Neuroscience Nursing by Woodward, Sue -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Half title page Title page Copyright page Contributor List Preface Acknowledgements Section I: Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System

1 Cells of the CNS and How They Communicate

INTRODUCTION COMPONENTS OF THE NEURONE AND THEIR FUNCTIONS NEUROGLIA COMMUNICATION BY NEURONES NEUROTRANSMISSION SUMMARY

2 The Structural and Biochemical Defences of the CNS

INTRODUCTION BONY ENCASEMENT THE MENINGES AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE CNS THE BLOOD–BRAIN BARRIER (BBB) SUMMARY

3 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Brain

INTRODUCTION DESCRIBING ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES FOETAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN THE GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN CEREBRUM FRONTAL LOBE PARIETAL LOBE TEMPORAL LOBE OCCIPITAL LOBE LIMBIC SYSTEM AMYGDALA HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEMORY MAMILLARY BODIES SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM CINGULATE GYRUS, INSULA AND PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS CEREBELLUM BASAL GANGLIA AND THE THALAMUS THE HYPOTHALAMUS PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS) BRAIN STEM RETICULAR FORMATION AND RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM SUMMARY

4 The Spinal Cord

INTRODUCTION GROSS ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY SUMMARY

5 The Autonomic Nervous System

INTRODUCTION ANATOMY NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS THE SENSORY COMPONENT THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM VISCERAL PAIN THE FUNCTION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM THE HYPOTHALAMUS THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, EMOTION AND THE CONSCIOUS BRAIN SUMMARY

6 Intracranial Physiology

INTRODUCTION INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW (CBF) OXYGEN AND GLUCOSE REQUIREMENTS SUMMARY

Section II: Assessment, Interpretation and Management of Specific Problems in the Neurological Patient

7 Assessment and Management of Raised Intracranial Pressure

INTRODUCTION CAUSES OF RAISED ICP SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS INVESTIGATIONS ASSESSMENT TREATMENT OF RAISED ICP GENERAL MEASURES AND NURSING CARE FOR PATIENTS WITH RAISED ICP OR SUSPECTED RAISED ICP FIRST LINE MEASURES TO REDUCE ICP SUMMARY

8 Assessment, Interpretation and Management of Altered Consciousness

INTRODUCTION CONSCIOUSNESS SLEEP ASSESSMENT OF CONSCIOUSNESS INTERPRETATION OF GCS FINDINGS ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS BRAIN STEM DEATH NURSING MANAGEMENT OF A PATIENT WITH ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS NURSING MANAGEMENT OF A PATIENT WITH BRAIN STEM DEATH SUMMARY

9 Assessment, Interpretation and Management of Impaired Cognition

INTRODUCTION PHYSIOLOGY OF COGNITION PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND ALTERED COGNITION AETIOLOGY AND PRESENTATION OF DELIRIUM ASSESSING PATIENTS WITH IMPAIRED COGNITION INTERPRETATION OF ASSESSMENT FINDINGS NURSING MANAGEMENT OF DELIRIUM MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAMWORKING POST-DELIRIUM COUNSELLING SUMMARY

10 Assessment and Management of Challenging Behaviour

INTRODUCTION PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY ASSESSMENT MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL AND BEHAVIOURAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES STAFF INTERACTIONS AND BEHAVIOURS PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT PHYSICAL RESTRAINT SUMMARY

11 Assessment, Interpretation and Management of Altered Perceptual, Motor and Sensory Function

INTRODUCTION SENSATION SENSORY ASSESSMENT SENSORY IMPAIRMENT PHYSIOLOGY OF MOVEMENT ASSESSMENT OF MOVEMENT ABNORMAL MOVEMENTS AND MOVEMENT DISORDERS SPASTICITY, RIGIDITY AND CONTRACTURE NURSING CARE OF THE PATIENT WITH MOTOR IMPAIRMENT SPECIFIC NURSING MANAGEMENT OF SPASTICITY SPECIFIC NURSING MANAGEMENT OF FLACCIDITY SUMMARY

