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Index
Cover Page
RADICAL ENLIGHTENMENT
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Plates
List of Figures
List of Map and Tables
Abbreviations of Library and Archive Locations
Other Abbreviations
Map.
PART I: THE ‘RADICAL ENLIGHTENMENT’
1. Introduction
i. Radical Thought in the Early Enlightenment
ii. The ‘Crisis of the European Mind’
2. Government and Philosophy
i. The Advent of Cartesianism
ii. Cartesianism in Central Europe
iii. The New Philosophy conquers Scandinavia and the Baltic
iv. France: Philosophy and Royal Absolutism
v. Reaction in the Italian States
3. Society, Institutions, Revolution
i. Philosophy and the Social Hierarchy
ii. Shaftesbury, Radicati, Vauvenargues
iii. The Revolutionary Impulse
4. Women, Philosophy, and Sexuality
i. The Emancipation of Women
ii. Conversational Freedom; Sexual Freedom
5. Censorship and Culture
i. French Royal Censorship
ii. Philosophy and Censorship in Central Europe
iii. Philosophy and Censorship in Southern Europe
iv. Freedom of Thought, Expression, and of the Press
6. Libraries and Enlightenment
i. The Universal Library
ii. The Crisis of the Universities
iii. Shelving the Two Enlightenments
iv. Lexicons and Dictionnaires
v. The Early Enlightenment in National Context
7. The Learned Journals
i. Changing Europe’s Intellectual Culture
ii. The Journals and the Radical Enlightenment
PART II: THE RISE OF PHILOSOPHICAL RADICALISM
8. Spinoza
9. Van den Enden: Philosophy, Democracy, and Egalitarianism
i. Democratic Republicanism
ii. Revolutionary Conspiracy
10. Radicalism and the People: The Brothers Koerbagh
i. The Theologian-Philosopher, Johannes Koerbagh (1634–1672)
ii. The Bloemhof
iii. The Trial of the Brothers Koerbagh
11. Philosophy, the Interpreter of Scripture
i. Lodewijk Meyer (1629–1681)
ii. The Philosophia
iii. The Wolzogen Disputes
iv. The ‘New Religion’ of Philosophy
v. The Philosophia in England
vi. German and Scandinavian Reverberations
12. Miracles Denied
13. Spinoza’s System
14. Spinoza, Science, and the Scientists
i. Radical Thought and the Scientific Revolution
ii. Spinoza and Huygens
iii. Spinoza versus Boyle
15. Philosophy, Politics, and the Liberation of Man
i. In Search of ‘Freedom’
ii. Monarchy Overturned
iii. Spinoza, Locke, and the Enlightenment Struggle for Toleration
iv. Equality and the Quest for ‘Natural Man’
16. Publishing a Banned Philosophy
i. The Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
ii. The Battle of the Ethics
17. The Spread of a Forbidden Movement
i. The Death of a Philosopher
ii. Lucas, Saint-Glain, and The Hague Coterie
iii. The Rise of Dutch Spinozism
iv. Philopater
v. Dutch Radicalism at the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century
PART III: EUROPE AND THE ‘NEW’ INTELLECTUAL CONTROVERSIES (1680–1720)
18. Bayle and the ‘Virtuous Atheist’
19. The Bredenburg Disputes
20. Fontenelle and the War of the Oracles
21. The Death of the Devil
i. From Van Dale to Bekker
ii. The Public Furore
iii. Churches Divided
iv. The European Diffusion
22. Leenhof and the ‘Universal Philosophical Religion’
i. Frederik van Leenhof (1647–1713)
ii. Heaven on Earth
iii. The Politics of Philosophy
iv. The Leenhof Controversy in the Netherlands, Germany, and the Baltic
23. The ‘Nature of God’ Controversy (1710–1720)
PART IV: THE INTELLECTUAL COUNTER-OFFENSIVE
24. New Theological Strategies
i. Theology and the Revolution in Bible Criticism
ii. Physico-Theology
iii. Le Clerc, Limborch, and Locke
iv. From the ‘Rationalization’ to the ‘Irrationalization’ of Religion
25. The Collapse of Cartesianism
i. Empiricism
ii. Deadlock in France
iii. Régis and the Failure of French Cartesianism
26. Leibniz and the Radical Enlightenment
i. Early Encounters
ii. Leibniz, Steno, and the Radical Challenge (1676–1680)
iii. Leibniz and the ‘War of Philosophies’
27. Anglomania: The ‘Triumph’ of Newton and Locke
i. Europe Embraces English Ideas
ii. Locke, Newtonianism, and Enlightenment
28. The Intellectual Drama in Spain and Portugal
29. Germany and the Baltic: the ‘War of the Philosophers’
i. Deepening Philosophical Crisis
ii. The Wolffian Controversies (1723–1740)
iii. Wolff and the Rise of German Deism
iv. Wolffianism versus Newtonianism in the Baltic
PART V: THE CLANDESTINE PROGRESS OF THE RADICAL ENLIGHTENMENT (1680–1750)
30. Boulainvilliers and the Rise of French Deism
31. French Refugee Deists in Exile
i. The Flight to Holland
ii. Gueudeville and Lahontan
iii. Antagonist of Voltaire: Saint-Hyacinthe (1684–1746)
iv. The Marquis d’Argens (1703–1771)
32. The Spinozistic Novel in French
33. English Deism and Europe
i. The Deist Challenge
ii. John Toland (1670–1722)
iii. Anthony Collins (1676–1729)
iv. Matthew Tindal (c. 1657–1733)
v. Bernard Mandeville (1670–1733)
34. Germany: The Radical Aufklärung
i. Initial Reaction
ii. Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus (1651–1708)
iii. Friedrich Wilhelm Stosch (1648–1704)
iv. Spinoza and Cabbala: Wachter and Spaeth
v. Theodor Ludwig Lau (1670–1740)
vi. Schmidt and the Maturing of German Spinozism
vii. Johann Christian Edelmann (1698–1767)
35. The Radical Impact in Italy
i. Giambattista Vico (1668–1744)
ii. Paolo Mattia Doria (1662–1746)
iii. Pietro Giannone (1676–1748)
iv. Radical Thought in Venice
36. The Clandestine Philosophical Manuscripts
i. Categories
ii. L’Esprit de Spinosa
iii. Despotism, Islam, and the Politicization of Superstition
37. From La Mettrie to Diderot
i. Materialism
ii Diderot
38. Epilogue: Rousseau, Radicalism, Revolution
Bibliography
BOVE, LAURENT, ‘Puissance d’agir et
Index
Footnotes
2 Boix y Moliner, Hippocrates
3 Tuinman, Johan Kalvijn’s Onderrichting,
4 Müller, Atheismus devictus, 28–39;
5 Rechenberg, Fundamenta, preface and
6 An Answer to the
7 Seckendorff, Christen-Staat, i, 12;
8 Seckendorff, Christen-Staat ii, 139–41;
9 Aalstius, Inleiding tot de
10 Ibid., 512–14; similarly see
11 Walker, Decline of Hell,
12 Ibid.; Thomas, Religion and
13 Seckendorff, Christen-Staat, i, 1–2,
14 Thomas, Religion and the
15 Georgelin, Venise, 714–17, 720–2,
16 [Diderot], Encyclopédie XV, 474;
