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Index
Preface
Acknowledgements
Author biographies
Section I Introduction to Microbiology Infection Immunity and Molecular Diagnostic Methods
1 Microbiology microbial pathogens and infectious disease
Further reading
2 Subdivisions classification and morphological characterization of infectious agents
Microscopical techniques
Pathogenic microorganisms
Biological classification and nomenclature
References
Further reading
3 Infection and immunity
Normal flora
Comparative aspects of innate and adaptive immunity
Recognition of pathogens
Cells involved in innate immune responses
Complement
Adaptive immunity
Immunity to bacteria
Immunity to fungi
Immunity to viruses
Concluding comments
References
Further reading
4 Immunodeficiency diseases
Severe combined immunodeficiency diseases
Thymic aplasia or hypoplasia
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Primary immunodeficiency diseases involving B lymphocytes
Secondary immunodeficiency
Further reading
5 Vaccines and vaccination
Vaccination
Inactivated vaccines
Live attenuated vaccines
Vaccines produced by recombinant nucleic acid technology
Synthetic peptide vaccines
DNA vaccines
Reverse vaccinology
Adjuvants
Administration of vaccines
Adverse reactions following vaccination
Vaccination failure
References
Further reading
6 Molecular diagnostic methods
Analytical properties of nucleic acid
Molecular hybridization
DNA sequencing
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Real-time PCR
Diagnostic approaches to surveillance and subtyping of bacteria a comparison of phenotyping and genotyping methods
Molecular subtyping for definitive identification of bacteria
Plasmid profiling
Restriction endonuclease analysis (REA)
Ribotyping
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)
PCR-based subtyping methods
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST)
DNA microarray technology
Whole bacterial genome sequencing
References
Further reading
Section II Introductory Bacteriology
7 The structure of bacterial cells
Capsule
Cell wall
Cytoplasmic membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Nuclear material
Flagella
Pili
Biofilms
Protein secretion systems
Endospores
Reference
Further reading
8 Cultivation preservation and inactivation of bacteria
Bacterial growth
Bacterial nutrition
Physical and chemical factors which influence growth
Preservation of microorganisms
Physical methods for inactivating microorganisms
Biosafety cabinets
Reference
Further reading
9 Bacterial genetics mechanisms of genetic variation and gene databases
Replication of bacterial DNA
Transcription and translation the expression of genetic information
Mechanisms contributing to genetic variation
Examples of mobile genetic elements
Genetic engineering of bacteria in the laboratory
Genetic databases and bioinformatics
Further reading
10 Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial disease
Selection collection and transportation of specimens
Identification of pathogenic bacteria
Serology
Further reading
11 Antibacterial agents
Development of chemotherapy for bacterial infections
Mode and site of action
Combined antibacterial therapy
Factors influencing a ntibacterial activity
Further reading
12 Antibacterial resistance
Resistance mechanisms
Multiple drug resistance
Strategies for limiting a ntibacterial resistance
Antibacterial susceptibility testing
References
Further reading
13 Bacterial colonization tissue invasion and clinical disease
Commensals
Pathogens
Colonization and growth
Pathogen-host interactions
Virulence factors
Responses of the host to bacterial pathogens
The clinical spectrum of bacterial disease
References
Section III Pathogenic Bacteria
14 Staphylococcus species
Usual habitat
Differentiation of Staphylococcus species
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
Diagnostic procedures
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
15 Streptococci
Usual habitat
Differentiation of the streptococci
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
Diagnostic procedures
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
16 Actinobacteria
Actinomyces Arcanobacterium and Actinobaculum species
Nocardia species
Dermatophilus congolensis
Crossiella equi
References
Further reading
17 Corynebacterium species
Usual habitat
Differentiation of the corynebacteria
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
Diagnostic procedures
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
18 Rhodococcus equi
Usual habitat
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
19 Listeria species
Usual habitat
Differentiation of Listeria species
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
20 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Usual habitat
Definitive identification of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
21 Bacillus species
Usual habitat
Differentiation of Bacillus species
Clinical infections
Infections with Bacillus licheniformis
References
Further reading
22 Clostridium species
Usual habitat
Specimen collection and cultural requirements
Detection and differentiation of clostridia
Clinical conditions caused by neurotoxic clostridia
Clinical conditions caused by histotoxic clostridia
Enteropathogenic and enterotoxaemia-producing clostridia
References
Further reading
23 Mycobacterium species
Usual habitat
Differentiation of pathogenic mycobacteria
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
24 Enterobacteriaceae
Usual habitat
Differentiation of the Enterobacteriaceae
Escherichia coli
Salmonella serotypes
Yersinia species
Opportunistic pathogens
References
Further reading
25 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia species
Usual habitat
Differentiation of Pseudomonas and Burkholderia species
