BGP Design and Implementation by Zhang, Randy -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Introduction Part I Understanding Advanced BGP Chapter 1 Advanced BGP Introduction

Understanding BGP Characteristics Reliability Stability Scalability Flexibility Comparing BGP and IGP

Chapter 2 Understanding BGP Building Blocks

Comparing the Control Plane and Forwarding Plane BGP Processes and Memory Use BGP Path Attributes ORIGIN AS_PATH NEXT_HOP MULTI_EXIT_DISC LOCAL_PREF COMMUNITY ORIGINATOR_ID CLUSTER_LIST Understanding Internal BGP Path Decision Process BGP Capabilities BGP-IGP Routing Exchange Routing Information Base Switching Paths Process Switching Cache-Based Switching Fast Switching Optimum Switching Distributed Optimum Switching NetFlow Switching Shortcomings of Cached-Based Switching Methods Cisco Express Forwarding FIB Adjacency Table Distributed CEF Load Sharing Comparison of Switching Mechanisms Case Study: BGP Memory Use Estimation Methods Estimation Formulas Free Memory Before BGP Is Enabled Memory Use for BGP Networks Memory Use for BGP Paths Memory Use for BGP Path Attributes Memory Use for IP NDB Memory Use for IP RDB Memory Use for IP CEF Total BGP Memory Use Analysis Summary

Chapter 3 Tuning BGP Performance

BGP Convergence Tuning TCP Protocol Considerations TCP MSS TCP Window Size Path MTU Discovery Queue Optimization Packet Reception Process Hold Queue Optimization SPD System Buffers BGP Update Generation Peer Groups BGP Dynamic Update Peer Groups Update Packing Enhancement BGP Read-Only Mode Performance Optimization Interdependencies BGP Network Performance Features Network Failure Impact Mitigation BGP Fast External Fallover IGP/BGP Convergence Time Deltas BGP Non-Stop Forwarding Prefix Update Optimization Route Flap Dampening BGP Soft Reconfiguration Route Refresh Feature Transmit Side Loop Detection Outbound Route Filtering Case Study: BGP Convergence Testing Test Scenario Baseline Convergence Peer Group Benefits Peer Groups and Path MTU Discovery Peer Groups and Queue Optimization Pre-Release 12.0(19)S Feature Comparison Post-Release 12.0(19)S BGP Enhancements Case Study Summary Summary

Chapter 4 Effective BGP Policy Control

Policy Control Techniques Regular Expression Components of a Regular Expression How to Use Regular Expressions in Cisco IOS Software Filter Lists for Enforcing BGP Policies Prefix Lists AS Path Lists Community Lists Route Maps Policy Lists Filter Processing Order Conditional Advertisement Configurations Examples Aggregation and Deaggregation Local AS QoS Policy Propagation Identifying and Tagging BGP Prefixes That Require Preferential Treatment Setting FIB Policy Entries Based on BGP Tagging Configuring Traffic Lookup on an Interface and Setting QoS Policies Enforcing Policing on an Interface as Traffic Is Received and Transmitted An Example of QPPB BGP Policy Accounting Case Study: AS Integration via the Local AS Summary

Part II Designing BGP Enterprise Networks Chapter 5 Enterprise BGP Core Network Design

Using BGP in the Enterprise Core Defining the Problem Determining the Solution BGP Strengths BGP Weaknesses BGP Network Core Design Solutions Internal BGP Core Architecture Path Selection Failure and Recovery Scenarios Administrative Control Routing Policy External BGP Core Architecture Path Selection Failure and Recovery Scenarios Administrative Control Routing Policy Internal/External BGP Core Architecture Path Selection Failure and Recovery Scenarios Administrative Control Routing Policy Remote Site Aggregation Case Study: BGP Core Deployment BGP Core Design Scenario Design Requirements Potential Solutions Requirements Analysis Solution Description Core Design Major Center Attachment Remote Site Aggregation Internet Connectivity Migration Plan Supporting Infrastructure Overlay BGP and Inject Prefixes BGP Core Activation Final Cleanup Final Scenario Summary

Chapter 6 Internet Connectivity for Enterprise Networks

Determining What Information to Accept from Upstream Providers Default Route Only Default Plus Partial Routes Full Internet Tables Multihoming Stub Network Single-Homed Stub Network Multihomed Single Border Router Multiple Border Routers Standard Multihomed Network Single Border Router Multiple Border Routers Route Filtering Inbound Filtering Outbound Filtering Load Balancing Inbound Traffic Load Balancing Outbound Traffic Load Balancing Multiple Sessions to the Same Provider EBGP Multihop Solution EBGP Multipath Solution Additional Connectivity Concerns Provider-Based Summarization Peering Filters Case Study: Load Balancing in a Multihoming Environment Scenario Overview Traffic Flow Requirements Failure Scenarios Initial Configurations Inbound Traffic Policy Outbound Traffic Policy Final Configurations Summary

Part III Designing BGP Service Provider Networks Chapter 7 Scalable iBGP Design and Implementation Guidelines

