Beautiful Architecture by Gousios, Georgios -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Beautiful Architecture

SPECIAL OFFER: Upgrade this ebook with O’Reilly Foreword Preface

How This Book Is Organized

Part I: On Architecture Part II: Enterprise Application Architecture Part III: Systems Architecture Part IV: End-User Application Architectures Part V: Languages and Architecture

Principles, Properties, and Structures Conventions Used in This Book Using Code Examples Safari® Books Online How to Contact Us Acknowledgments

I. On Architecture

1. What Is Architecture?

Introduction

The Role of Architect The Role of the Software Architect What Constitutes a Software Architecture? Architecture Versus Design

Creating a Software Architecture Architectural Structures

The Information Hiding Structures The Uses Structures The Process Structures

Process gives work to Process gets resources from Process shares resources with Process contained in module

Access Structures Summary of Structures

Good Architectures Beautiful Architectures Acknowledgments References

2. A Tale of Two Systems: A Modern-Day Software Fable

The Messy Metropolis

Down the Tubes

Incomprehensibility Lack of cohesion Unnecessary coupling Code problems Problems outside the code Clear requirements

Where Is It Now? A Postcard from the Metropolis

Design Town

First Steps into Design Town The Story Unfolds

Locating functionality Consistency Growing the architecture Deferring design decisions Maintaining quality Managing technical debt Unit tests shape design Time for design Working with the design

Where Is It Now?

So What? Your Turn References

II. Enterprise Application Architecture

3. Architecting for Scale

Introduction Context

The First Goal The Game World Latency Is the Enemy

The Architecture

The Macro Structure The Basic Services Communication Services Task Portability

Thoughts on the Architecture

Parallelism and Latency Betting on the Future Simplifying the Programmer’s Job

4. Making Memories

Capabilities and Constraints Workflow Architecture Facets

Modules and Launcher

ApplicationContext Module dependencies Launcher

Kiosk-Style GUI UI and UI Model

Forms Properties Bindings Application facade

Interchangeable Workstations

Image repositories NIO image transfer Fast and robust

Database Migrations

Updates as objects Regular exercise Safety features Field results

Immutable Data and Ubiquitous GUIDs Render Farm

Conway’s Law, applied DVD loading Render pipeline Fail fast Scale out

User Response Conclusion References

5. Resource-Oriented Architectures: Being “In the Web”

Introduction Conventional Web Services The Web Resource-Oriented Architectures Data-Driven Applications Applied Resource-Oriented Architecture Conclusion

6. Data Grows Up: The Architecture of the Facebook Platform

Introduction

Some Application Core Data Some Facebook Core Data Facebook’s Application Platform

Creating a Social Web Service

Data: Creating an XML Web Service A Simple Web Service Authentication Handshake

Creating a Social Data Query Service

Method Call Batching FQL

Architecture of FQL

Creating a Social Web Portal: FBML

Applications on Facebook: Directly Rendering HTML, CSS, and JS Applications on Facebook: iframes Applications on Facebook: FBML As Data-Driven Execution Markup

Direct HTML tags Data-display tags Data-execution tags Design-only tags Replacement HTML tags “Functionality package” tags FBML: A small example

FBML Architecture

Implementing direct HTML tags in FBML Implementing data-display tags in FBML Data-execution tags in FBML Putting it all together

Supporting Functionality for the System

Platform Cookies FBJS Service Improvement Summary

Summation

III. Systems Architecture

7. Xen and the Beauty of Virtualization

Introduction Xenoservers The Challenges of Virtualization Paravirtualization The Changing Shape of Xen Changing Hardware, Changing Xen Lessons Learned

Paravirtualization Open Source Development

Further Reading

8. Guardian: A Fault-Tolerant Operating System Environment

Tandem/16: Some Day All Computers Will Be Built Like This Hardware

Diagnosis Repair

Mechanical Layout Processor Architecture

Memory Addressing Procedure Calls Action of the PCAL and SCAL Instructions

The Interprocessor Bus Input/Output Process Structure

Process Pairs

Message System

Process Pairs, Revisited Synchronization Networking: EXPAND and FOX

System names FOX

File System

File Naming Asynchronous I/O Interprocess Communication System Messages Device I/O Security File Access Security