12 Assessment, Interpretation and Management of Altered Speech and Swallowing

INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF ALTERED SPEECH THE ASSESSMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF COMMUNICATION ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNICATION NURSING MANAGEMENT OF ALTERED COMMUNICATION MEDICAL MANAGEMENT RELATED TO ALTERED COMMUNICATION OVERVIEW OF ALTERED SWALLOWING (DYSPHAGIA) AETIOLOGY OF NEUROGENIC DYSPHAGIA ASSESSMENT OF DYSPHAGIA NURSING MANAGEMENT OF DYSPHAGIA SUMMARY

13 Assessment, Interpretation and Management of Cranial Nerve Dysfunction

INTRODUCTION FUNCTIONS OF THE CRANIAL NERVES TESTING CRANIAL NERVES AND INTERPRETING FINDINGS CRANIAL NERVE DISORDERS MEDICAL AND NURSING MANAGEMENT OF COMMON CRANIAL NERVE DISORDERS SUMMARY

14 Assessment, Interpretation and Management of Altered Cardiovascular Status in the Neurological Patient

INTRODUCTION HAEMODYNAMICS AUTONOMIC CONTROL OF HAEMODYNAMICS HAEMODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT TEMPERATURE HAEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE BRAIN STEM DEATH AUTONOMIC EFFECTS OF PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASE TEMPERATURE ABNORMALITIES AND NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE SUMMARY

15 Assessment, Interpretation and Management of Impaired Respiratory Function in the Neurological Patient

INTRODUCTION PHYSIOLOGY ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATORY FUNCTION MONITORING AND INVESTIGATION OF RESPIRATORY FUNCTION ACID–BASE BALANCE DISTURBANCES OF ACID–BASE BALANCE NURSING CARE/MANAGEMENT RESPIRATORY SUPPORT NON-INVASIVE RESPIRATORY SUPPORT SUCTIONING ASSISTED COUGH SUMMARY

16 Assessment and Management of Fluid, Electrolytes and Nutrition in the Neurological Patient

INTRODUCTION PHYSIOLOGY OF FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE FLUID ASSESSMENT IN THE NEUROSCIENCE PATIENT FLUID MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT OF COMMON CAUSES OF HYPONATRAEMIA IN THE NEUROLOGICAL PATIENT MANAGEMENT OF COMMON CAUSES OF HYPERNATRAEMIA IN THE NEUROLOGICAL PATIENT NUTRITION IN THE NEUROSCIENCE PATIENT BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT MECHANISMS OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT SUMMARY

17 Assessment and Management of Pain

INTRODUCTION DEFINING PAIN PHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN SOMATIC AND VISCERAL PAIN NEUROPATHIC PAIN ASSESSMENT OF PAIN HEADACHE MEDICAL AND NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PAIN MANAGEMENT OF HEADACHE MANAGEMENT OF NEUROPATHIC, SOMATIC AND VISCERAL PAIN SUMMARY

18 Assessment and Management of Bladder and Bowel Problems

INTRODUCTION PHYSIOLOGY OF MICTURITION URINARY SYMPTOMS AND INCONTINENCE NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND BLADDER DYSFUNCTION ASSESSMENT OF BLADDER FUNCTION MEDICAL AND NURSING MANAGEMENT OF URINARY INCONTINENCE PHYSIOLOGY OF DEFECATION NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND BOWEL DISORDERS ASSESSING BOWEL FUNCTION BOWEL MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES SUMMARY

Section III: Neurological Investigations and Neurosurgical Procedures

19 Neurological Investigations

INTRODUCTION STRUCTURAL NEUROIMAGING: CRANIAL STRUCTURES STRUCTURAL NEUROIMAGING: SPINAL STRUCTURES FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING NEUROPHYSIOLOGY BIOPSIES LUMBAR PUNCTURE (LP) SUMMARY

20 Common Neurosurgical Procedures

INTRODUCTION GENERAL PRE-OPERATIVE NURSING MANAGEMENT IMMEDIATE PRE-OPERATIVE PREPARATION OVERVIEW OF SURGICAL PROCEDURES POST-OPERATIVE NURSING MANAGEMENT FOR ALL NEUROSURGICAL PATIENTS SPECIFIC POST-OPERATIVE NEUROSURGICAL NURSING CARE SUMMARY

