatization Globalization 1.4 Technological Change 1.5 Implications for Airports Systems Planning and Design

Exercises References

2 The Evolving Airline Industry: Impacts on Airports 2.1 Trends in Airline Fleets 2.2 Airline Network Structures 2.3 Airline Scheduling and Fleet Assignment Optimization 2.4 Airline Operations at the Airport 2.5 Airline Operating Costs and Productivity 2.6 Summary

Exercises References

3 International Differences 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Some Physical Differences Check-in Facilities Aircraft Contact Stands 3.3 Some Useful Distinctions National Differences in Diversity of Decision Making National Differences in Performance Criteria 3.4 Implications for Practice General Implications Specific Implications

Exercises References

Part II Systems Planning Design and Management 4 Dynamic Strategic Planning 4.1 Planning Concepts Plans Master Plans Strategic Plans 4.2 Systems Perspective Airport Systems Planning Airport Systems 4.3 The Forecast Is “Always Wrong” Cost Estimation Aggregate Forecasts Effect of Longer Planning Periods Effect of Economic Deregulation 4.4 Concept of Dynamic Strategic Planning Assessment of the Issues Flexible Approach Proactive Stance 4.5 Dynamic Strategic Planning Process and Methods 4.6 Summary of Dynamic Strategic Planning

Exercises References

5 Multi-airport Systems 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Basic Concepts and Issues Definitions Prevalence Unequal Size 5.3 Difficulties in Developing Multi-airport Systems Insufficient Traffic at New Airport Difficulty in Closing Old Airport Insufficient Traffic Overall Impractical to Allocate Traffic Volatility of Traffic at Secondary Airport Overall Perspective 5.4 Market Dynamics Concentration due to Sales Opportunities Airlines Concentrate on Routes Airlines Concentrate at Primary Airports Factors Favoring Multi-airport Systems 5.5 Planning and Developing Multi-airport Systems Land Banking Incremental Development Flexible Facilities Careful Marketing 5.6 Take-aways

Exercises References

6 Aviation Environmental Impacts and Airport-Level Mitigations 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Aircraft Noise Background Aircraft Noise Sources Measuring Aircraft Noise and Its Impacts Airport-Level Noise Mitigations 6.3 Air Quality Background Air Quality Emissions Sources Measuring Air Quality and Its Impacts Airport-Level Air Quality Mitigations 6.4 Climate Change Background Climate Change Emissions Sources Measuring Climate Change and Its Impacts Airport-Level Climate Change Mitigations 6.5 Water Quality Water Quality Impacts Airport-Level Water Quality Mitigations 6.6 Wildlife Wildlife Impacts Airport-Level Wildlife Mitigations 6.7 Environmental Legislation and Review Processes Environmental Legislation Environmental Review Processes 6.8 Summary

Exercises References

7 Organization and Financing 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Ownership and Management of Airports 7.3 Organizational Structures 7.4 Regulatory Constraints on Airport User Charges “Single Till” versus “Dual Till” Residual versus Compensatory 7.5 Financing Capital Investments Outright Government Grants Special-Purpose User Taxes Low-Cost Loans from International or National Development Banks Operating Surpluses Loans from Commercial Banks General-Obligation Bonds General Airport Revenue Bonds Private Financing against Specified Rights to Airport Revenues

Exercises References

8 User Charges 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Cost and Revenue Centers 8.3 Guidelines and Background for the Setting of User Charges 8.4 The Various Types of Airport User Charges Landing Fee Terminal Area Air Navigation Fee Aircraft Parking and Hangar Charges Airport Noise Charge Emissions-Related Charges Passenger Service Charge Cargo Service Charge Security Charge Ground Handling Charges En Route Air Navigation Fee 8.5 Nonaeronautical Charges Concession Fees for Aviation Fuel and Oil Concession Fees for Commercial Activities Revenues from Car Parking and Car Rentals Rental of Airport Land, Space in Buildings, and Assorted Equipment Fees Charged for Airport Tours, Admissions, etc Fees Derived from Provision of Engineering Services and Utilities Nonairport Revenues 8.6 Distribution of Airport Revenues by Source 8.7 Comparing User Charges at Different Airports Government Funding Coverage of Charges and Quality of Services Offered Volume of Traffic Size and Timing of Capital Expenditures Characteristics of Traffic General Cost Environment Accounting Practices Treatment of Nonaeronautical Revenues 8.8 Ground Handling Services 8.9 Landing Fee Computation: Average-Cost Pricing 8.10 Historical Cost versus Current Cost

Exercises References

Part III The Airside 9 Airfield Design 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Airport Classification Codes and Design Standards Reference Codes for Aircraft Classification Airport Reference Code Practical Implications Runway Designation and Classification 9.3 Wind Coverage 9.4 Airport Layouts Land Area Requirements and Related Observations Airport Layouts 9.5 Runway Length Declared Distances Usability of a Runway Practical Considerations 9.6 Runway Geometry Separations from Other Parts of the Airfield Vertical Profile 9.7 Taxiways Dimensional Specifications and Separations Special Cases 9.8 Aprons 9.9 Physical Obstacles

Exercises References

10 Airfield Capacity 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Measures of Runway Capacity 10.3 Factors Affecting the Capacity of a Runway System Number and Geometric Layout of the Runways ATM Separation Requirements Visibility, Ceiling, and Precipitation Wind Direction and Strength Mix of Aircraft Mix and Sequencing of Movements Type and Location of Runway Exit State and Performance of the ATM System Environmental Considerations 10.4 Range of Airfield Capacities and Capacity Coverage 10.5 A Model for Computing the Capacity of a Single Runway 10.6 Generalizations and Extensions of the Capacity Model 10.7 Capacity of Other Elements of the Airfield Capacity of the Taxiway System Capacity of the Aprons