Folklore The Downside

Performance Hardware Limitations Missed Opportunities Split Brain

Posterity Further Reading

9. JPC: An x86 PC Emulator in Pure Java

Introduction Proof of Concept

Potential Processor Performance Tests

The PC Architecture Java Performance Tips Four in Four: It Just Won’t Go The Perils of Protected Mode Fighting A Losing Battle

Microcoding: Less Is More or More Is Less

Hijacking the JVM

Compiling: How to Reinvent the Wheel

Simple code generation Handling exceptions Bytecode manipulation

Class Loading and Unloading, but on a Big Scale

Codeblock replacement

Ultimate Flexibility

Flexible Data Anywhere Flexible Auditing and Support Flexible Computing Anywhere

Ultimate Security It Feels Better the Second Time Around

10. The Strength of Metacircular Virtual Machines: Jikes RVM

Background Myths Surrounding Runtime Environments

As Runtime Compilers Must Be Fast, They Must Be Simple Unlimited Analysis in a Static Compiler Must Mean Better Performance Runtime Analysis Uses a Lot of Resources Dynamic Class Loading Inhibits Performance Garbage Collection Is Slower Than Explicit Memory Management Summary

A Brief History of Jikes RVM Bootstrapping a Self-Hosting Runtime

Object Layout Runtime Memory Layout Compiling the Primordials and Filling in the JTOC The Boot Image Runner and VM.boot

Runtime Components

Basic Execution Model Adaptive Optimization System Optimizing Compilation

HIR LIR MIR Factored control flow graph Scalar and extended array SSA forms Partial evaluation On-stack replacement Summary

Exception Model Magic, Annotations, and Making Things Go Smoothly Thread Model Native Interface Class Loaders and Reflection Garbage Collection

Jikes RVM integration Summary

Lessons Learned References

IV. End-User Application Architectures

11. GNU Emacs: Creeping Featurism Is a Strength

Emacs in Use Emacs’s Architecture

The Model: Buffers The View: Emacs’s Redisplay Engine The Controller: Emacs Lisp

Creeping Featurism

Creeping Featurism and User Interface Complexity

How complex is the Model? How complex is the command set?

Creeping Featurism and Maintainability

Two Other Architectures

Eclipse Firefox

12. When the Bazaar Sets Out to Build Cathedrals

Introduction History and Structure of the KDE Project Akonadi

Background The Evolution of Akonadi The Akonadi Architecture The First Release and Beyond

ThreadWeaver

Introduction to ThreadWeaver: Or, How Complicated Can It Be to Load a File? Core Concepts and Features Declarative Concurrency: A Thumbnail Viewer Example From Concurrency to Scheduling: How to Implement Expected Behavior Systematically A Crazy Idea

V. Languages and Architecture

13. Software Architecture: Object-Oriented Versus Functional

Overview The Functional Examples Assessing the Modularity of Functional Solutions

Extendibility Criteria Assessing the Functional Approach Levels of Modularity The Functional Advantage State Intervention

An Object-Oriented View

Combinators Are Good, Types Are Better Using Software Contracts and Genericity The Modularization Policy Inheritance Polymorphism, Polymorphic Containers, and Dynamic Binding Deferred Classes and Features

Assessing and Improving OO Modularity

Reusing Operations Extendibility: Adding Types Extendibility: Adding Operations

Agents: Wrapping Operations into Objects

The Agent Mechanism Scope of Agents An Agent-Based Library to Make the Visitor Pattern Unnecessary Assessment

Acknowledgments References

14. Rereading the Classics

Everything Is an Object Types Are Defined Implicitly Problems Brick and Mortar Architecture References

A. Afterword B. Contributors Index About the Authors Colophon SPECIAL OFFER: Upgrade this ebook with O’Reilly

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