Perspectives on Western Art by Wren, Linnea -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Half Title Title Copyright Contents Acknowledgments Preface I: Italian Renaissance Art of the Early Fifteenth Century

1. Donatello, David, 1430

Leonardo Bruni, The Laudatio of the City of Florence: “Why Florence Is to Be Admired,” 1403–1

2. Lorenzo Ghiberti, Jacob and Esau (Isaac and His Sons),1425–52

Gregorio Dati, History of Florence: “The Feast Day of Saint John the Baptist,” 1385 Anonymous, Letter of a Florentine Citizen: “Christ Possessed Nothing,” 1389

3. Masaccio, The Tribute Money, c. 1427

Domenico Giugni to Francesco Datini, Letter: “Everyone Pays His Proper Share,” 1401 The Medici Bank Ledger: “Florentine Banking Practices,” 1423–40 Contract of Partnership: “A Profitable Company,” 1434

4. Michelozzo di Bartolommeo, Palazzo Medici, Florence, begun 1444

Cosimo de’ Medici, Oration to the Signory: “A Good and Honest Merchant,” 1433

5. Donatello, Saint George, 1415–17

Franco Sacchetti, from “A Woolworker Goes Jousting,” in Three Hundred Tales: “Go Thou and Beat Wool,” c. 1400

6. Fra Angelico, Annunciation, c. 1440–50

Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (Pius II), The Tale of Two Lovers:“Lucretia’s Beauty” and “Is All This Pleasure True?” 1444

7. Piero della Francesca, The Proving of the True Cross, c. 1455

Nicholas of Cusa, On Learned Ignorance: “Mathematics and the Apprehension of Divine Truth,” 1440

8. Leon Battista Alberti, Palazzo Rucellai, Florence, 1446–51

Leon Battista Alberti, On the Family: “Virtu Has Its Own Reward” and “Conditions of a Marriage,” 1441

9. Andrea del Verrocchio, Bartolommeo Colleoni, 1483–88

Matteo Maria Boiardo, Orlando innamorato: “The Combat of Orlando and the Giant,” c. 1482

10. Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Hercules and Antaeus, c. 1475

Giannozzo Manetti, On the Dignity of Man: “Live in the World Joyfully and Zestfully,” c. 1440–50

11. Sandro Botticelli, The Birth of Venus, c. 1482

Marsilio Ficino, Commentary on Plato’s Symposium on Love: “The Two Venuses,” 1484 Lorenzo de’ Medici, “O Lucid Star,” 1476

12. Piero di Cosimo, The Discovery of Honey, 1498

Girolamo Savonarola, The Compendium of Revelations: “A Hand in Heaven,” 1495 Luca Landucci, A Florentine Diary from 1450 to 1516: “The Burning of Savonarola,” 1498

II: Sixteenth-Century Italian Art

1. Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, c. 1495–98

Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man: “Man, the Most Fortunate of Creatures,” 1487

2. Leonardo da Vinci, Embryo in the Womb, c. 1510

Leonardo da Vinci, Anatomical Observations: “The Cause of a Death So Sweet,” c. 1504–6

3. Raphael, Galatea, 1513

Poliziano, Stanze per la Giostra: “The Bittersweet Cares That Are Born of Love,” 1475–78

4. Donato Bramante, Original Plan for Saint Peter’s, Rome,1506

Desiderius Erasmus, Julius Excluded from Heaven: A Dialogue:“You’re All Belches and You Stink of Boozing and Hangovers,” 1513–14

5. Raphael, Pope Leo X with His Nephews Giulio de * Medici and Luigi de ‘Rossi, c. 1518

Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince: “We Look to Results,” 1513

6. Raphael, Baldassare Castiglione, c. 1514

Baldassare Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier: “The Ideal Man,” 1508–18

7. Michelangelo, Saint Peter’s, Rome, 1546–64

Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies: “The Annual Revolution of the Earth,” 1543 Andreas Vesalius, The Structure of the Human Body: “The Vital Spirit” and “The Cerebrum and Cerebellum,” 1543

8. Michelangelo, The Last Judgment, 1534–41

Vittoria Colonna, Sonnet: “Aspiration,” c. 1525 Michelangelo, Sonnet: “Tell Me, O Soul,” c. 1550

9. Parmigianino, Madonna with the Long Neck, c. 1535

Scipione Arris, Letter: “The Wretched, Miserable, and Ill-Fated City of Rome,” May 26, 1527