Exercises References

11 Airfield Delay 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Characteristics of Airside Delays 11.3 Policy Implications and Practical Guidelines 11.4 The Annual Capacity of a Runway System 11.5 Estimating Delays with Models 11.6 Measurement and Attribution of Delays

Exercises References

12 Demand Management 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Background and Motivation 12.3 Administrative Approaches to Demand Management Schedule Coordination: The IATA Approach EU Modifications of IATA’s WSG Experience in the United States 12.4 Economic Approaches to Demand Management Congestion Pricing in Theory Congestion Pricing in Practice 12.5 Hybrid Approaches to Demand Management Slots Plus Congestion Pricing Slot Auctions Secondary Trading: Buying and Selling Slots 12.6 Policy Considerations

Exercises References

13 Air Traffic Management 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Evolution and Main Characteristics of ATM Systems Airspace Structure Handling of a Typical Airline Flight Airport Traffic Control Tower Terminal Airspace Control Center Surveillance Navigation for Precision Instrument Approaches En Route Control Centers 13.3 Air Traffic Flow Management Objectives and Limitations of ATFM ATFM Operations Ground Delay Programs 13.4 Collaborative Decision-Making Additional Technical Issues and Extensions 13.5 Near- and Medium-Term Enhancements

Exercises References

Part IV Landside 14 Configuration of Passenger Buildings 14.1 Overview 14.2 Importance of Selection 14.3 Systems Requirements for Airport Passenger Buildings General Considerations Passenger Perspective Airline Perspective Owners’ Perspective Retail Perspective Government Agencies Balance 14.3 Five Basic Configurations Finger Piers Satellites Midfield Concourses Linear Buildings Transporters Centralized and Dispersed 14.4 Evaluation of Configurations Walking Distances Aircraft Delays Transporter Economics Flexibility 14.5 Assessment of Configurations 14.6 Hybrid Configurations in Practice

Exercises References

15 Overall Design of Passenger Buildings 15.1 Specification of Traffic Loads The Issue Peak-Hour Basis for Design Adjustment for Decreasing Peaks Nature of Loads 15.2 Shared Use Reduces Design Loads Peaking of Traffic Uncertainty of Traffic 15.3 Analysis for Shared Use Peaking, Hourly Variation Peaking, Daily (or Longer) Variation Uncertainty, Daily Variation Uncertainty, Long-Term Variation Overall Implications of Sharing 15.4 Space Requirements for Waiting Areas Importance of Level of Service Importance of Dwell Time Estimation of Areas 15.5 Space Requirements for Passageways The Formulas Effective Width 15.6 Areas for Baggage Handling and Mechanical Systems 15.7 Take-aways

Exercises References

16 Detailed Design of Passenger Buildings 16.1 Design Standards 16.2 Identification of Hot Spots 16.3 Analysis of Possible Hot Spots 16.4 Simulation of Passenger Buildings 16.5 Specific Facilities Queues Check-in Areas Security Checkpoints Passport Control Processes Moving Walkways (or Sidewalks) Waiting Lounges Concession Space Baggage Claim Areas Baggage Makeup Space Curbside and Equivalent Areas Taxi Operations Consolidated Rental Car Facilities 16.6 Take-aways

Exercises References

17 Ground Access and Distribution 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Regional Airport Access Nature of Airport Access Traffic Distribution of Airport Access Traffic Preferences of the Users Needs of Airport Operators 17.3 Cost-Effective Solutions The Issue Door-to-Door Analysis Rail Solutions Highway Solutions 17.4 Parking Short-Term Parking Premium Parking Structured Parking Long-Term Parking Rental Car Parking Employee Parking 17.5 Automated People Movers APM Technology Characteristics APM Suppliers 17.6 Landside APMs 17.7 Airside APMs 17.8 Airport APM Planning Issues Capacity and Function Network and Route Capacity 17.9 Within-Airport Distribution of Checked Bags Security Inspection IT-Based Control Systems Mechanical Systems Capacity 17.10 Take-aways

Exercises References

Part V Reference Material 18 Data Validation 18.1 The Issue Errors Incompleteness 18.2 The Resolution

Exercises References

19 Forecasting 19.1 Forecasting Assumptions 19.2 Fundamental Mathematics 19.3 Forecasts 19.4 Scenarios 19.5 Integrated Procedure

Exercises References

20 Flows and Queues at Airports 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Describing an Airport Queuing System The User Generation Process The Service Process The Queuing Process 20.3 Typical Measures of Performance and Level of Service Utilization Ratio Expected Waiting Time and Expected Number in Queue Variability Reliability Maximum Queue Length The Psychology of Queues 20.4 Short-Term Behavior of Queuing Systems 20.5 Cumulative Diagrams 20.6 Long-Term Behavior of Queuing Systems Little’s Law Relationship between Congestion and Utilization 20.7 Policy Implications

Exercises References

21 Peak-Day and Peak-Hour Analysis 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Definitions of the DPD and DPH 21.3 Conversion of Annual Forecasts into DPD and DPH Forecasts Approximate “Default” Conversion Coefficients and Why They Work Well 21.4 DPH Estimates of Aircraft Movements versus Passengers 21.5 DPH Estimates of Flows of Arriving Passengers and of Departing Passengers

Exercises References Acronyms and Symbols Index

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