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
26 Actinobacillus species
Usual habitat
Differentiation of Actinobacillus species
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
27 Pasteurella species Mannheimia haemolytica and Bibersteinia trehalosi
Usual habitat
Differentiation of Pasteurella Bibersteinia and Mannheimia species
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
Diagnostic procedures
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
28 Francisella tularensis
Usual habitat
Epidemiology
Clinical infections
References
29 Histophilus somni Haemophilus parasuis and Avibacterium paragallinarum
Usual habitat
Differentiation of Histophilus somni Haemophilus parasuis and Avibacterium paragallinarum
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
Diagnostic procedures
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
30 Taylorella species
Usual habitat
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
31 Bordetella species
Usual habitat
Differentiation of Bordetella bronchiseptica and B. avium
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
Diagnostic procedures
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
32 Moraxella species
Moraxella bovis
References
33 Brucella species
Usual habitat
Differentiation of Brucella species
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
Diagnostic procedures
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
34 Campylobacter and Helicobacter species
Campylobacter species
Helicobacter species
References
Further reading
35 Lawsonia intracellularis
Usual habitat
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment and control
References
Further reading
36 Spirochaetes
Leptospira species
Borrelia species
Brachyspira and Treponema species
References
Further reading
37 Pathogenic anaerobic non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacteria
Usual habitat
Diagnostic procedures
Differentiation of the non-spore-forming Gram-negative anaerobes
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
38 Mycoplasmas
Usual habitat
Differentiation of the mycoplasmas
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
Diagnostic procedures
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
39 Chlamydia and Chlamydophila species
Usual habitat
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
Diagnostic procedures
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
40 Rickettsiales and Coxiella burnetii
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
Recognition and differentiation of members of the Rickettsiales
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
41 Bacterial species of limited pathogenic significance
Acinetobacter species
Bartonella species
Aeromonas species Plesiomonas shigelloides and Vibrio species
Chromobacterium violaceum
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale
Riemerella anatipestifer
Streptobacillus moniliformis
References
Section IV Mycology
42 General features of fungi associated with disease in animals
Structure
Growth reproduction and colonial formation
General features of fungal disease
Diagnosis of fungal diseases
Differentiation of fungal species
Antifungal chemotherapy
References
Further reading
43 Dermatophytes
Usual habitat
Laboratory recognition and differentiation
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
Diagnostic procedures
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
44 Aspergillus species
Usual habitat
Recognition of Aspergillus species
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
Diagnostic procedures
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
45 Yeasts and disease production
Candida species
Cryptococcus species
Malassezia pachydermatis
‘Megabacteria’ (Macrorhabdus ornithogaster)
Trichosporon beigelii
Geotrichum candidum
References
Further reading
46 Dimorphic fungi
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Histoplasma capsulatum
Coccidioides species
Sporothrix schenckii
References
Further reading
47 Zygomycetes of veterinary importance
Mucorales and Mortierellales
Entomophthorales
References
Further reading
48 Fungus-like organisms of veterinary importance
Pythium insidiosum
Rhinosporidium seeberi
Lacazia loboi
References
Further reading
49 Pneumocystis carinii
Usual habitat
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
Diagnostic procedures
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
50 Opportunistic infections caused predominantly by phaeoid fungi
Usual habitat
Clinical infections
Diagnosis
Treatment
References
Further reading
51 Mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses
Aflatoxicosis
Citrinin toxicosis
Cyclopiazonic acid toxicosis
Diplodiosis
Ergotism
Facial eczema
Fescue toxicosis
Fumonisin toxicoses
Mouldy sweet potato toxicity
Mycotoxic lupinosis
Ochratoxicosis
Mycotoxic oestrogenism
Patulin toxicosis
Slaframine toxicosis
Sterigmatocystin toxicosis
Tremorgen intoxications
Trichothecene toxicoses
References
Further reading
52 Pathogenic algae and cyanobacteria
Prototheca species
Chlorella species
The cyanobacteria
References
Further reading
53 Antifungal chemotherapy
Antifungal drugs
Resistance to antifungal drugs
References
Further reading
Section V Introductory Virology
54 Nature structure and taxonomy of viruses
The origin of viruses
Structure of viruses
Taxonomy of viruses
References
Further reading
55 Replication of viruses
Replication of DNA viruses
Replication of RNA viruses
Protein synthesis
Assembly and release of virions
References
Further reading
56 Genetics and evolution of viruses
Mutation
Viral recombination
Viral genomic sequence analysis
Evolution of viruses
References
Further reading
57 Propagation of viruses and virus-cell interactions
Propagation of viruses
Determination of virus concentration
Virus-host cell interactions
