Legacies of Violence · Eastern Europe’s First World War by Böhler, Jochen -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Acknowlegments Introduction I. A World in Transition

Political systems before the war World War I Revolutionary breakdown Restoring authority Conclusions

The context: identity and violence in contested borderlands Antebellum divergences: the Balkan borderlands on the eve of 1914 The Balkans in the shadow of the Congress of Berlin Balkan imperialisms: the Macedonian Question up to 1914 The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913 From the Balkan Wars to the First World War Conclusions

The reign of the Russian generals Civil wars in Europe’s ‘Wild East’ Conclusions

II. Occupation

Occupation as a norm on the eve of war From the crises of 1914 and 1915 to the demise ofthe norm of occupation German control in the East Conclusions

Labour market policy Food seizures Conclusions

Utopias of Open Space: Forced Population Transfer Fantasies during the First World War

North America The Balkan Wars Germans in the East, 1914–1918: fantasies of forced movement Comparative utopias? Russia, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire On the road to genocide? From forced population transfer to murder Conclusions

III. Radicalization

War as a catalyst to scholarship and professionalisation Bending the rules Mongolisation: race as stigma The ‘war of the races’ New pretenders in the hierarchy of races Racial revisionism: re-evaluating the ‘lower’ races Toward one’s own: the inclusive use of racial anthropology Conclusions

I. The Jews of Europe before 1914 II. The First World War

The outbreak of the First World War The First year of the war: 1914–1915 A stalemate: 1915–1917 The last year of the war: 1917–1918 The fall of the German Empire: November–December 1918

Brutalization through defeat, revolution, and territorial amputation Manifestations of violence Legacies Conclusions

IV. Aftermath

The Eastern European fluidity of war experiences Enduring war and continuing combat Coming to terms with war and violence Conclusions

Pre-negotiated Violence: Ethnic Cleansing in the ‘Long’ First World War

The Balkan Wars and their consequences Deportations during the First World War Post-war migrations The protection and reduction of minorities in the Paris Peace Treaties The Treaty of Lausanne Conclusions

The Long Shadow of the Revolution: Violence in War and Peace in the Soviet Union

I. Violence as a historical theme II. The civil war and conditioning to violence

Consequences of the popular revolution Defining the enemy The fetish of monolithism The language of violence – violent language Stalinist social Darwinism

III. The Great War and its zones of violence

IV. Conclusions

Commentary

List of Contributors Index