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Michael R. Licona has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs andPatentsAct, 1988, to be identified as Author ofthis work. All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of InterVarsity Press. InterVarsity Press, USA, is the book publishing division oflnterVarsity Christian Fellowship/USA® <www .intervarsity.orgo and a member movement of the International Fellowship ofEvangelical Students. Inter-Varsity Press, England, is closely linked with the Universities and Colleges Christian Fellowship, a student movement connecting Christian Unions throughout Great Britain, and a member movement of the International FellowshipofEvangelicalStudents. Website: www.uccforg.uk Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations are the author's translation. BWHEBB, BWHEBL, BWTRANSH[Hebrew], BWGRKL, BWGRKN, and BWGR
This book is dedicated to my two children, Ally and Zach, who were almost always very patient and understanding while
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 Important Considerations on Historical Inquiry Pertaining to the Truth in Ancient Texts .29 . . .
1.2. Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2. Horizons 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.3. On the Possibility of Transcending Horizon .50 . . . .
1.2.4. The Role of a Consensus 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.5. The Uncertainty of Historical Knowledge. 67 . . . . . .
1.2.6. Postmodernist History 70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.7. Problems with Postmodernist History. .79 . . . . . . .
1.2.8. What Is Truth? .89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.9. What Is a Historical Fact? .93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.10. Burden of Proof .94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.11. Theory and Historians . . . . . . .
1.2.12. Is History a Science? . . . . . . . .
1.2.13. What Historians Do . . . . . . . .
1.3. Method . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2. Arguments to the Best Explanation 108 . . . . . . . . .
1.3.3. Arguments from Statistical Inference 114 . . . . . . . .
1.3.4. Spectrum of Historical Certainty 120 . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.5. Summary 125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.6. Conclusions 129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.7. Confessions 130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 The Historian and Miracles . . . . . . . . . .
2.1. Introductory Comments . . . . . . . . .
2.2. David Hume . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3. C. Behan McCullagh .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 153
2.4. John P. Meier . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5. Bart D. Ehrman .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 171
2.6. A. J. M. Wedderburn/James D. G. Dunn . . . .
2.7. A Turning Point for Historians . . . . . . .
2.8. Burden of Proof in Relation to Miracle-Claims . . .
2.8.2. Legal System 193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8.3. Sagan's Saw 194 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9. Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . .
3 Historical Sources Pertaining to the Resurrection of
3.2. Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.2. The Letters of Paul 208 ... ... ... ... ... ..
3.2.3. Sources that Potentially Antedate the New Testament Literature 209 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.3.1. Q . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.3.2. Pre-Markan Tradition . . . . .
3.2.3.3. Speeches in Acts . . . . . . .
3.2.3.4. Oral Formulas . . . . . . .
3.2.3.4.b. Luke 24:33-34 . . . . . . .
3.2.3.4.d. 1 Corinthians 15:3-8 . . . . .
3.2.4 Non-Christian Sources 235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.4.2. Tacitus . . . . . . . . .
3.2.4.3. Pliny the Younger . . . . . . .
3.2.4.6. Thallus . . . . . . . . .
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