10. Correggio, Jupiter and Io, c. 1532

Ludovico Ariosto, Orlando furioso: “Medor Plucks the First Rose,” 1506–16

11. Titian, Madonna of the Pesaro Family, 1519–26

Sultan Bayezid II, Communication: “The Unwashed Gyaours and Their Ways,” c. 1500

12. Titian, Sacred and Profane Love, c. 1515

Titian, Bacchanal, 1518 Pietro Aretino, Dialogues: “What Nanna Spied in the Convent,” 1534–35

13. Tintoretto, The Last Supper, 1594

Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent: “The Sacrament of the Eucharist,” 1534–63

14. El Greco, The Burial of Count Orgaz, 1586

Ignatius Loyola, Spiritual Exercises: “Meditation on the Agony of Death,” c. 1522

15. Paolo Veronese, Christ in the House of Levi, 1573

Giordano Bruno, The Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast:“A Magic and Most Efficacious Doctrine,” 1584

III: Fifteenth-Century Northern European Art

1. Stephan Lochner, Madonna in a Rose Garden, c. 1430–35

Conrad Witz, The Miraculous Draught of Fish, 1444 Ulrich Richental, The Chronicle of the Council of Constance:“The Unity of Holy Christendom” and “How Hus Came to Constance and Was Burned,” c. 1420–30

2. Hubert and Jan van Eyck, The Ghent Altarpiece, completed 1432

Rogier van der Weyden, The Escorial Deposition (or Descent from the Cross), c. 1435 Geert Groote, Resolutions and Intentions, But Not Vows: “A Useless Waste of Time,” c. 1374–75 Geert Groote, On Patience and the Imitation of Christ: “The Cross of Christ,” c. 1380–84

3. Hugo van der Goes, The Portinari Altarpiece, c. 1476

Thomas à Kempis, The Imitation of Christ: “O My God, I Come unto Thee,” c. 1420

4. Michael Pacher, Saint Wolfgang Forces the Devil to Hold His Prayerbook, c. 1481

Michael Pacher, Coronation of the Virgin, c. 1471–81 Redentin Easter Play: “Brace Up, Brace Up, Mr. Dominie!” 1464

5. Martin Schongauer, Saint Anthony Tormented by the Demons, c. 1480–90

Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger, The Witches’ Hammer:“An Examination by Torture,” 1487

6. Hieronymus Bosch, The Garden of Earthly Delights,1505–10

Sebastian Brant, The Ship of Fools: “A Temporal Pleasure” and “Fool’s Caps” 1494

IV: Sixteenth-Century Northern European Art

1. Albrecht Dürer, Adam and Eve (The Fall of Man), 1504

Conrad Celtis, Ars Versificandi et Carminum: “To Apollo, the Inventor of Poetry, that He May Leave Italy and Come to Germany,” 1486

2. Albrecht Dürer, The Four Apostles, 1526

Johann Tetzel, Sermon on Indulgences: “Bring Not Your Money into the Land of Paradise,” 1517 Martin Luther, Ninety-Five Theses: “The Penalty for Sin Must Continue,” 1517

3. Matthias Grünewald, Crucifixion from The Isenheim Altarpiece, c. 1510–15

Twelve Articles: “Our Humble Petition and Desire,” 1525 Martin Luther, Against the Rapacious and Murdering Peasants: “Smite, Strangle, and Stab,” 1525

4. Hans Holbein the Younger, The French Ambassadors, 1533

Catherine of Aragon, Speech Protesting the Marriage Dissolution: “Sir, in What Have I Offended You?” 1529 Parliament, Act of Supremacy: “The Supreme Head of the Church of England,” 1534

5. Jean Clouet, Francis I, c. 1525–30

John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion: “Election and Predestination,” 1536

6. Germain Pilon, Descent from the Cross, 1583

Duke of Sully, Memoirs: “That Horrible Day,” c. 1600

7. Jean Goujon, Nymphs, 1545–49

François Rabelais, The Histories of Gargantua and Pantagruel:“How Panurge Was in Love with a Lady of Paris,” 1552

V: Baroque Art in Italy, France, and England

1. Gianlorenzo Bernini, Colonnade of Saint Peter’s, Rome, designed 1657

Galileo Galilei, The Starry Messenger: “The Revolution of the Planets Round the Sun,” 1610

