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Index
Title page
Table of Contents
Introduction
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
PART ONE ▲ Perspective
Chapter 1 ■ The Origins of High Performance
1.1 Summary
1.2 The first 4000 years
1.3 The century of bigger sails – 1800 to 1900
1.4 The sandbaggers of New York
1.5 The North American inland lakes
1.6 The skiffs of Sydney
The Planing Explosion – 1895 to 1905
1.7 England – first stirrings and private planing
1.8 New Zealand – Arch Logan, and the Patikis of Auckland
1.9 Canada – Herrick Duggan and the lake scows of Montreal
1.10 The trickle-through decades – 1900 to 1950
1.11 The South African interest
1.12 New Zealand after 1905
1.13 The English scene
1.14 The first half of the apparent wind revolution – 1970 to 1990
Chapter 2 ■ The State of the Extreme Arts
2.1 Scope
2.2 Fastest sailcraft: Iceboats by Buddy Melges
2.3 Fastest waterborne: Sailboard by Finian Maynard
2.4 Recent fastest waterborne: Triscaphe by Lindsay Cunningham
2.5 Fastest practical foilborne: The Flying Moths by Dr Ian Ward
2.6 Fastest foilborne: The trifoilers by George C Chapman
PART TWO ▲ Wind
Foreword to Chapters 3–6
Chapter 3 ■ Review of Wind Dynamics
Review of Wind Dynamics
3.1 The wind’s driving force
The Wind at the Surface
3.2 Cooled and heated winds
3.3 The boundary layer
3.4 Laminar and turbulent boundary layers at the small scale
3.5 Differences in scale between laboratory and nature
3.6 The racing sailor’s wind
3.7 Summary of Section 3.6
3.8 Consequences
The Wind above the Boundary Layer
3.9 Calm
3.10 Light air and its two layers
3.11 Breeze and its three layers
3.12 The turbulent layer
3.13 Aspects of the turbulent layer
3.14 The thin turbulent layers – the sea and lake breezes
3.15 The katabatic or drainage wind
3.16 Two unsteadying factors
3.17 Surface flow patterns within gusts
3.18 Summary of Chapter 3
Chapter 4 ■ The Spectrum of the Wind
4.1 The emergence of wind tactics
4.2 Explaining the spectrum of the wind
Chapter 5 ■ The Quick Gust Peaks
5.1 The quick changes in wind speed
5.2 The Dynes anemograph
5.3 Sherlock and Stout
5.4 The Kingston Tower traces
5.5 Conclusions regarding wind speed
5.6 The quick changes in wind direction
5.7 Conclusions regarding wind direction
Chapter 6 ■ Surges and Fades
6.1 A question of scale
6.2 The ‘new kid on the block’
6.3 The new opportunity
6.4 Conventional downwind technique
6.5 Apparent wind downwind technique
6.6 The new reality
6.7 Steps towards a good experimental design
6.8 Better observations
6.9 Analysis
6.10 Data to date
6.11 Postscripts from left field
PART THREE ▲ The Boat
Chapter 7 ■ The Drive to Sail Faster
7.1 Seminal performance advances
7.2 The cradles of individually driven change
7.3 The cradles of group-driven change
7.4 The bigger sails era
7.5 The planing sailboat explosion
7.6 The apparent wind revolution – Australia
Chapter 8 ■ Hulls – The Materials Revolution
8.1 Properties of shipbuilding materials
8.2 Modes of failure
8.3 The elastic limit
8.4 Failure by softening
8.5 Foam sandwich
Chapter 9 ■ Hulls – The Design Response
9.1 The modern skiff
9.2 Structural evolution
9.3 Advanced wood design
9.4 The second structural revolution
9.5 The new dynamic design factors
9.6 Underwater shape
9.7 Control at planing speeds
9.8 Topsides
9.9 Waves and scows
9.10 Aerodynamic drag
9.11 Ergonomics
The Mechanical Factors
9.12 Gust response, the pre-load principle and rigidity
9.13 Torsion (twist)
9.14 Summary
Chapter 10 ■ Hulls that Don’t Baulk
10.1 Background
10.2 The motion of a normal hull
10.3 Skin friction
10.4 Form drag
10.5 Wave-making drag
10.6 The concept of hull speed
10.7 Drag curves of non-planing sailboats
10.8 Drag curves of planing sailboats
10.9 Tow measurements – model and full size
10.10 Full-size tow tests
10.11 Our initial tow-test method
10.12 The gem in the dross
10.13 Revised tow method and further measurements
10.14 No hump – the practical effect
10.15 No hump – the perceived effect
10.16 No hump – the observed effect
10.17 Summary
10.18 Postscript
Chapter 11 ■ More Power – Trapezes and Wings
11.1 The sliding plank