Section IV: Management of Patients with Intracranial Disorders and Disease

21 Management of Patients with Intracranial Tumours

INTRODUCTION EPIDEMIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AETIOLOGY OVERVIEW OF TUMOUR TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION COMMON TYPES OF TUMOUR: GLIOMA, MENINGIOMA AND METASTASES CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT SPECIFIC TREATMENT FOR EACH TYPE OF TUMOUR LESS COMMON TYPES OF TUMOUR PITUITARY TUMOURS FUNCTIONING PITUITARY TUMOURS NON-FUNCTIONING PITUITARY TUMOURS RARE TUMOURS INVOLVING THE PITUITARY GLAND VESTIBULAR SCHWANNOMA – ACOUSTIC NEUROMA RARE TUMOURS: INCIDENCE OF LESS THAN 1–2 PER MILLION PER YEAR SERVICE GUIDANCE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH BRAIN TUMOURS NURSING CARE AND MANAGEMENT CARE OF THE PATIENT UNDERGOING RADIOTHERAPY CARE OF THE PATIENT UNDERGOING CHEMOTHERAPY CARE OF THE PATIENT UNDERGOING STEROID THERAPY SUMMARY

22 Management of Patients with Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack

INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS EPIDEMIOLOGY AETIOLOGY RISK FACTORS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF STROKE DIAGNOSIS MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF STROKE AND TIA SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF STROKE AND TIA EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING MANAGEMENT STROKE REHABILITATION SUMMARY

23 Management of Patients with Intracranial Aneurysms and Vascular Malformations

INTRODUCTION ANEURYSMS INCIDENCE OF ANEURYSMS AETIOLOGY OF ANEURYSMS OTHER CAUSES OF SPONTANEOUS SUBARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGE (SAH) SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ANEURYSMAL SAH DIAGNOSIS NURSING AND MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE PATIENT WITH AN ANEURYSMAL SAH EXTRACRANIAL COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SAH TREATMENT OF THE ANEURYSM SPECIFIC NURSING MANAGEMENT TO MONITOR/TREAT FOR POST-COILING COMPLICATIONS PROGNOSTIC FACTORS OUTCOMES ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS INCIDENCE AETIOLOGY PRESENTATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS TREATMENT NURSING MANAGEMENT OUTCOMES OTHER VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS SUMMARY

24 Management of Patients with Central Nervous System Infections

ACUTE BACTERIAL MENINGITIS AETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS MEDICAL MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT NURSING MANAGEMENT TRANSMISSION PROGNOSIS PHYSICAL, COGNITIVE AND PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPAIRMENTS FOLLOWING MENINGITIS SUPPORT SUBACUTE MENINGITIS ENCEPHALITIS EPIDEMIOLOGY AND AETIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS MEDICAL MANAGEMENT NURSING MANAGEMENT PROGNOSIS PHYSICAL, COGNITIVE AND PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPAIRMENTS FOLLOWING ENCEPHALITIS FURTHER INFORMATION CEREBRAL ABSCESS AETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS AND MEDICAL MANAGEMENT NURSING MANAGEMENT PROGNOSIS NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS AND INVESTIGATIONS MEDICAL MANAGEMENT AND DRUGS NURSING MANAGEMENT SUMMARY

25 Management of Patients with Hydrocephalus

INTRODUCTION EPIDEMIOLOGY AETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS INVESTIGATIONS TREATMENT MEDICAL MANAGEMENT NURSING MANAGEMENT SUMMARY

Section V: Management of Patients with Long-Term Conditions

26 Management of Patients with Common Movement Disorders

PARKINSON’S DISEASE INTRODUCTION EPIDEMIOLOGY AETIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS MEDICAL MANAGEMENT NURSING MANAGEMENT PARKINSON PLUS DISORDERS DYSTONIA EPIDEMIOLOGY AETIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS MEDICAL MANAGEMENT NURSING MANAGEMENT HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE (HD) EPIDEMIOLOGY AETIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS CLINICAL VARIANTS DIAGNOSIS MEDICAL MANAGEMENT NURSING MANAGEMENT SUMMARY FURTHER INFORMATION

