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Index
Preface
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Computer User Support
Historical Changes in Computer Use
The 1950s and 1960s: Early Computers
The 1970s: The First Steps Toward Decentralized Computing
The 1980s and 1990s: The Growth of Decentralized Computing
The Late 1990s and 2000s: The Era of Distributed and Network Computing
The 2010s and Beyond: Cloud Computing
Classifying End Users
Environment
Skill Level
Frequency of Use
Software Used
Features Used
Relationship
Resources End Users Need
Basic Hardware
Add-on Peripherals
Hardware Maintenance and Upgrades
Software and Software Upgrades
Supplies
Data and Information
Technical Support
Facilities, Administration, and Overhead
Total Cost of Ownership
End-User Application Software
Problems End Users Experience
Waste of Resources
User Mistakes
Computer Crime
Theft of Resources
Invasion of Privacy
Abusive Users
Computer Viruses
Health Problems
Addressing the Need for User Support Workers
How Organizations Provide a User Support Function
Peer Support
Part-Time User Support
User Support Worker or Work Team
Help Desk Support
User Support Center
User Support as an IT Responsibility
User Support Outsourced to a Vendor
User Support Services
Staff a Help Desk, Hotline, or Chat Service to Provide Information
Provide Technical Troubleshooting Assistance
Locate Information to Assist Users
Evaluate Hardware, Software, and Network Products
Coordinate Organization-Wide Support Standards
Perform Needs Analysis and Provide Purchase Assistance for Users
Provide Installation Assistance
Provide Training on Computer Systems and Procedures
Prepare Documentation on Computer Use
Assist Users with Software Development Projects
Position Descriptions for User Support Staff
Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities
Alternative Career Paths for User Support Workers
Programmer/Developer
Network Technician
Web Site Maintainer
Support Manager
Project Manager
Trainer/Technical Writer
Security Specialist
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Check Your Understanding
Discussion Questions
Hands-On Activities
Case Projects
CHAPTER 2 Customer Service Skills for User Support Agents
Communication and Customer Service Skills
Listen Carefully
Build Understanding
Respond Effectively
Develop an Effective Personal Communication Style
Special Challenges of Telephone Communication
Develop an Incident Management Strategy
Ask Goal-Directed Diagnostic Questions
Be Honest
Say “I Don’t Know” When You Don’t
Apologize
Say “Thank You”
Use Incident Management, Not User-Management, Techniques
Teach Self-Reliance
Customer Service and Personality Types
Strategies for Difficult Clients and Incidents
Users Who Complain
Contacts by “Power Users”
Incidents That Get Off Track
Users Who Are Upset or Angry
Users Who Are Abusive
Users Who Are Reluctant to Respond
Users Who Won’t Stop Responding
Client-Friendly Web Sites and Web 2.0
Content
Organization
Format
Mechanics
Comprehensive Client Services
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Check Your Understanding
Discussion Questions
Hands-On Activities
Case Projects
CHAPTER 3 Writing for End Users
Types of User Documentation
Brochures and Flyers
Newsletters
Handouts and Training Aids
User Guides, Handbooks, and Manuals
Online Help Systems
Email, Chat, and Text Messages
Web Pages
Proposals, Letters, and Memos
Procedural and Operational Documentation
Troubleshooting Guides
How Technical Writing Differs from Other Writing
Technical Writing Style
How Technical Documents Are Organized
Document Planning
Who Is the Target Audience?
What Does the Audience Already Know?
What Does the Audience Need to Know?
What Do You Want the Audience to Be Able to Do?
What Medium Will Be Used to Transmit the Document to Its Audience?
The Technical Writing Process
Step 1: Generate an Idea List
Step 2: Organize the List into an Outline
Step 3: Expand the Outline into a First Draft
Step 4: Edit the Draft
Step 5: Get an Outside Review
Step 6: Revise the Draft
Step 7: Proofread the Document
Technical Writing Strategies
Analogies
Repetition
Consistent Word Use
Parallel Structure
Consistent Verb Tense
Common Technical Writing Problems
Clutter
Inappropriate Typefaces
Gender References
Unclear Referents
Passive Voice
Nominalization
Wordiness
Jargon
Undefined Acronyms
Dangling Modifiers
Technical Writing Tools
Documentation Evaluation Criteria
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Check Your Understanding
Discussion Questions
Hands-On Activities
Case Projects
CHAPTER 4 Skills for Troubleshooting Computer Problems
What is Troubleshooting?
Problem-Solving Skills
Critical-Thinking Skills
Decision-Making Skills
Tools Troubleshooters Use
Communication Skills
Information Resources
Diagnostic and Repair Tools
Problem-Solving Strategies
Personal Characteristics of Successful Troubleshooters
Developing Your Own Approach to Problem Solving
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Check Your Understanding
Discussion Questions
Hands-On Activities
Case Projects
CHAPTER 5 Common Support Problems
Common End-User Problems
Hardware Problems
Software Problems
User Problems
Documentation Problems
Vendor Problems
Operating Environment Problems
Network Problems
Problem-Solving Processes Applied to Typical End-User Problems
Problem 1: Sounds Like Trouble
Problem 2: The Problem with Modems
Problem 3: Give Credit Where It Is Due
Problem 4: Antivirus Protection Worth Every Cent You Pay for It
Problem 5: The Path Not Taken
Problem 6: The Nonresponsive Network
Problem 7: The Big, Red X
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Check Your Understanding
Discussion Questions
Hands-On Activities
Case Projects
CHAPTER 6 Help Desk Operation
What Is a Help Desk?