2. Gianlorenzo Bernini, The Ecstasy of Saint Theresa, 1645–52

Saint Theresa of Ávila, Life: “Completely Afire with a Great Love for God,” 1562

3. Giacomo della Porta and Giacomo da Vignola, Il Gesù, c. 1575–84

Giovanni Battista Gaulli, Triumph of the Name of Jesus, 1672–85 Saint Francis Xavier, Letters: “They Are the Best Race Yet Discovered” and “To Hold Forth in the Streets,” 1549

4. Michelangelo da Caravaggio, The Calling of Saint Matthew,c. 1599–1602

Michelangelo da Caravaggio, The Conversion of Saint Paul, c. 1601 Philip Neri, Letter to Maria Vittoria: “The Ear of Obedience,” 1585 Pietro Focile, Document: “I Went Out Full of Consolation,” 1560

5. Claude Perrault, Louis Le Vau, and Charles Le Brun, East Facade of the Louvre, Paris, 1667–70

Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, Politics Drawn from Holy Scripture:“The Royal Throne Is the Throne of God Himself,” c. 1671–72

6. Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin-Mansart, Palace of Versailles, 1669–85

Louis XIV, Letters: “I Was King and Born to Be One,” c. 1700

7. Jules Hardouin-Mansart, Église de Dôme (Hôtel des Invalides), Paris, 1676–1706

Molière, Tartuffe: “Oh! You Squeeze Me Too Hard,” 1664

8. Inigo Jones, Banqueting House at Whitehall, London, 1619–22

William Shakespeare, Henry VIII: “The High and Mighty Princess of England, Elizabeth,” 1613 William Shakespeare, Macbeth: “Thou Shalt Get Kings, Though Thou Be None,” c. 1606

9. Christopher Wren, Saint Paul’s Cathedral, London, 1675–1710

Isaac Newton, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy:“The Forces of Gravity,” 1687

10. Anthony Van Dyck, Charles I Dismounted, c. 1635

Root and Branch Petition: “That Godly Design,” 1640 Charles I, Last Words: “I Am the Martyr of the People,” 1649

VI: Baroque Art in the Netherlands and Spain

1. Peter Paul Rubens, The Elevation of the Cross, 1610

George Gascoigne, The Spoyle of Antwerpe: “Their Horrible Cruelty,” 1576

2. Frans Hals, Malle Babbe, c. 1650

Jacob Cats, Moral Emblems: “None Can Clean Their Dress from Stain, but Some Blemish Will Remain,” 1632

3. Rembrandt van Rijn, The Return of the Prodigal Son,c. 1665

René Descartes, Discourse on Method: “The First Principle of Philosophy,” 1637 Baruch Spinoza, Ethics: “A Confused Idea,” 1660–66

4. Rembrandt van Rijn, Self Portrait, c. 1659

Rembrandt van Rijn, Self-Portrait, 1658 Menno Simons, The Blasphemy of John of Leiden: “Christians Are Not Allowed to Fight with the Sword,” 1535

5. Jan Vermeer, Young Woman with a Water Jug, c. 1665

Jan Vermeer, The Letter, 1666 Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Letter: “This Vast Number of Animalcules,” 1677 Christiaan Huygens, Systema Saturnium: “The Wonderful Appearance of Saturn,” 1659

6. Jacob van Ruisdael, View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen, c. 1670

Simon Nicolas Arnauld de Pomponne, Report: “The East India Company,” c. 1669–71

7. Diego Velázquez, The Maids of Honor (Las Meninas),1656

Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote: “O Beauteous and Highborn Lady,” c. 1597–1615

VII: Eighteenth-Century Art

1. Richard Boyle and William Kent, Chiswick House, near London, begun 1725

John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding: “All Ideas Come from Sensation or Reflection,” 1690 John Locke, Two Treatises of Civil Government: “In Full Liberty to Resist,” 1690

2. William Hogarth, Breakfast Scene from Marriage à la Mode, c. 1745

William Hogarth, The Orgy, Scene III of The Rake’s Progress, c. 1734 Zacharias Konrad von Uffenbach, Travels: “Cock-Fighting,” 1710 César de Saussure, Letters: “An Extraordinary Combat,” c. 1725–30

3. Balthasar Neumann, Vierzehnheiligen, near Bamberg, Germany, 1743–72

Dominikus Zimmermann, Die Wies, Upper Bavaria, Germany, 1745–54 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Theodicy: “Better Than Every Other Possible Universe,” 1710

