Cultures and Organizations by Hofstede, Geert -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Page Cultures and Organizations Copyright Page Contents Preface Part I The Concept of Culture

1 The Rules of the Social Game

Different Minds but Common Problems Culture as Mental Programming Symbols, Heroes, Rituals, and Values Culture Reproduces Itself No Group Can Escape Culture Values and the Moral Circle Boundaries of the Moral Circle: Religion and Philosophy Beyond Race and Family We and They Ideologies as Group Markers Layers of Culture Culture Change: Changing Practices, Stable Values National Culture Differences National Identities, Values, and Institutions What About National Management Cultures? Cultural Relativism Culture as a Phoenix

2 Studying Cultural Differences

Part II Dimensions of National Cultures

3 More Equal than Others

Inequality in Society Measuring the Degree of Inequality in Society: The Power Distance Index Power Distance Defined Power Distance in Replication Studies Power Distance Differences Within Countries: Social Class, Education Level, and Occupation Measures Associated with Power Distance: The Structure in This and Following Chapters Power Distance Difference Among Countries: Roots in the Family Power Distance at School Power Distance and Health Care Power Distance in the Workplace Power Distance and the State Power Distance and Ideas Origins of Power Distance Differences The Future of Power Distance Differences

4 I, We, and They

5 He, She, and (S)he

Assertiveness Versus Modesty Genders and Gender Roles Masculinity-Femininity as a Dimension of Societal Culture Masculinity and Femininity in Other Cross-National Studies Masculinity Versus Individualism Are Masculinity and Femininity One or Two Dimensions? Country Masculinity Scores by Gender and Gender Scores by Age Masculinity and Femininity According to Occupation Masculinity and Femininity in the Family Masculinity and Femininity in Gender Roles and Sex Masculinity and Femininity in Education Masculinity and Femininity in Shopping Masculinity and Femininity in the Workplace Masculinity, Femininity, and the State Masculinity, Femininity, and Religion Origins of Masculinity-Femininity Differences The Future of Differences in Masculinity and Femininity

6 What Is Different Is Dangerous

The Avoidance of Uncertainty Measuring the (In)tolerance of Ambiguity in Society: The Uncertainty-Avoidance Index Uncertainty Avoidance and Anxiety Uncertainty Avoidance Is Not the Same as Risk Avoidance Uncertainty Avoidance in Replication Studies: Project GLOBE Uncertainty Avoidance According to Occupation, Gender, and Age Uncertainty Avoidance in the Family Uncertainty Avoidance, Health, and (Un)happiness Uncertainty Avoidance at School Uncertainty Avoidance in Shopping Uncertainty Avoidance in the Workplace Uncertainty Avoidance, Masculinity, and Motivation Uncertainty Avoidance, the Citizen, and the State Uncertainty Avoidance and Corruption Uncertainty Avoidance, Xenophobia, and Nationalism Uncertainty Avoidance, Religion, and Ideas Origins of Uncertainty-Avoidance Differences The Future of Uncertainty-Avoidance Differences

7 Yesterday, Now, or Later?

8 Light or Dark?

Part III Cultures in Organizations

Implicit Models of Organizations Management Professors Are Human Culture and Organizational Structure: Elaborating on Mintzberg Planning, Control, and Accounting Corporate Governance and Business Goals Motivation Theories and Practices Leadership, Decision Making, and Empowerment Performance Appraisal and Management by Objectives Management Training and Organization Development Conclusion: Nationality Defines Organizational Rationality

10 The Elephant and the Stork: Organizational Cultures

Part IV Implications

11 Intercultural Encounters

Intended Versus Unintended Intercultural Conflict Culture Shock and Acculturation Ethnocentrism and Xenophilia Group Encounters: Auto- and Heterostereotypes Language and Humor The Influence of Communication Technologies Intercultural Encounters in Tourism Intercultural Encounters in Schools Minorities, Migrants, and Refugees Intercultural Negotiations Multinational Business Organizations Coordinating Multinationals: Structure Should Follow Culture Expanding Multinationals: International Mergers and Other Ventures International Marketing, Advertising, and Consumer Behavior International Politics and International Organizations Economic Development, Nondevelopment, and Development Cooperation Learning Intercultural Communication Educating for Intercultural Understanding: Suggestions for Parents Spreading Multicultural Understanding: The Role of the Media Global Challenges Call for Intercultural Cooperation

12 The Evolution of Cultures

A Time-Machine Journey Through History Five Million to One Million Years Ago: Lonely Planet One Million to Forty Thousand Years Ago: Ice and Fire Forty Thousand to Ten Thousand Years Ago: Creative Spark, Extermination Twelve Thousand to Seven Thousand Five Hundred Years Ago: Villages and Agriculture Seven Thousand Five Hundred Years Ago Until Now: Large-Scale Civilizations Sources of Cultural Diversity and Change The End of History? No! The Essence of Evolution Evolution: More than Genes Evolution Beyond Selfishness: Groups over Individuals Individuals and Institutions in the Stream of Life Evolution at Work Today The Future of Culture

Notes Glossary Bibliography Name Index Subject Index