11.2 The trapeze – early development
11.3 The trapeze era
11.4 The beginnings of wings
11.5 Stub wings
11.6 Hinged wings
Chapter 12 ■ Handicaps, Performance Equalisation, and Turns per Mile
12.1 The club environment
12.2 The two systems
12.3 Handicap racing
12.4 Scratch racing
12.5 The measurer’s methods
12.6 Summary
Chapter 13 ■ Sail Forces in Steady Airflows
13.1 The wake-up call
13.2 The 1966 to 1975 low-speed R and D work
The First Phase
13.3 Development of the adjustable rig
13.4 The Datum Mark system
The Second Phase – Further Observations
13.5 Early experiments
13.6 Laminar and turbulent flow
13.7 Boundary layer flows around sails and foils
13.8 The boundary layer, free stream and undisturbed flow
13.9 Tufts, leech ribbons and sail trim – summary
13.10 The separation bubble
13.11 Leech ribbons
The Third Phase – Measurement and Analysis
13.12 The standard texts
13.13 Simple lift and drag forces
13.14 Sydney University wind tunnel measurements
The Fourth Phase – Smoke Flow Observations
13.15 Smoke plume apparatus
13.16 The separation bubble
13.17 Trajectory, speed and pressure
13.18 The turbine blade principle
13.19 Flow around sails of single and multiple boats
13.20 Special application work
The Fifth Phase – On the Water Comparison
13.21 Experimental method
13.22 Fleet comparison method
13.23 Summary
PART FOUR ▲ Performance Advances 1991 to 2008
Chapter 14 ■ Evolution of the B-18 Marque
14.1 Performance advances – overview
14.2 Hull shape development
14.3 The B-14 and its different rig
14.4 The B-18 marque: origins
14.5 The initial B-18 design
14.6 The B-18 marque, development
14.7 The first ‘recovery’ season: 1989–90
14.8 The European Exhibition Tour, 1990
14.9 The beginning of the 1990–1 season
14.10 The Prime two-hander experience
14.11 The AAMI background
14.12 AAMI I – the 1990–1 season
14.13 Truth and politics
Chapter 15 ■ Design Refinement for Long-course Speed BY JULIAN BETHWAITE
15.1 The second design revolution
15.2 The emerging promotional effect
15.3 Revised plan
15.4 Cosmetics
15.5 1991–2 – All States/AAMI IV, year 2 – design objects
15.6 The European Exhibition Tour, 1991
15.7 Tacking technique
15.8 Eighteen footer racing tack
15.9 Eighteen footer safety tack
15.10 Gybing technique
15.11 The environmental factors by Frank Bethwaite
15.12 Eighteen footer racing gybe
15.13 Eighteen footer survival gybe
15.14 The 1991–2 boat
15.15 Second-order weight reduction
15.16 Aerodynamic drag reduction – the hull
15.17 Aerodynamic drag reduction – wings, crew and rig
15.18 Spinnaker chute
15.19 Conservation of speed
15.20 Flatter sails
15.21 Centreboard flow-on effects
15.22 Acceleration consequences
15.23 No 1 course record sail
15.24 Mast stiffness – distribution of flexibility
Chapter 16 ■ Design Refinement for Short-course Manoeuvrability
16.1 The development of the skiff TV spectacle
16.2 Development of the shorter-course format
16.3 The different tactical demands of the shorter courses
16.4 Hull design
16.5 Rig development
Chapter 17 ■ The 49er
17.1 Concept and origins
17.2 New factors
17.3 The initial English input
17.4 The consortium
17.5 Design objects and details
17.6 The prototype design
17.7 The prototype rig
17.8 The ergonomic revolution
17.9 The test pilots
17.10 ‘Bye-bye wishbone’
17.11 Three steps along the way
17.12 The ISAF HPOD criteria
17.13 The consortium’s response to the criteria
17.14 The 49er final design
17.15 Global spread
17.16 The evaluation event
17.17 Refinements
Chapter 18 ■ Transition Years
18.1 The big changes
18.2 Spinnaker size
18.3 Automatic response
18.4 The apparent-wind-angle (Beta) limit
18.5 The practical speed increases of the skiff revolution
Chapter 19 ■ The 29er
19.1 The properties of a skiff
19.2 Earlier work – the Laser Two
19.3 The 29er – the cut and try approach
19.4 29er Prototype Mk I – May 1997
19.5 29er Prototype Mk II
19.6 The durability revolution
19.7 Mark II hull, statics and dynamics
19.8 29er Prototype Mk III
19.9 29er Prototype Mk IV
19.10 Acceptance and spread
Chapter 20 ■ The Critical Ratios
20.1 Smaller is harder
20.2 The experimental Tasar
20.3 The shape of the problem