4. Antoine Watteau, Return from Cythera, 1717–19

François de Salignae de la Mothe Fénelon, Adventures of Telemachus: “Frolic and Feast upon the Flowery Pasture,” 1699

5. Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, Grace at Table, 1740

Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, Back from the Market, 1739 Marquis d’Argenson, Journal and Memoirs: “The Misery Within the Kingdom,” 1739–40

6. Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Swing, 1766

Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Bathers, c. 1765 Voltaire, Candide: “Everything for the Best” and “A Necessary Ingredient in the Best of Worlds,” 1759

7. Jean-Baptiste Greuze, The Son Punished, 1765–77

Jean-Baptiste Greuze, The Village Bride, 1761 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Among Men: “Pity—a Natural Sentiment,” 1754

8. Thomas Gainsborough, Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan,c. 1785

Thomas Gainsborough, Robert Andrews and His Wife,c. 1748–50 Samuel Johnson, Rambler: “To Delight and Refresh the Senses,” 1751

9. Benjamin West, The Death of General Wolfe, 1771

John Knox, Journal: “The Battle of Quebec,” 1759

10. Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia, 1770–84, 1796–1806

Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence: “Certain Unalienable Rights,” 1776

11. Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Marat, 1793

Jean-Paul Marat, The Friend of the People: “Traitors Who Must Be Immolated,” August 19, 1792 Maximilien Robespierre, Report on the Principles of Public Morality: “Tame the Enemies of Liberty by Terror,” February 5, 1794

12. John Henry Fuseli, The Nightmare, 1781

John Henry Fuseli, The Nightmare, 1785–90 Edmund Burke, Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful: “The Most Powerful of All the Passions,” 1757

13. Horace Walpole, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, near London, 1749–77

Horace Walpole, The Castle of Otranto: “The Impetuosity of His Passions,” 1765

14. William Blake, Ancient of Days, 1794

William Blake, Songs of Innocence: “The Chimney Sweeper,” 1789 William Blake, Europe: A Prophecy: “Finite Revolutions,” 1794

VIII: Nineteenth-Century Art

1. Théodore Géricault, Mounted Officer of the Imperial Guard,1812

Napoleon, Memoirs: “Save the General,” 1815–21

2. Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes, The Third of May, 1808, 1814

Manuel José Quintana, Ode to Spain—After the Revolution of March: “The Tyrants Are No More,” c. 1815

3. Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, London, 1850–51

Report of the Parliamentary Committee on the Bill to Regulate the Labor of Children in Mills and Factories: “Evidence of a Female Millhand” and “Evidence of a Male Millhand,” 1832

4. Joseph Mallord William Turner, The Slave Ship, 1840

Thomas Folwell Buxton, The African Slave Trade and Its Remedy: “This Inhuman Proposal,” 1839

5. John Constable, The Haywain, 1821

John Constable, Stoke-by-Nyland, 1836 William Wordsworth, Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye During a Tour:“To Look on Nature,” 1798

6. Eugène Delacroix, The Massacre of Chios, 1822–24

George Gordon Byron, “Song to the Suliotes,” 1824

7. Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830

Victor Hugo, “Written after July 30, 1830,” 1830

8. Honoré Daumier, The Third-Class Carriage, c. 1862

Auguste Comte, The Course of Positive Philosophy: “The Progressive Course of the Human Mind,” 1830–42 Jules Michelet, The People: “The Bondage of the Factory Worker,” 1846

9. Gustave Courbet, Burial at Ornans, 1849

Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers, 1849 Pierre-Joseph Prou’dhon, What Is Property? “This Fraudulent Denial,” 1840 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto: “Two Great Classes,” 1848

10. Edouard Manet, Déjeuner sur Vherbe, 1863

Charles Baudelaire, The Flowers of Evil: “I Love the Thought,” 1857

11. Claude Monet, The River, 1868

Claude Monet, Rouen Cathedral, 1894 Augustin-Jean Fresnel, Memoir on the Diffraction of Light: “An Immediate Consequence of the Wave-Theory,” 1819

12. Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876

Hippolyte Taine, Notes on Paris: “A Great Moving Circle Floats Around the Dancers,” 1875

