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Index
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
1: Introduction to underground coal gasification and combustion
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1.1 Coal and future of energy consumption
1.2 Underground coal gasification
1.3 Multidisciplinary nature of UCG
1.4 Gasification and combustion
1.5 The scope of the book
Part One: Historical development of underground coal gasification (UCG)
2: Early developments and inventions in underground coal gasification
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 William Siemens: The first mention
2.3 Dmitri Mendeleev: Vision into the future
2.4 Anson Betts: Inventing UCG
2.5 William Ramsay: Preparing first trail
2.6 The invention of UCG and its impact
2.7 Conclusions
3: History of UCG development in the USSR
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Initiation of UCG technology development
3.3 Pilot UCG technology deployment in the USSR prior to WWII
3.4 UCG production recommencement and commercial deployment post WWII
3.5 The demise of UCG industry in USSR
4: Underground coal gasification research and development in the United States
Abstract
Acknowledgments
4.1 Introduction and scope
4.2 Major contributing institutions and field-test locations
4.3 Periods of UCG activities
4.4 Recommended references
4.5 Field tests
4.6 Modeling
4.7 Environmental aspects
4.8 Process technology, characteristics, and performance
4.9 Conclusions
Auspices and disclaimer statements
Reference Sources
5: Underground coal gasification (UCG) in Europe: Field trials, laboratory experiments, and EU-funded projects
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Phase 1: Field trials between 1940 and 1960
5.3 Phase 3: Field and laboratory-based trials from 2010 to the present (2016)
5.4 Summary of recent research projects on UCG funded by the European Union
5.5 Lessons learned on the way to commercialization and future trends of UCG in Europe
5.6 Conclusions
Part Two: Underground coal gasification (UCG) technology development
6: The development of UCG in Australia
Abstract
6.1 UCG origins (1970s to mid-1980s)
6.2 The quiet period (mid-1980s to 1999)
6.3 Initial success—Linc Energy at Chinchilla (1999–2004)
6.4 Rapid progress—Three active projects and many followers (2006–11)
6.5 UCG and coal seam gas (CSG) interaction
6.6 The Queensland Government UCG Policy
6.7 UCG development decay (2011–16)
6.8 Governmental decision making
6.9 Conclusions and the future
7: Gasification kinetics
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Kinetic aspects of the different classes of reactions during gasification
7.3 Summary
8: The role of groundwater as an important component in underground coal gasification
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
9: The effects of rock deformation in underground coal gasification
Abstract
9.1 Rock deformation and subsidence in conventional shaft coal mining
9.2 Rock deformation and subsidence in conventional underground coal mining
10: Underground coal gasification (UCG) modeling and analysis
Abstract
Acknowledgments
10.1 Introduction
10.2 UCG processes
10.3 UCG modeling
10.4 UCG with CO2 capture and storage
10.5 UCG with CCS and auxiliary power plant: case study
10.6 Closing remarks
11: Environmental performance of underground coal gasification
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 UCG and environment
11.3 Major factors affecting the groundwater chemistry and contamination of groundwater during UCG
11.4 Environmental performance of UCG in the former USSR
11.5 Environmental performance in recent UCG projects
11.6 Conclusions
Part Three: Modern underground coal gasification (UCG) projects, scaling up and commercialization
12: What makes a UCG technology ready for commercial application?
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Requirements to commercial UCG technology
12.3 Syngas quality
12.4 Syngas quantity
12.5 Extraction efficiency and coal resource
12.6 Environmental performance
12.7 Feasibility and pilot plant
12.8 Recent CRIP-based pilot plants
12.9 The ɛUCG™ based pilot plants
12.10 Regulating UCG
12.11 Investing in UCG
12.12 Conclusion
13: Underground coal gasification (UCG) to products: Designs, efficiencies, and economics
Abstract
13.1 The need for reference costs
13.2 The ɛUCG technology
13.3 Experience with different types of coal and geological conditions
13.4 Conceptual life cycle of the ɛUCG production unit—A panel
13.5 Choosing coal resource
13.6 Adopted approach
13.7 Raw syngas production
13.8 Syngas treatment (cleanup and conditioning)
13.9 Synthesis products
13.10 Electricity
13.11 Synthetic natural gas
13.12 Methanol
13.13 Gasoline
13.14 Ultra-low-sulfur diesel
13.15 Ammonia/urea
13.16 ɛUCG vs CG cost reduction
13.17 Further work
13.18 Conclusions
14: Majuba underground coal gasification project
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Overview of Eskom's Majuba UCG project
14.3 Site selection & prefeasibility phase, 2002–03
14.4 UCG site description
14.5 Site characterization phase, 2005
14.6 Pilot phase (2007—present)
14.7 Demonstration phase studies
14.8 Majuba gasifier 1: Shutdown & verification drilling
14.9 Commercialization phase
14.10 Conclusions
15: UCG commercialization and the Cougar Energy project at Kingaroy, Queensland, Australia
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Historical background in Australia
15.3 Site characterisation
15.4 Government and community interaction
15.5 Preparations for ignition
15.6 Syngas production, cessation and the events leading to project shutdown
15.7 Environmental issues
15.8 Rehabilitation and monitoring
15.9 Conclusions from the Kingaroy UCG project
16: Underground gasification of oil shale
Abstract
Acknowledgments
16.1 Underground gasification of oil shale
16.2 International classification of oil shale
16.3 Oil shale resources
16.4 Methods of oil shale utilization
16.5 Underground gasification of oil shale
16.6 Conclusions
Part Four: Fire underground: Prospective technologies
17: Underground fire prospective technologies
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Adverse impacts of underground fires
17.3 Current technologies in detection and measurement of underground fires
17.4 Potential usage of UCG technologies in controlling underground fires
17.5 Conclusions
18: Using fire to remediate contaminated soils
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Principles of smoldering
18.3 Small scale
18.4 Intermediate scale
18.5 NAPL mobility
18.6 Large scale
18.7 Other applications
18.8 Summary
19: Advanced measurements and monitoring techniques
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Detection and monitoring
19.3 Advanced measurement techniques
19.4 Conclusion and future trends
Index
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