17 Ferrone, Intellectual Roots, 2,
18 Conti, Paolo Mattia Doria,
19 Doria, Difesa della metafisica,
20 Ibid., 31–3; see also
21 Doria, Difesa della metafisica,
22 Doria, Difesa della metafisica,
23 Ibid., 31, 170, 198,
24 Doria, Difesa della metafisica,
25 Thomasius, Von der Kunst,
26 Thomasius, Von der Kunst,
27 Ibid., 152.
28 Kuehn, ‘German Aufklärung’, 310–13.
29 Jaquelot, Conformité de la
30 Ibid., 5, 49, 54;
31 Boureau-Deslandes, Histoire critique, i,
32 Cabriada, Carta philosóphica médica-chymica,
33 Jacob, Radical Enlightenment, 20–3,
34 Doria, Il Capitano Filosofo,
35 Montesquieu, Oeuvres complètes, 808;
36 [Gaultier], Lettres Persanes convaincues,
37 Montesquieu, Oeuvres complètes, 808–9.
38 Ibid., 809; Davidson, ‘Toleration’,
39 Hence Bayle’s dictum ‘on
40 Zedler, Grosses Universal Lexicon,
41 For ‘Locke’, see [Diderot
42 Zedler, Grosses Universal Lexicon,
43 Casini, Introduzione, i, pp.
44 Walker, Decline of Hell,
45 Yates, Giordano Bruno, 448–52;
46 Popkin, History of Scepticism,
47 Machiavelli’s most notorious exposition
48 Phillips, Church and Culture,
49 Mercer, ‘Vitality and Importance’,
50 Lessaca, Colyrio philosóphico, 7–10;
51 Phillips, Church and Culture,
52 Israel, ‘Intellectual Debate’, 21–36.
53 Leibniz, Otium Hanoveranum, 262–3.
54 Thomas, Religion and the
55 Benedetti, Lettere Apologetiche, 115–16,
56 Kors, Atheism in France,
57 Krook, John Sergeant, 22–4;
58 Mercer, ‘Vitality and Importance’,
59 Benedetti, Lettere Aplogetiche, 116–20,
60 [Aubert de Versé], L’Impie
61 Mindán, ‘Corrientes filosóficas’, 473–4;
62 Israel, Dutch Republic, 889–99.
63 Nájera, Maignanus redivus, 304;
64 Cabriada, Carta philosóphica, 230–1.
65 See, for instance, Jacob,
66 Hazard, European Mind, 502.
67 See Jacob, ‘Crisis of
68 Casini, Introduzione, i, pp.
69 Pascal, Pensées, 94.
70 Casini, Introduzione, i, 233–4;
71 Hill, World Turned Upside
72 Israel, Anglo-Dutch Moment, 1–43,
73 Pocock, Virtue, Commerce and
74 Pocock, Machiavellian Moment, 383–95.
1 On the philosophes’ awareness
2 Mowbray, ‘Libertas’, 33; Verbeek,
3 Wittichius, Consensus Veritatis, 1–2,
4 Israel, Dutch Republic, 667–8,
5 Verbeek, ‘Philosophie cartésienne’, 234–40;
6 Ryssenius, Oude rechtsinninge waerheyt,
7 Rysssenius, Oude rechtsinnige waerheyt,
8 Ibid.; Foerthsius, Selectorum theologeorum
9 Brink, Toet-steen der Waerheyt,
10 Mastricht, Novitatum Cartesianarum Gangraena,
11 Mastricht, Novitatum Cartesianarum Gangraena,
12 Wittichius, Consensus Veritatis, 3,
13 Wittichius, Consensus Veritatis, 3,
14 Allinga, Cartesianismi Gangraena, 43–4;
15 Helvetius, Adams oud graft,
16 Van Ruler, Crisis of
17 Benedetti, Difesa della scolastica
18 Vermij, ‘Het Copernicanisme’, 357–62;
19 Goeree, Kerklyke en Weereldlyke,
20 Wittichius, Consensus Veritatis, 14,
21 Mastricht, Novitatum Cartesianarum Gangraena,