13. Edgar Degas, Ballet Rehearsal (Adagio), 1876

Edgar Degas, Prima Ballerina, c. 1876 Berthe Bernay, La Danse au théâtre: “Drag Me Along on Her Arm,” 1890

14. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge,1892–95

Emile Zola, The Dram Shop: “Will Madame Take Another?” 1876

15. Paul Gauguin, The Vision After the Sermon, 1888

Paul Gauguin, Offering of Gratitude, c. 1891–93 Paul Gauguin, Spirit of the Dead Watching, 1892 Breton Ballad: “The Song of the Souls in Pain,” undated Tahitian Chant: “Gloomy Sacredness Is That Indeed!” undated

16. Thomas Eakins, The Gross Clinic, 1875

John Simpson, Memoirs: “The Horror of Great Darkness,” undated Washington Ayer, The First Public Operation Under Anesthesia: “Gentlemen, This Is No Humbug,” 1846 Joseph Lister, An Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery: “In Beautiful Harmony with Pathological Principles,” 1867

17. Mary Cassatt, The Bath, 1891–92

Catherine Beecher, Treatise on Domestic Economy: “The Duties of Subordination,” 1841 Susan Brownell Anthony, Trial Transcripts: “This High-Handed Outrage upon My Citizen’s Rights,” 1872

18. Louis Sullivan, Guaranty (Prudential) Building, Buffalo, New York, 1894–95

Charles Darwin, Origin of Species: “The Struggle for Life,” 1859 Herbert Spencer, Principles of Ethics: “The Evolution of Conduct,” 1879–93

19. Edvard Munch, The Scream, c. 1895

August Strindberg, The Link: “I Will Scream Myself Tired Against God,” 1893

IX: Early Twentieth-Century Art

1. Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907

Anonymous Zulu poems, “Zulu, Son of Nogandaya” and “Mnkabayi, Daughter of Jama,” undated

2. Gustav Klimt, Death and Life, 1908 and 1911

Gustav Klimt, The Kiss, 1907–8 Sigmund Freud, On the Origin of Psychoanalysis: “The Repressed Impulse,” 1910

3. Emil Nolde, Last Supper, 1909

Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra: “A Chosen People—the Superman,” 1883–85

4. Pablo Picasso, Still Life with Chair Caning, 1911–12

Pablo Picasso, Ambroise Vollard, 1909–10 Albert Einstein, Does the Inertia of a Body Depend upon Its Energy Content?: “The Energy of Radiation,” 1905

5. Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2,1912

Marcel Duchamp, Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors,1915–23 Henry Ford, Letter to the Editor, The Automobile: “One of the Absolute Necessities of Our Later Day Civilization,” 1906 Henry Ford, My Life and Work: “The Experiment of an Assembly Line,” 1923

6. Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space,1913

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Let’s Murder the Moonshine: “Oh! The Joy of Playing Billiards with Death,” 1909

7. Oscar Kokoschka, Self-Portrait, 1913

Ernst Kirchner, Street, Berlin, 1913 William II, Speech: “We Take Up the Sword,” August 4, 1914 Raymond Poincaré, Message: “France Has Become the Object of a Brutal and Premeditated Aggression,” August 14, 1914

8. Ernst Barlach, War Monument, Güstrow Cathedral, 1927

Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front, “We See Men Living with Their Skulls Blown Open,” 1929

9. Kasimir Malevich, Suprematist Composition: White on White,c. 1918

Kasimir Malevich, Black Quadrilateral, c. 1913–15 Leon Trotsky, The History of the Russian Revolution: “The Revolution Makes Another Forward Step,” 1932 Vladimir Lenin, Speech: “The Workmen’s and Peasants’ Revolution,” November 1917

10. Vladimir Tatlin, Model for the Monument to the Third International, 1919–20

First Manifesto of the Third International: “The Socialist World Order,” 1919

11. Giorgio de Chirico, Sooth-Sayer’s Recompense, 1913

Giorgio de Chirico, Mystery and Melancholy of a Street,1914 Benito Mussolini, Speech: “It Is Blood Which Moves the Wheels of History,” December 13, 1914

12. Paul Klee, Twittering Machine, 1922

Carl Jung, Psychology of the Unconscious: “Phantastic Thinking,” 1912

13. Joan Miró, Painting, 1933

Joan Miró, Composition, 1933 James Joyce, Ulysses: “yes I said yes I will Yes,” 1922