Further reading
58 Pathogenesis of viral diseases
Routes of infection
Dissemination in the host
Clinical signs
Virus shedding and patterns of infection
Further reading
59 Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
Collection preservation and transportation of samples
Detection of virus viral antigens or nucleic acid
Diagnostic serology
Interpretation of test results
Further reading
60 Antiviral chemotherapy
Introduction
Development of antiviral drugs
Viral infections and strategies for interrupting virus replication
Immunomodulators
Ion channel blocking compounds
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Antiviral drugs which inhibit viral genome replication
Antiretroviral drugs
Resistance to antiviral drugs
Future developments
References
Further reading
Section VI Viruses and Prions
61 Herpesviridae
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
62 Papillomaviridae
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
63 Adenoviridae
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
64 Poxviridae
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
65 Asfarviridae
Africans wine fever
References
Further reading
66 Parvoviridae
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
67 Circoviridae
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
68 Retroviridae
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
69 Reoviridae
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
70 Birnaviridae
Clinical infections
Further reading
71 Orthomyxoviridae
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
72 Paramyxoviridae
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
73 Rhabdoviridae
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
74 Bornaviridae
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
75 Bunyaviridae
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
76 Picornaviridae
Clinical infections
References
77 Caliciviridae
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
78 Astroviridae
Clinical infections
References
79 Coronaviridae
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
80 Arteriviridae
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
81 Flaviviridae
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
82 Togaviridae
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
83 Prions: unconventional infectious agents
Clinical infections
References
Further reading
Section VII Microbial Agents and Disease Production
84 Tissue and system preferences of bacterial fungal and viral pathogens and the nature of the diseases caused by these infectious agents
References
Further reading
85 Interactions of microbial pathogens with the nervous system
Haematogenous bacterial infections
Haematogenous viral infections
Infection via peripheral nerves
Infections with lentiviruses
Viral infections which cause developmental anomalies
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
Algal bacterial and fungal neurotoxicity
Algal and fungal infections
Further reading
86 Interactions of microbial pathogens with the male and female reproductive systems
Infections of the male reproductive system
Infections of the non pregnant uterus
Infections of the pregnant uterus
Further reading
87 The role of microbial pathogens in intestinal disease
Intestinal structure and function
Normal flora
Pathogenetic mechanisms in enteritis
Further reading
88 The role of microbial pathogens in respiratory disease
Defence mechanisms in the conducting airways
Defence mechanisms in the lungs
Microbial diseases of the conducting airways
Microbial diseases of the lungs
References
Further reading
89 Interactions of microbial pathogens with the renal system
Ascending infection of the excretory pathway
Structure and function of the excretory passages
Virulence factors of uropathogens
Responses of the host to ascending bacterial infection of the excretory pathway
Infectious diseases of the kidneys
References
90 Microbial diseases of the cardiovascular system
The heart: structural and functional relationships
Infections of the heart
Infections of the vascular channels
References
91 Interactions of microbial pathogens with the musculoskeletal system
Responses of muscle to microbial pathogens
Distinctive structural features of skeletal muscle
Responses of muscle to injury
Responses of muscle to bacterial infection
Responses of bone to microbial pathogens
Responses of joints to microbial pathogens
Foot infections of cattle sheep and pigs associated with microbial agents
References
92 The role of microbial pathogens in diseases of the integumentary system
Structural and functional perspectives
Responses of the skin to microorganisms
Bacterial diseases of skin
Viral diseases of skin
Fungal diseases of skin
References
93 Bacterial causes of bovine mastitis
Mammary gland defence mechanisms
Contagious mastitis
Environmental mastitis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and control
References
94 Disinfection biosecurity and other aspects of disease control
Survival of infectious agents in the environment
Transmission of infectious agents
Biosecurity
Animals
Feed
Water
Environment of domestic animals
Vehicular and pedestrian traffic
Equipment
Animal waste
Wild mammals and birds
Cleaning and disinfection of farm buildings
Thermal inactivation of microbial pathogens
Disinfection antisepsis and sterilization
Characteristics modes of action and selection of chemical disinfectants
Chemical inactivation of microbial pathogens
Bacteria
Fungal pathogens
Viruses
Prions
Chemicals used as disinfectants in veterinary medicine
Microbial resistance to disinfection
Disinfection procedures
References
Further reading
Appendix: Relevant websites
General topics
Genomic analysis
Bacteriology
Mycology
Virology
Infectious diseases
Index
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