22 Wittichius, Consensus Veritatis, 357–8.
23 Brink, Toet-steen der Waerheid,
24 Verbeek, ‘From “learned ignorance”’,
25 Ibid.; Rowen, John de
26 Bontekoe, Apologie, 36, 365.
27 Cramer, Abraham Heidanus, 102–3;
28 Cramer, Abraham Heidanus, 103–5,
29 Israel, Dutch Republic, 897.
30 Schneppen, Niederländische Universitäten, 76;
31 De Boys, Schadelickheyt, 3;
32 Wittichius, Consensus Veritatis, 1–2.
33 Tepelius, Historia Philosophiae Cartesianae,
34 Ring, Geschichte, 108–9; Von
35 Landwehr, Kirchenpolitik, 173, 190–2,
36 Ring, Geschichte, 108.
37 Varrentrapp, Grosse Kurfürst, 13–14.
38 Ibid., 202, 229; Mühlpfordt,
39 Varrentrapp, Grosse Kurfürst, 13;
40 Thijssen-Schoute, Nederlands Cartesianime, 271;
41 Mayer, ‘Spinoza’s Berufung’, 40.
42 Hautz, Geschichte, ii, 199.
43 Colerus, Vie de B.
44 Spinoza, Letters, 249–51.
45 Chevreu, Chevraeana, ii, 99–100.
46 Halma, Aanmerkingen, 81–2.
47 Hautz, Geschichte, ii, 206.
48 Ibid., ii, 232.
49 Ibid., ii, 230, 255–7;
50 Enderle, ‘Jesuitenbibliothek’, 163.
51 Hoiningen-Hune, Beiträge, 32.
52 Rother, ‘Teaching of Philosophy’,
53 Ibid., 65.
54 Hoiningen-Huene, Beiträge, 32–4; Geiger,
55 Hoiningen-Huene, Beiträge, 34–5; Guggisberg,
56 Hoiningen-Huene, Beiträge, 37.
57 Geiger, Basler Kirche, 142–4.
58 Ibid., 143.
59 Nova Literaria Helvetica, ii,
60 Åkerman, Queen Christina, 49.
61 Ibid., 45–9, 59; Sandblad,
62 Lindborg, Descartes i Uppsala,
63 Ibid., 345; Annerstedt, Uppsala
64 Lindborg, Descartes i Uppsala,
65 Ibid., 346.
66 Lindborg, Descartes i Uppsala;
67 Sandblad, ‘Reception’, 258–9.
68 Lindborg, Descartes i Uppsala,
69 Masius, Dissertationes academicae, 14–16.
70 Lindroth, Svensk lärdomshistoria, ii,
71 Annerstedt, Uppsala universitetshistoria, ii,
72 Schwedische Bibliothec, ii, 77.
73 Ibid.
74 Sandblad, ‘Reception’, 260–3.
75 Bring, Samling, ii, 133.
76 Schwedische Bibliothec, ii, 115.
77 Wansink, Politieke wetenschappen, 10.
78 Rein, Åbo universitets lärdomshistoria,
79 Bring, Samling, ii, 128–33;
80 Lindroth, Svensk lärdomshistoria, ii,
81 Rosén, Lunds universitets historia,
82 Brockliss, ‘Curricula’, 584–5.
83 Heyd, Between Orthodoxy and
84 Pascal, Pensées, 94.
85 Nadler, Arnauld, 19–20.
86 Phillips, Church and Culture,
87 Allard, ‘Angriffe’, 1; Nadler,
88 Palanco, Dialogus Physico-Theologicus, praefatio,
89 Kors, Atheism in France,
90 Formey, Histoire abrégée, 274;
91 Phillips, Church and Culture,
92 Labrousse, Pierre Bayle, ii,
93 [Bayle], Recueil de documents,
94 [Bayle], Recueil de documents,
95 Ibid.
96 Ibid., 43.
97 Ibid., 44.
98 Dortous de Mairan, Éloge,
99 Kors, Atheism in France,
100 Sauvy, Livres saisis, 85,
101 Allard, Angriffe, 2–3; Phillips,
102 From 1706 the French
103 Brockliss, ‘Scientific Revolution in
104 D’Argens, Philosophie du Bons-Sens,
105 [Tournemine], ‘Préface’, 7–37; this
106 [Tournemine], ‘Préface’, 18–20, 27.