14. Henry Moore, Reclining Figure, 1939

Henry Moore, Recumbent Figure, 1938 D. H. Lawrence, Women in Love: “A Dark Flood of Electric Passion,” 1921

15. Kurt Schwitters, Merz 19, 1920

Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis: “His Little Legs Fluttered in the Air,” 1915

16. Edward Hopper, Early Sunday Morning, 1930

T. S. Eliot, Prufrock: “Preludes,” 1917

17. Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, California, 1936

John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath: “The Scraped Kettle,” 1939

18. George Howe and William E. Lescaze, Philadelphia Savings Fund Society Building, Philadelphia, 1931–32

Franklin D. Roosevelt, First Inaugural Address: “The Only Thing We Have to Fear Is Fear Itself,” March 4, 1933

19. Max Beckmann, Departure, 1932–35

Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf: “Pure Blood,” 1924–26

20. Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937

Ernest Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls: “The Fascists Purified the Town” and “The Sickles and the Reaping Hooks,” 1940

21. Arshile Gorky, The Liver Is the Cock’s Comb, 1944

Kurt Gerstein, Report from Belzec: “Breathe Deeply,” c. 1943 Mrs. Liuba Daniel, Deposition on the Stutthof Concentration Camp: “She Wanted to Eat Only the Liver,” 1945

22. Jackson Pollock, Lucifer, 1947

Jackson Pollock, Autumnal Rhythm: Number 30, 1950 United States Strategic Bombing Survey: “A Blinding Flash,” 1947 Hara Tamiki, Glittering Fragments, c. 1951

X: Later Twentieth-Century Art

1. Alberto Giacometti, City Square, 1948

Alberto Giacometti, The Palace at 4 A.M., 1932–33 Jean-Paul Sartre, Existentialism and Humanism: “Existence Comes Before Essence,” 1946 Albert Camus, The Plague: “This Business Is Everybody’s Business,” 1947

2. Le Corbusier, Notre-Dame-du-Haut, Ronchamp, France, 1950–55

Paul Tillich, The Courage to Be, “Absolute Faith,” 1952

3. Wallace Harrison and the International Advisory Committee of Architects, United Nations Headquarters, New York, 1949–51

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “Equal and Inalienable Rights,” 1948

4. Naum Gabo, Column, 1922–23

Victor Kravchenko, Comments Regarding the Liquidation of Kulaks: “Herded Together for Deportation,” 1946 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich: “The Law of the Taiga,” 1962

5. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Lake Shore Drive Apartment Houses, Chicago, 1950–52

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Seagram Building, New York, 1956–58 J. D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye: “You Don’t Like AnyihmgThat’s Happening,” 1951

6. John Chamberlain, Essex, 1960

Jack Kerouac, On the Road: “The Cars Rushed by, LA-Bound,” 1957

7. Edward Kienholz, The Wait, 1964–65

Edward Kienholz, The State Hospital, 1966 Ken Kesey, One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest: “Hostility, Hostility, That’s the Thanks We Get,” 1962

8. Moshe Safdie, Habitat, Montreal, 1967

Aldous Huxley, Brave New World: “Bokanovsky’s Process,” 1932

9. Barnett Newman, Broken Obelisk, 1963–67

Robert Frost, “The Gift Outright,” c. 1950 John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address: “Ask What You Can Do for Your Country,” 1961

10. David Smith, Cubi XVIII, 1964; Cubi XVII, 1963; and Cubi XIX, 1964

David Smith, Cubi XXVI, 1965 John Glenn, Jr., Pilot Flight Report: “When Lift-off Occurred,” 1962

11. Helen Frankenthaler, Blue Causeway, 1963

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique: “Feminine Fulfillment,” 1963

12. William T. Williams, Batman, 1979

Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man: “That’s Right, Sambo,” 1952 James Baldwin, Go Tell It on the Mountain: “All Niggers Had Been Cursed,” 1953

13. Jasper Johns, Target with Four Faces, 1955

Jasper Johns, Three Flags, 1958 Martin Luther King, Jr., Speech: “I Have a Dream,” August 28, 1963

14. Robert Indiana, The Demuth Five, 1963

Lyndon B. Johnson, News Conference: “This Is a Different Kind of War,” July 28, 1965 J. William Fulbright, Speech: “We Are Fighting a Double Shadow in Indochina,” April 2, 1970

15. Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty, 1970

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring: “Soil Exists in a State of Constant Change,” 1962

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