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Index
The Gene Revolution and Global Food Security
Contents
List of Boxes
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
Acknowledgements
1
Agricultural Biotechnology Innovation Capacity and Economic Development
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Agricultural innovation and the promise of biotechnology
1.3 Defining biotechnology and articulating agriculture biotechnology
Box 1.1 Past contributions of science and technology
Box 1.2 Biotechnology, food security, and poverty
1.4 Building agricultural biotech capacity for food security and poverty reduction
1.5 Innovation capacity: Institutional basis of variations across countries
1.6 Innovation capacity: Nature and definition
Box 1.3 Plant variety protection and biosafety regimes in latecomers
1.7 Innovation policies and innovation capacity
1.8 Methodology
2
Sectoral Systems for Agricultural Biotechnology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Applying innovation systems framework to late development
2.2.1 Innovation systems and late development
2.2.2 Sectoral innovation systems to understand agricultural biotechnology
2.3 Agricultural biotechnology as a sectoral system of innovation
2.3.1 Main actors and networks
2.3.2 Institutions supporting collaborative learning
2.3.3 Innovation capacity of the system
2.4 Knowledge bases
2.5 Interactive learning and innovation capacity at the sectoral level in latecomers
2.5.1 Universities as centres of excellence
2.5.2 Firm–university inter-linkages in agriculture biotechnology
2.5.3 Knowledge interactions and collaboration
2.5.4 Latecomer specifics in enabling interactive learning
2.6 Rough road to the market
2.7 The role of the state in promoting agricultural biotechnology
2.8 Summing up
3
Malaysia Biotechnology: A Fast Follower
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Key actors generating agriculture innovations and knowledge
3.2.1 The nature and base of knowledge activities
3.2.2 The main actors
3.3 Science, technology, and innovation investments
3.3.1 Dedicated biotechnology policies for accelerated growth of the sector
Box 3.1 Clustering biotechnology initiatives: Bionexus Malaysia
3.3.2 Persistence of R&D expenditures and governmental incentives
3.4 Interactive learning and collaboration
3.4.1 Lack of adequate human capital
3.4.2 Collaboration and commercialization of R&D
3.4.3 Institutions, government incentives, and innovation
3.5 The role of the state in promoting agricultural biotechnology
3.6 Summing up
4
Vietnam Biotechnology: Building Local Capacity
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The nature and base of knowledge activities
4.3 Science, technology, and innovation (STI) investments
4.4 Survey results: Employment, domestic inputs and R&D staff over the period 2001–5
4.5 Key actors and organizations and their roles in the sector
4.5.1 R&D organizations: Biotechnology laboratories
4.5.2 R&D institutes
4.5.3 Universities
4.6 Survey results: Institutions and incentives for innovation
4.7 Interactive learning in the biotechnology system
4.8 State policies and regulatory framework for biotechnology development
4.9 Summing up
Appendix
5
Nigeria as a Very Late Follower in Agricultural Biotechnology
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Key actors generating agriculture biotechnology innovations and knowledge
5.2.1 Nature of knowledge activities
5.2.2 Main actors
5.3 Science, technology, and innovation (STI) investments
5.3.1 Human resources
Box 5.1 Organizations engaged in biotechnology research In Nigeria
5.3.2 Funding
5.3.3 Ancillary organizations
5.4 Interactive learning and collaboration
5.4.1 Types of collaboration
5.4.2 Determinants of collaboration
5.5 The role of policy and the state in enabling a Sectoral System of Innovation (SSI) for agricultural biotechnology
5.5.1 Policies and institutions for agricultural biotechnology
5.5.2 Programmes and organizations for agricultural biotechnology
5.6 Case study: The cassava success in Nigeria
5.7 Summing up
6
Kenya’s Incipient Innovation Capacity in Biotechnology
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Key actors generating agricultural biotech innovation and knowledge
6.3 Science, technology, and innovation investments
6.3.1 Human resources
6.3.2 Funding
6.4 Interactive learning
6.4.1 Lack of knowledge infrastructure
6.4.2 International collaborations and innovation capacity
6.4.3 Strengthening entrepreneurship by providing incentives for collaboration and support
6.4.4 Improve organizational roles and coherence
Box 6.1 Genetic Technologies International Laboratories (GTIL) Limited
6.5 The role of the state in promoting agricultural biotechnology
6.5.1 Kenya’s institutional and regulatory framework on agricultural biotechnology
6.5.2 The regulatory framework for GM crops and technologies in Kenya
6.5.3 Kenya’s intellectual property rights framework
6.6 Case study: The Kenyan cut flower sector
6.7 Summing up
7
Comparative Analysis of Innovation Capacity in Latecomer Countries
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Knowledge bases to promote the Green and Gene Revolutions
7.2.1 Reforming university education for agricultural biotechnology
7.2.2 Other institutions for creating new knowledge and using existing knowledge
7.3 Science technology and innovation investment
7.3.1 Firm and farm-level constraints in latecomers
7.3.2 Reliance on donor funding for science, technology, and innovation: A misplaced emphasis?
7.4 Interactive learning in agricultural biotechnology: What matters and what not?
7.4.1 Inter-organizational limitations in agricultural biotechnology systems
7.4.2 Local network factors
7.4.3 Global local knowledge factors
7.5 Rough road to the market: The limitations of infrastructure and dedicated policy instruments
7.6 The role of state capacity and policy vision
7.7 Agricultural innovation capacity, food security, and poverty reduction: A look at the broader implications
7.8 Summing up
Appendix
8
Policy Insights and Recommendations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Delineating development across continents: Policy insights for agricultural innovation in Asia and Africa
8.3 Endogenous capacity for GM crops in Africa
Notes
Preface
1 Agricultural Biotechnology Innovation Capacity and Economic Development
2 Sectoral Systems for Agricultural Biotechnology
4 Vietnam Biotechnology: Building Local Capacity
5 Nigeria as a Very Late Follower in Agricultural Biotechnology
6 Kenya’s Incipient Innovation Capacity in Biotechnology
7 Comparative Analysis of Innovation Capacity in Latecomer Countries
8 Policy Insights and Recommendations
References
Websites
Index
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