107 Ibid., 7.
108 Ibid., 35.
109 Ibid., 36–7.
110 Northeast, Parisian Jesuits, 80–1;
111 [Tournemine], ‘Préface’, 12–13.
112 Scherz, Pionier der Wissenschaft,
113 Van de Plas, Niels
114 Totaro, ‘Antonio Magliabecchi’, 555.
115 Casini, Introduzione, i, 232;
116 Ibid., 162; Carranza, Monsignor
117 Carranza, Monsignor Gaspare Cerati,
118 Marchetti tried again to
119 Holberg, Memoirs, 63.
120 Fardella, Animae humanae incorporea,
121 Robinet, G.
122 Quoted in Willey, Eighteenth-Century
123 Derham, Dimostrazione, 381; Ferrone,
124 Casini, Introduzione, i, 227;
125 Fardella, Animae humanae incorporea,
126 De Soria, Raccolta, ii,
127 Montesquieu, Oeuvres complètes, 262.
128 Borroni Salvadori, ‘Tra la
129 Ferrone, Intellectual Roots, 272–3;
130 Symcox, Victor Amadeus II,
131 Venturi, ‘Gli anni ‘30’,
132 Galiani and Grandi, Carteggio,
133 Montesquieu, Oeuvres complètes, 235.
134 Rotondò, ‘Censura ecclesiastica’, 1485.
135 Ibid.
136 D’Argens, Lettres juives, i,
137 Georgelin, Venise, 714–17, 1128;
138 Leibniz, Philosophical Essays, 101;
139 Fardella, Utraque Dialectica, i,
140 Fardella, Filosofia Cartesiana, 1st
141 Robinet, G.
142 Ibid., 220.
143 Montesquieu, Oeuvres complètes, 216.
144 Quondam, Cultura e ideologia,
145 Cornelio, Progymnasmata Physica, 93–4;
146 Cornelio, Progymnasmata Physica, 93–4;
147 Quondam, Cultura e ideologia,
148 Robinet, G.
149 Robinet, G.
150 Quondam, Cultura e ideologica,
151 Ibid., 49–50; Spinelli, Riflessioni,
152 Grimaldi, Memorie, 9; Davidson,
153 Quondam, Cultura e ideologia,
154 Grimaldi, Memorie, 3–6.
155 Osbat, L’Inquisizione a Napoli,
156 Stone, Vico’s Cultural History,
157 Comparato, Giuseppe Valletta, 143–8;
158 Totaro, ‘L’Index’, 362.
159 Rojas, De formarum generatione,
160 Ibid., 153–8.
161 Bendedetti, Lettere apologetiche, 182–3,
162 Comparato, Giuseppe Valletta, 219–24.
163 Valletta, Lettera, 55, 57,
164 Ibid.
165 Ibid., 61–9.
166 Ibid., 71.
167 Valletta, Opera filosofiche, 325–6;
168 Mastellone, Pensiero politico, 157–8.
169 [Grimaldi], Risposta alla lettera
170 Giannone, Opere, 64; Stone,
171 Grimaldi, Risposta alla terza
172 Ibid., 62, 66, 68.
173 Ibid., 60–1, 66, 82.
174 Mastellone, Pensiero politico, 158–9.
175 Benedetti, Difesa della terza
176 Ibid., 45–9, 90.
177 Ibid., 60, 244; Totaro,
178 Benedetti, Difesa della terza
179 Levine, ‘Giambattista Vico’, 61–3;
180 Mastellone, Pensiero politico, 198–207.
181 Ibid., 215–16; Zambelli, ‘Il
182 On this publication, see
183 Levine, ‘Giambattista Vico’, 61,
184 Vico, On the Study
185 Genovesi, Elementorum artis, 22–6,
186 Ibid., 27, 514.
187 Ibid., 530; Genovesi, Elementa
188 Genovesi, Elementorum artis, 463–79,
189 Genovesi, Elementa metaphysicae, i,
190 Genovesi, Elementa metaphysicae, i,
191 Genovesi, Lettere filosofiche, i,
192 Genovesi, Elementa metaphysicae, ii,
193 Genovesi, Lettere filosofiche, i,