20.4 The beginning of wisdom
20.5 Analysis – step one
20.6 Analysis – step two
20.7 Interference
20.8 Transition from laminar to turbulent flow
20.9 The third step – the critical ratios
20.10 The first critical ratio – sail area to wetted area
20.11 The second critical ratio – sail area to total weight
20.12 The third critical ratio – sail-carrying power to total weight
20.13 The fourth critical ratio – the rig’s handling properties
20.14 Summary
PART FIVE ▲ The Automatic Rig
Chapter 21 ■ The Evolution of Manual Adjustment
21.1 The drive for adjustment
21.2 Slow adjustment through the ages
21.3 Unintentional slow adjustment technique
21.4 Rigid rigs and manually adjustable rigs
21.5 The calculated speed gains
Chapter 22 ■ The Automatic Rig
22.1 The seminal change
22.2 The consolidation years
22.3 The mechanics of the manual and the automatic rig
22.4 The variables
22.5 Postscript – a more automatic rig in action
PART SIX ▲ The Sailing Simulator
Chapter 23 ■ The Evolution of the Sailing Simulator
23.1 Similarities with the flight simulator
23.2 Flight simulator development – substitution
23.3 Flight crew emergency training
23.4 Flight simulator development – extension
23.5 Sailing simulator origins and development to date
23.6 The first generation
23.7 The second generation – technical development
Chapter 24 ■ A New Way of Thinking
24.1 Sailing – the sportsman’s view
24.2 Sailing – the simulator’s view
24.3 The journey of discovery
24.4 Initial use
24.5 Overview of the task
Working with Children
24.6 First trial with beginners – unsupportive environment
24.7 Second trial with beginners – supportive environment
24.8 Third trial with beginners – using the new opportunity
Working with Adults
24.9 Development of the benchmark technique
24.10 The benchmark technique at work
24.11 Delegation and attempted integration
24.12 A World Championship
24.13 Pilot group ‘simulator plus on-water trial’
24.14 Objective achieved
24.15 A new way of thinking
24.16 Natural handling technique
24.17 Fast handling technique
24.18 The four key differences
24.19 Summary
Chapter 25 ■ The Simulator Printout
25.1 The critical difference
25.2 The leader’s technique and the boat’s response
25.3 The typical follower’s technique
25.4 How the leader thinks
PART SEVEN ▲ Handling
Chapter 26 ■ Fast Handling Technique
26.1 Foreword
26.2 The turning manoeuvres
26.3 The tack
26.4 The mark rounding
26.5 The two gybe manoeuvres
26.5.1 The ‘wind from behind’ gybe
26.5.2 The apparent wind gybe
26.6 Straight-line sailing
26.7 Arc I: To windward
26.8 Arc III: Reaching and broad reaching
26.9 Arc II: Close reaching
26.10 Arc IV: Running square or near-square
26.11 Stop–start sailing, and snaking for steady speed
26.12 Summary of fast technique
26.13 The scan
Chapter 27 ■ Handling an Apparent Wind Skiff
27.1 The contributors
27.2 Seamanship
27.3 Explanation of Figs 27.1 and 27.2
27.4 The dynamic differences upwind
27.5 The dynamic differences downwind
27.6 Planning and handling – upwind
27.7 Downwind – scanning and planning
27.8 Use of gusts
27.9 Downwind – handling
27.10 Handling the larger skiffs by Julian Bethwaite
27.11 29er Handling in Strong Winds by Scott Babbage (in consultation with David O’Connor)
Chapter 28 ■ Sailing the Foil Moth BY ROHAN VEAL
28.1 Foil Moth experience
28.2 Essential prior experience
28.3 Sailing environment for learning
28.4 Handling and preparation onshore
28.5 Moving to the water – launching
28.6 Moving offshore – also returning
28.7 Height control
28.8 Sailing the foil Moth
PART EIGHT ▲ Racing at a High Level
Chapter 29 ■ Racing with Speed: ‘Connecting the Dots’
29.1 Strategy by Frank Bethwaite
29.2 Connecting the dots by Paul Cayard
29.3 Eighteen foot skiff: No 1 course record sail by Julian Bethwaite
29.4 Laser: cutting the corners by Mark Bethwaite
29.5 Tasar: risk management in racing by Rob and Nicole Douglass
29.6 29er: World Championships, Weymouth 2006 by Scott Babbage (in consultation with Silja Lehtinen)
29.7 49er: Coaching Gold Medallists by Emmett Lazich
Endnotes
eCopyright
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