The Incident Management Process
1. Receive the Incident
2. Prescreen the Incident
3. Authenticate the User
4. Log the Incident
5. Screen the Incident
6. Prioritize the Incident
7. Assign the Incident
8. Track the Incident
9. Escalate the Incident
10. Resolve the Incident
11. Close the Incident
12. Archive the Incident
Best Practices for Help Desk Operations
Physical Layout of Help Desk Work Areas
Job Stress in Help Desk Work
Help Desk Technology and Tools
Help Desk Software
HelpSTAR® Software
Computer Telephony Systems
Web-Based Support
Trends in Help Desk Operation
Technology Trends
Workplace Trends
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Check Your Understanding
Discussion Questions
Hands-On Activities
Case Projects
CHAPTER 7 User Support Management
Managerial Concerns: Mission, Budgets, Staffing, Training, and Performance
User Support Mission
Budgeting for User Support Services
Staffing the Help Desk
User Support Staff Training
User Support Performance Evaluation and Justification
User Support Certification
Formal Education Certification
Vendor-Specific Certification
Industry-Standard Certification
User Support and Help Desk Certification
User Support Center Certification Programs
The Benefits of Certification
Certification Exam Preparation
User Support as a Profession
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Check Your Understanding
Discussion Questions
Hands-On Activities
Case Projects
CHAPTER 8 Product Evaluation Strategies and Support Standards
How Product Standards Emerged
Methods for Evaluating and Selecting Computer Products
Information Resources
Decision-Making Tools
Product Support Standards
How Computer Product and Support Standards Develop
How Organizations Implement Computer Product and Support Standards
Acceptable Use Guidelines
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Check Your Understanding
Discussion Questions
Hands-On Activities
Case Projects
CHAPTER 9 End-User Needs Assessment Projects
Overview of User Needs Analysis and Assessment
End-User Needs Analysis Steps and Tasks
Step 1: Understand the End User’s and the Organization’s Goals
Step 2: Understand the Decision Criteria and Constraints
Step 3: Define the Problem Clearly
Step 4: Identify the Roles of Stakeholders
Step 5: Identify Sources of Information
Step 6: Develop an Understanding of the Existing System
Step 7: Investigate Alternatives to the Existing System
Step 8: Develop a Model of the Proposed Solution
Step 9: Make a Build-Versus-Buy Decision
Needs Analysis and Assessment Tools
Project Charter
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Data-Collection Instruments
Charts and Diagrams
Prototyping Software
Managing a User Support Project
Project Management Steps
Project Management Tools
Other Needs Assessment and Project Management Tools
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Check Your Understanding
Discussion Questions
Hands-On Activities
Case Projects
CHAPTER 10 Installing and Managing End-User Computers
System Installation Overview
Preinstallation Site Preparation
Location
Ergonomics
Power Requirements
Network and Telephone Access
Air Conditioning
Lighting
Fire Suppression
Site Management Documentation
Hardware Installation Tools
Common Hardware Installation Steps
Typical Operating System and Network Installation Steps
Operating System Installation
Network Installation
Typical Steps to Install Application Software
Typical Installation Wrap-Up Tasks
Ongoing Site Management Responsibilities
Media Backup
Monitoring Potential Security Threats
Disaster and Contingency Planning
Other Site Management Activities
Preventive Maintenance
Computer Supplies
Managing the Recycling of Computers, Peripherals, and Supplies
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Check Your Understanding
Discussion Questions
Hands-On Activities
Case Projects
CHAPTER 11 Training Computer Users
What is Training?
The Training Process
Step 1: Plan the Training
Determine the Trainees’ Backgrounds
Determine What Trainees Already Know
Determine the Trainees’ Content Needs
Determine the Skill Level Trainees Need
Define the Training Objectives
Step 2: Prepare for the Training
Specify Which Topics Will Be Covered
Organize the Topics
Select an Effective Training Format
How Learners Learn
Select Delivery Methods for the Training Materials
Develop Specific Training Materials
Design Training Evaluation Methods
Step 3: Present the Training
Practice the Presentation
Arrive Early to Check Out the Facility
Don’t Read Notes or PowerPoint Slides Verbatim
Don’t Try to Cover Too Much Material
Teach the Most Important Skills
Use Humor Sparingly
Pause for Comprehension Checks
Monitor the Training Environment
Provide Frequent Breaks
Obtain Professional Feedback
Step 4: Progress Toward Higher-Quality User Training
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Check Your Understanding
Discussion Questions
Hands-On Activities
Case Projects
CHAPTER 12 A User Support Utility Tool Kit
Introduction to Utility Software and Information Resources
Categories of Utility Software Tools
Hardware Support
System Information
Software Support—Operating Systems
Software Support—Applications
System Problem Diagnosis
Network Support
Internet Support
File Management Tasks
Performance Enhancements
Security Solutions
User Support Tools
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Check Your Understanding
Discussion Questions
Hands-On Activities
Case Projects
APPENDIX A Answers to Check Your Understanding Questions
APPENDIX B HelpSTAR® Student Edition
APPENDIX C User Support Presentations and Meetings
Index
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