194 Genovesi, Elementa metaphysicae, i,
195 Genovesi, Elementorum artis, 343.
196 Genovesi, Lettere filosofiche, i,
197 Quoted in Venturi, Illuminati,
198 Genovesi, Elementa metaphysicae, ii,
199 Venturi, Illuminati, v, 12;
200 Genovesi, Discorso, 96.
1 Habermas, Structural Transformation, 27–38;
2 Habermas, Structural Transformation, 25.
3 Van Dülmen, Society, 10.
4 Chartier, Cultural Origins, 20–3,
5 Doria, Lettere e ragionamenti,
6 Saint-Simon, Mémoires, xxvii, 163;
7 Roche, Republicains des lettres,
8 Doria, Lettere e ragionamenti,
9 Lassenius, Besiegte Atheisterey, preface,
10 Müller, Atheismus Devictus, 32;
11 Weber, Beurtheilung, dedication and
12 Ibid., 22–6.
13 Ibid., 26, 140–1; see
14 Weber, Beurtheilung, 83–4; Otto,
15 Uriel da Costa (c.1583–1640)
16 Graesse, Trésor des livres
17 Weber, Beurtheilung, 128–9.
18 See below, pp.
19 See below, pp.
20 Weber, Beurtheilung, 131–4.
21 Ibid., 140–1.
22 Pauthe, Massillon, 17–18, 184,
23 Massillon, Pensées, 119, 267–8;
24 Massillon, Pensées, 155–6; see
25 Massillon, Pensées, 248–50, 264;
26 Massillon, Pensées, 37.
27 Ibid., 292–3.
28 Ibid., 293.
29 Ibid.; Vernière, Spinoza, 286–7.
30 Massillon, Pensées, 258; Vernière,
31 Assoun, ‘Spinoza, les libertins’,
32 Ricuperati, ‘Giannone’, 62–3; Sheridan,
33 Evans, ‘Über die Urspriinge’,
34 De Soria, Raccolta, i,
35 Giannone, Vita, 112–13, 139;
36 Schröder, Ursprünge, 412, 414,
37 Sheridan, Nicolas Lenglet Dufresnoy,
38 O’Higgins, Yves de Vallone,
39 Champion, Pillars of Priestcraft,
40 Ricuperati, L’Esperanza civile, 407.
41 Marchand, Dictionnaire, ii, 319;
42 [Hohendorf].
43 Massillon, Pensées, 155; Veyssière
44 Turner, ‘Properties of Libertinism’,
45 Veyssière de la Croze,
46 Doria, Lettere e ragionamenti,
47 Mortensen, ‘Shaftesbury’, 648–9; Hundert,
48 Klein, Shaftesbury, 1–2, 8–9.
49 Ibid, 198.
50 Ibid., 182–5; Craven, Jonathan
51 Quoted in Sheridan, Nicolas
52 Carpanetto and Ricuperati, Italy,
53 Venturi, Saggi, 25–6.
54 Symcox, Victor Amadeus II,
55 Jacob, Radical Enlightenment, 172–3;
56 Ferrone, Intellectual Roots, 118,
57 Radicati, Twelve Discourses, 203.
58 Venturi, Saggi, 249–51; Ferrone,
59 [Radicati], A Philosophical Dissertation,
60 [Radicati], A Philosophical Dissertation,
61 Ibid., 131; Jacob, Radical
62 Jacob, Radical Enlightenment, 172–3.
63 Ibid.
64 Wielema, Filosofen, 96–8; Jacob,
65 Hazard, European Thought, 35,
66 Bove, ‘Puissance’, 186–8.
67 Vauvenargues, Oeuvres, i, 62–3.
68 Ibid., ii, 98–9, 103;
69 Vauvenargues, Oeuvres, ii, 215;
70 Bove, ‘Politique’, 333; Bove,
71 Vauvenargues, Oeuvres, ii, 106,
72 Bove, ‘Politique’, 336.
73 Ibid., 338–40.
74 Ibid., 346; Jacob, Living
75 Klein, Shaftesbury, 189.
76 Symcox, Victor Amadeus II,
77 Speck, Reluctant Revolutionaries, 242–51;
78 Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics, 561–77;