Issues of iBGP Scalability Route Reflection How Route Reflection Works Rules for Prefix Advertisement Clustering Loop-Prevention Mechanisms ORIGINATOR_ID CLUSTER_LIST Hierarchical Route Reflection Route Reflection Design Examples Keeping Logical and Physical Topologies Congruent Using Comparable Inter-AS Metrics in an RR Environment Setting Proper IGP Metrics in an RR Environment Clustering Design Resetting the Next Hop Route Reflection with Peer Groups Confederation How Confederation Works Special Treatment of AS_PATH Special Treatment of Communities Confederation External and Confederation Internal Routes Private AS Numbers Confederation Design Examples Hub-and-Spoke Architecture Setting Proper IGP Metrics for Confederations Confederation Versus Route Reflection Summary

Chapter 8 Route Reflection and Confederation Migration Strategies

Chapter 9 Service Provider Architecture

General ISP Network Architecture Interior Gateway Protocol Layout Network Layout The Network Core Layer The Aggregation Layer The Network Edge Layer General BGP Settings Network Addressing Methodology Loopback Addressing Link Addressing Customer Addressing Customer Connectivity Customer BGP Peering Static Route Redistribution Identifying Customer Prefixes Transit and Peering Overview Transit Connectivity Peering Public Peering Private Peering ISP Tiers and Peering BGP Community Design Prefix Origin Tracking Dynamic Customer Policy Local Preference Manipulation Controlling Upstream Prefix Advertisement QoS Policy Propagation with BGP Static Redistribution and Community Application BGP Security Features TCP MD5 Signatures for BGP Sessions Peer Filtering Graded Route Flap Dampening Public Peering Security Concerns Pointing Default Third-Party Next Hop GRE Tunneling Case Study: Distributed Denial-of-Service Attack Mitigation Dynamic Black Hole Routing Final Edge Router Configuration Example Summary

Part IV Implementing BGP Multiprotocol Extensions Chapter 10 Multiprotocol BGP and MPLS VPN

BGP Multiprotocol Extension for MPLS VPN Route Distinguisher and VPN-IPv4 Address Extended Community Attribute Route Target Extended Community Route Origin Extended Community Multiprotocol Reachability Attributes Understanding MPLS Fundamentals MPLS Labels Label Exchange and LSP Setup Forwarding Labeled Packets Building MPLS VPN Architectures Components of an MPLS VPN VPN Routing/Forwarding Instance VPNv4 Route and Label Propagation Automatic Route Filtering AS_PATH Manipulation AS Override Allow-AS VPNs Across AS Borders Inter-AS VPN Back-to-Back VRF Single-Hop Multiprotocol eBGP for VPNv4 Multihop Multiprotocol eBGP for VPNv4 Non-VPN Transit Provider for VPNv4 Comparison of Various Inter-AS VPN Options Carrier Supporting Carrier VPN CSC for Full Internet Routes Hierarchical VPN BGP Confederations and MPLS VPN Deployment Considerations Scalability Resource Consumption on PE Devices Route Reflector Designs with MPLS VPN Design Guidelines for RDs Route Target Design Examples Hub-and-Spoke VPN Topologies Extranet VPN Management VPN Convergence Provider Backbone Convergence Site-to-Site Convergence Case Study: Inter-AS VPN Using Multihop eBGP Between RRs and IPv4 Labels Summary

Chapter 11 Multiprotocol BGP and Interdomain Multicast

Multicast Fundamentals Multicast Distribution Trees Multicast Group Notation Shared Tree Source Tree Building Multicast Distribution Trees Dense Mode Sparse Mode Interdomain Multicast Multicast Source Discovery Protocol Multicast NLRI in MP-BGP mBGP/MSDP Interaction Peer-RPF Checking Rule 1: i(m)BGP Session Peer-RPF Checking Rule 2: e(m)BGP Session Peer-RPF Checking Rule 3: No (m)BGP Session Mesh Groups Route Reflection Issues Case Study: Service Provider Multicast Deployment Anycast RP Customer Configurations MSDP Default Peer Multiple Links, Same Upstream Provider Multiple ISPs, Dedicated Unicast and Multicast Multiple Upstream ISPs, Redundant Multicast Interdomain Connections Summary

Chapter 12 Multiprotocol BGP Support for IPv6

IPv6 Enhancements Expanded Addressing Capabilities Autoconfiguration Capabilities Header Simplification Security Enhancements QoS Capabilities IPv6 Addressing Anycast Address Functionality General Address Format Aggregatable Global Unicast Addresses Local Addressing Interface Identifiers Special Addresses MP-BGP Extensions for IPv6 NLRI Dual-Stack Deployment MP-BGP for IPv6 Deployment Considerations Configuring MP-BGP for IPv6 BGP Address Family Configuration Injecting IPv6 Prefixes into BGP Prefix Filtering for IPv6 Case Study: Deploying a Dual-Stack IPv4 and IPv6 Environment Initial IPv4 Network Topology Initial Configurations Planned IPv6 Overlay IPv6 Network Topology Final Configurations Summary

Part V Appendixes Appendix A Multiprotocol BGP Extensions for CLNS Support Appendix B Matrix of BGP Features and Cisco IOS Software Releases Appendix C Additional Sources of Information Appendix D Acronym Glossary Index

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