27 Management of Patients with Motor Neurone Disease

INTRODUCTION EPIDEMIOLOGY AETIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS MEDICAL MANAGEMENT EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING MANAGEMENT PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES PALLIATIVE AND END OF LIFE CARE EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENTS/ CLINICAL TRIALS SUMMARY USEFUL CONTACTS

28 Management of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

INTRODUCTION EPIDEMIOLOGY AETIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CLASSIFICATION/TYPES OF MS CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS STAGES OF MS MEDICAL MANAGEMENT NURSING MANAGEMENT IN THE DIAGNOSTIC PHASE NURSING MANAGEMENT IN RELAPSE AND ACUTE EPISODE PHASE NURSING MANAGEMENT IN PROGRESSIVE PHASE NURSING MANAGEMENT FOR PEOPLE WITH ADVANCED MS ROLE OF THE MS SPECIALIST NURSE (MSSN) SUMMARY

29 Management of Patients with Dementias

INTRODUCTION EPIDEMIOLOGY AETIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS MEDICAL MANAGEMENT NURSING MANAGEMENT SUMMARY FURTHER INFORMATION

30 Management of Patients with Epilepsy

INTRODUCTION INCIDENCE AETIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SEIZURE CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION OF EPILEPSIES DIAGNOSIS MEDICAL MANAGEMENT NURSING MANAGEMENT OF SEIZURES SEIZURE MANAGEMENT IN THE HOME INFORMATION PROVISION REDUCING SEIZURE OCCURRENCE SUMMARY

31 Management of Patients with Myasthenia Gravis

INTRODUCTION EPIDEMIOLOGY AETIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OTHER MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES CLINICAL FEATURES OF MYASTHENIA GRAVIS DIAGNOSIS MEDICAL MANAGEMENT MYASTHENIC CRISIS CHOLINERGIC CRISIS NURSING MANAGEMENT PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES PROGNOSIS EMERGING TREATMENTS AND CLINICAL TRIALS SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Section VI: Management of Patients Following Head and Spinal Trauma

32 Management of Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury

INTRODUCTION EPIDEMIOLOGY AETIOLOGY CLASSIFICATION OVERVIEW OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INJURY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY DIAGNOSIS ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT NEURO-REHABILITATION: ACUTE PHASE NEURO-REHABILITATION: ONGOING PHYSICAL PROBLEMS PROGNOSIS THE FUTURE SUMMARY

33 Management of Patients with Spinal Injury

INTRODUCTION EPIDEMIOLOGY AETIOLOGY MECHANISMS OF INJURY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY PRIORITISING MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS NURSING MANAGEMENT OF THE ACUTE SCI PATIENT NURSING ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES WITHIN SCI REHABILITATION PROGRAMMES FUTURE RESEARCH SUMMARY USEFUL WEBSITES

Section VII: Management of Patients with Neuropathies and Spinal Disorders and Disease

34 Management of Patients with Disorders of the Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord

INTRODUCTION AETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS INVESTIGATIONS MEDICAL MANAGEMENT NURSING MANAGEMENT COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING SPINAL SURGERY POST-OPERATIVE NURSING MANAGEMENT GENERAL NURSING MEASURES REHABILITATION SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN NURSING PATIENTS WITH MALIGNANT SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION (MSCC) SUMMARY

35 Management of Patients with Guillain–Barré Syndrome and Other Peripheral Neuropathies

INTRODUCTION EPIDEMIOLOGY AETIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SUB-TYPES OF GUILLAIN–BARRÉ SYNDROME SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS MEDICAL MANAGEMENT NURSING MANAGEMENT NURSING MANAGEMENT IN THE ACUTE PHASE REHABILITATION SUMMARY

Section VIII: Fundamental Concepts of Neuroscience Nursing

36 Ethical and Legal Issues

INTRODUCTION ETHICS LAW LAW AND ETHICS IN NURSING CONSENT AND MENTAL CAPACITY HUMAN RIGHTS RESOURCE ALLOCATION RISK MANAGEMENT END OF LIFE CARE SUMMARY

37 The History and Development of Neuroscience Nursing

THE BACKGROUND TO A DEVELOPING SPECIALISM BIRTH OF A SPECIALISM EPILEPSY THE NEED FOR EDUCATION A CONTINUALLY DEVELOPING SPECIALISM SUMMARY

Index

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