79 Walten, Regtsinnige Policey, 6;
80 Walten, Regtsinnige Policey, 4,
81 Toland, Anglia Libera, 26;
82 Toland, Anglia Libera, 22–3.
83 Ibid.
84 Toland, Anglia Libera, 26.
85 Radicati, Twelve Discourses, 202;
86 Radicati, Twelve Discourses, 205.
87 Ibid., 204; Ferrone, Intellectual
88 Radicati, Twelve Discourses, 204.
89 Paine, Rights of Man,
90 Boulainvilliers, Mémoires, 1; Ellis,
91 Boulainvilliers, Lettres, iii, 68;
92 Boulainvilliers, Lettres, ii, 68;
93 Venturino, Ragione, 274–93.
94 Boulainvilliers, Mémoires, 12–13; Vernière,
95 Venturino, Ragione, 306.
96 Giancotti Boscherini, ‘Réalisme et
97 Blom, Rise of Naturalism,
98 Spinoza, TTP, 277.
99 Ibid.; Balibar, Spinoza and
100 Spinoza, TTP, 278.
101 Ibid., 279.
102 Curley, ‘Kissinger, Spinoza’, 330–5.
103 Proust, Diderot, 255–321; Jimack,
104 Diderot, Pensées philosophiques, 10–11,
105 Vernière, Spinoza, 559–60.
106 Diderot, Pensées philosophiques, 65.
107 Proust, Diderot, 312–13.
108 Diderot, Lettre, 96–8.
109 Proust, Diderot, 347–50, 432,
110 Ibid., 428–9; Glaziou, Hobbes
111 Article ‘Citoyen’, Encyclopédie, iii,
112 Hazard, European Thought, 406;
113 Chartier, Cultural Origins, 41–3.
114 Proust, Diderot, 352–3.
115 Ibid., 426–9; Talmon, Origins,
116 Article ‘Citoyen’, Encyclopédie, iii,
117 Ibid.; Payne, Philosophes and
118 Proust, Diderot, 431, 438.
119 Ibid., 590.
120 On Du Marsais’ authorship
121 [Du Marsais], Le Philosophe,
122 [Du Marsais], Le Philosophe,
123 In fact published illegally
124 [Pluquet], Examen, ii, preface,
125 Ibid., ii, preface, p.
126 [Pluquet], Examen, ii, preface,
127 Ibid., ii, preface, p.
1 Fontenelle, Entretiens, preface, pp.
2 Fontenelle, Entretiens, 1–3.
3 Johnston, Marquis d’Argens, 47.
4 Fontenelle, Entretiens, 14, 59.
5 Montesquieu, Oeuvres complètes, 902.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Lambert, Reflexions nouvelles, 7,
9 Bodemann, ‘Herzogin Sophie’, 55.
10 Ibid., 81.
11 Ibid., 82.
12 Briefwechsel der Herzogin Sophie,
13 Ibid., 353.
14 Ibid., 368.
15 Ibid., 368.
16 Voltaire, Éléments, preface and
17 Hazard, European Thought, 279.
18 Wolff to Manteuffel, 7
19 Formey, La Belle Wolfienne,
20 Ibid., ii, 30–2.
21 Ibid., ii, 58–61, iv,
22 Ostertag, Philosophische Gehalt, 39.
23 Bräuning-Oktavio, ‘Bibliothek’, 682–3.
24 Ibid., 744–59, 834.
25 Spinoza, Opera, ii, 359–60;
26 Matheron, ‘Spinoza et la
27 [Mandeville], Virgin Unmask’d, 127–8.
28 De Smet, ‘Realm’, 48–9.
29 De Smet, Hadrianus Beverlandus,
30 De Smet.
31 Elias, ‘Spinozistisch Erotisme’, 308.
32 Ibid., 310.
33 ‘Le sexe féminin a
34 [Beverland], L’État de l’homme,
35 [Beverland], De peccato Originali,
36 Beverland, De Peccato Originali,
37 De Smet, ‘Realm’, 47,
38 De Smet, Hadrianus Beverlandus,
39 ARH OSA North Holland
40 Knuttel, Acta, v, 321;
41 Katz, ‘Isaac Vossius’, 179–81.
42 Bayle, Pensées diverses, ii,
43 Ibid.
44 Bayle, Historical and Critical,
45 Lahontan, Nouveaux Voyages, ii,
46 Bayle, Pensées diverses, ii,
47 Quoted in Wotton, Letter
48 [Mandeville], The Mysteries of
49 Wotton, Letter to Eusebia,
50 Undereyck, Närrische Atheist, 279–80;
51 Undereyck, Närrische Atheist, 281;
52 Undereyck, Närrische Atheist, 281–2.
53 Ibid., 282–3.
54 Ibid., 286–7, 297.
55 Ibid., 298–302.
56 Ibid., 305–6.
57 Ibid., 310–14.
58 Massillon, Pensées, 119, 267–8.
59 Toland, Tetradymus, 103, 108–9,
60 Ibid., 126, 130-1, 135;
61 Lewis, History of Hypatia,
62 Hazard, European Mind, 149–54.
63 Doria, Lettere e ragionamenti,
64 Doria, Lettere e ragionamenti,
65 Doria, Lettere e Ragionamenti,
66 Doria, Ragionamenti ne’ quali,
67 Ibid., 228–9.
68 Ibid., 372–90; Doria, Lettere
69 Doria, Ragionamenti ne’ quali,
70 Ibid., 390–1.
71 Ibid., 395, 407; the
72 Doria, Ragionamenti ne’ quali,
73 Ibid., 408, 426–8.
74 Ibid., 451.
75 Ibid., 422–3, 426, 451–2.
76 She apparently read the
77 Barbapiccola, ‘Traduttrice’, 11–12, 15.
78 Ibid., 8.
79 Ibid., 7; see also
80 Her ideal of the
81 Lambert, Réflexions nouvelles, 8.
82 [Radicati], A Philosophical Dissertation,
83 Ibid., 33.
84 Ibid., 34, 39.
85 Ibid., 58.
86 Ibid., 59–60; Ferrone, Intellectual
87 [Radicati], A Philosophical Dissertation,
88 Ibid., 67–8.
89 Ibid., 71–3.
90 Pigeard de Gurbert, ‘Thérèse’,
91 Darnton, Forbidden Best-Sellers, 90.
92 Pigeard de Gurbert, ‘Thérèse’,
93 Heumakers, ‘De Sade’, 114.
94 Ibid.; Maréchal, Dictionnaire, 300;
95 [D’Argens], Thérèse Philosophe, 135.
96 Ibid.
97 Ibid., 53–6; Pigeard de
98 [D’Argens], Thérèse Philosophe, 147.
1 Goldie, ‘Theory’, 331–3; Bossy,
2 Toland, A Collection, i,
3 Carroll, Spinoza Reviv’d, Part
4 BL Add.
5 Woolston, A Fourth Discourse,
6 Gaskin, Hume’s Philosophy of
7 Whiston, Reflexions, 50.
8 Houtteville, Religion chrétienne, i,
9 Hazard, European Mind, 239–40;
10 Huygens, Oeuvres complètes, viii,
11 Mellot, ‘Relations ambiguës’, 215.
12 Sauvy, Livres saisis, 9.
13 Prat, ‘Introduction’, pp.
14 Hazard, European Mind, 227;
15 Simon, Lettres choisies, 47,
16 Steinmann, Richard Simon, 229,
17 Mellot, ‘Relations ambiguës’, 211–13.
18 She referred to ‘ces
19 Darnton, Literary Underground, 2.
20 Bib.
21 Ibid., 10561/2, Dedun to
22 Ibid., 10561/1 interrogatoire, The
23 Ibid., 10561/5 interrogatoire, The
24 Weil, ‘Rôle des libraires’,
25 Bib.
26 Archives de la Bastille,
27 Ibid., x, 408–9.
28 Bib.
29 Fénélon’s Télémaque, widely interpreted
30 Bib.
31 Bib.
32 Bib.
33 BL MS 4284, fo.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid., fo.
36 Berkvens-Stevelinck, Prosper Marchand, 66–7,
37 Chartier, Cultural Origins, 38–50;
38 D’Argens, Lettres juives, i,
39 Chartier, Cultural Origins, 50.
40 BL Add.
41 Chartier, Cultural Origins, 41–2.
42 Israel, Dutch Republic, 684,
43 Santschi, Censure à Genève,
44 Ibid.
45 Ibid., 78.
46 Ibid., 46.
47 Hilgers, Index der verbotenen
48 Laeven, ‘Frankfurt and Leipzig’,
49 Laeven, ‘Frankfurt and Leipzig’,
50 Kobuch, Zensur und Aufklärung,
51 Laeven, ‘Frankfurt and Leipzig’,
52 Schröder, ‘Einleitung’, 10–11.
53 Goldfriedrich, Geschichte, 463–5; Whaley,
54 Kobuch, Zensur und Aufklärung,
55 Blanning, ‘Frederick the Great’,
56 Goldfriedrich, Geschichte, 83; Stein,
57 Ibid., 385.
58 Brechka, Gerard van Swieten,
59 Stein, ‘Leibniz’, 78–9; on
60 Ibid., 80–1; censorship also
61 Brechka, Gerard van Swieten,
62 Rotondò, ‘Censura ecclesiastica’, 1481;
63 Capoa, Del Parere, i,
64 Carpanetto and Ricuperati, Italy,
65 NBN MS XV E
66 NBN MS XV E
67 Gay, The Enlightenment, ii,
68 Giannone, Historia civile, 466–71.
69 Giannone, Vita, 80–5; Marini,
70 Montesquieu, Oeuvres complètes, 279–80.
71 Giannone, Vita, 85–90.
72 Rotondò, ‘Censura ecclesiastica’, 1420.
73 Marini, ‘Documenti’, 696–7, 705–6.
74 Grimaldi, Memorie, 44–5.
75 Galiani and Grandi, Carteggio,
76 Venturi, ’Gli anni ‘30’,
77 Giannone, Vita, 260–5.
78 Åkerman, Queen Christina, 254–5.
79 Ferrone, Intellectual Roots, 5–6;
80 Gravina, Orationes, 137.
81 Galiani and Grandi, Carteggio,
82 Bianchini, Istoria universale provata,
83 Ibid., 187, 201.
84 Ibid., 22–4; Stone, Vico’s
85 Galiani and Grandi, Carteggio,
86 Ferrone, Intellectual Roots, 145–50.
87 Hilgers, Index, 93–4; Reusch,
88 Bencini, Tractatio, 25–6.
89 Ibid., 25; Ferrone, Intellectual
90 Bencini, Tractatio, 145, 151,
91 Bencini, Tractatio, 27.
92 Ibid., 28.
93 Ozanam, ‘L’idéale académique’, 198,
94 Da Cunha, Testamento político,
95 Marques, A Real Mesa
96 Ribeiro Correia, Sebastião José
97 Da Cunha, Testamento político,
98 Marques, A Real Mesa
99 Marques, A Real Mesa
100 Marques, A Real Mesa
101 Lúcio de Azevedo, História,
102 Freitas, Pombal e o
103 Ibid., 62–5; Lúcio de
104 Klingenstierna, Dissertatio academica, 21–2.
105 Locke, A Third Letter,
106 Sina, L’Avvento della ragione,
107 Labrousse, Pierre Bayle, ii,
108 Redwood, Reason, Ridicule and
109 Israel, ‘Spinoza, Locke and
110 Spinoza, TTP, 299.
111 D’Argens, Lettres Chinoises, i,
112 Ibid., i, 127.
113 D’Argens, Mémoires de Monsieur,
1 Raabe, ‘Gelehrtenbibliotheken’, 107, 114,
2 Ibid., 119.
3 Popkin, History of Scepticism,
4 Naudé, Advis, 22, 28:
5 Naudé, Advis, 33.
6 Ibid., 38.
7 Ibid., 89–90, 92.
8 Enderle, ‘Jesuitenbibliothek’, 157, 163,
9 Heilingsetzer, ‘Wissenschaftspflege’, 66, 96–8.
10 Mémoire historique sur la
11 Simon, Lettres choisies, 143.
12 Mémoire historique sur la
13 Holberg, Memoirs, 123–4; Marion,
14 Lankhorst, ‘Ventes aux enchères’,
15 Berkvens-Stevelinck, Prosper Marchand, 13,
16 Carayol, Thémiseul de Saint-Hyacinthe,
17 Ibid., 133; Vernière, Spinoza,
18 Sheridan, Nicolas Lenglet Dufresnoy,
19 Bléchet, ‘Quelques acquisitions’, 15.
20 Bowden, Leibniz as a
21 Lemmerich, ‘Künstlerische Ausstattung’, 323,
22 Ibid.; Wangermann, Austrian Achievement,
23 Goldfriedrich, Geschichte, 66; Raabe,
24 Montesquieu, Oeuvres complètes, 324–5.
25 Paunel, Staatsbibliothek, 23, 44
26 Bowden, ‘Leibniz as a
27 Bowden, ‘Leibniz as a
28 Ibid., 6; Hessel, Leibniz,
29 [Götze], Merckwürdigkeiten, preface; Ebert,
30 Mémoire historique sur la
31 Catalogue … de la
32 Hessel, Leibniz, 6, 9.
33 Holberg, Memoirs, 60.
34 Bowden, ‘Leibniz as a
35 Formey, Conseils, 7–8, 15,
36 Montesquieu, Oeuvres complètes, 224,
37 Holberg, Memoirs, 88.
38 Ibid.
39 Lankhorst, ‘Ventes aux enchères’,
40 Hulshoff Pol, ‘The Library’,
41 Porter, ‘University and Society’,
42 Schmidt-Biggemann,’ New Structures’, 500–9;
43 ‘Theologie is the only
44 Schmidt-Biggemann, ‘New Structures’, 517–29;
45 Hautz, Geschichte, ii, 186–9.
46 Owing to its political
47 [Tentzel], Monatliche Unterredungen 1694,
48 Chartier, ‘Espace social’, 391,
49 Goldfriedrich, Geschichte, 66.
50 Philip and Morgan, ‘Libraries’,
51 BL MS Harl.
52 BL MS Harl.
53 Frühsorge, ‘Zur Rolle’, 64–5,
54 Raabe, ‘Gelehrtenbibliotheken’, 112–13.
55 Knoche, ‘Universitätsbibliotheken’, 428–9; Struve
56 Hessel, Leibniz, 9–12; Fabian,
57 Hessel, Leibniz, 9.
58 Ibid., 16–17; Fabian, ‘Göttingen’,
59 Losman, ‘Skokloster’, 95.
60 Lindroth, History of Uppsala,
61 Maxwell, ‘Pombal’, 81.
62 Jöcher, Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon, ii,
63 Catalogus bibliothecae beati Herm.
64 [Jahn], Verzeichnis der Bücher,
65 Mulsow, ‘Freethinking’, 204–5.
66 Reitzer, Appendix Librorum, pp.
67 [Rostgaard], Bibliotheca Rostgardiana (1726),
68 Ellehøj en Grane, Københavns
69 Holberg, Memoirs, 125.
70 Benítez, Face cachée, 26–7,
71 Carpanetto and Ricuperati, Italy,
72 Totaro, ‘Antonio Magliabechi’, 549–50;
73 Totaro, ‘Antonio Magliabechi’, 556.
74 [Stosch], Bibliotheca Stoschiana, i,
75 Totaro, ‘Nota’, 111–12.
76 Monsieur Le Clerc’s Observations,
77 Raabe, ‘Gelehrte Nachschlagewerke’, 101.
78 This is the Woordenboek
79 Quoted in Raabe, ‘Gelehrte
80 Ibid., 102.
81 Ibid., 106–8.
82 Ibid., 110.
83 Bots and Van de
84 Bayle, Dictionnaire, iii, 2455.
85 Cantelli, Teologia e ateismo,
86 Bayle, Dictionnaire, iii, 3043.
87 Charles-Daubert and Moreau, Pierre
88 Veyssière, Dissertation sur l’athéisme,
89 [Formey], Pensées raisonnables, 44,
90 Levine, ‘Giambattista Vico’, 68.
91 See, for instance, [Le
92 Harrison and Laslett, Library
93 See St AUL MS
94 Roche, ‘Un savant’, 48,
95 Gardair, Le ‘Giornali de’
96 [Le Clerc], Bibliothèque Universelle,
97 See Catalogus Librorum Beati
98 [Daneschiold], Bibliotheca, 232, 242,
99 [Kielmanns-Egge], Bibliotheca (3 vols,
100 Koenigsmann, Catalogus, 8, 21,
101 Harrison, ‘Religion’ and the
102 Cassirer, Philosophy, 7–18; Ferrone,
103 Pocock, Barbarism, i, 9.
1 Giornale de’ Letterati (Venice)
2 L’Europe Savante, i, preface,
3 Dann, ‘Vom Journal des
4 Giornale de’ Letterati (Venice)
5 Laeven, De Acta Eruditorum,
6 L’Europe Savante, i, preface,
7 Nova Literaria Helvetica, i,
8 [Thomasius], Monats-Gespräche, i, 226–7,
9 Ibid., i, 234.
10 Jaumann, Critica, 276–81.
11 Annales Literarii Mecklenburgenses, i,
12 Dänische Bibliothec, i, 2.
13 Ibid., i, 3–4.
14 L’Europe Savante, i, preface,
15 Brockliss, ‘Scientific Revolution’, 70.
16 Camusat describes Colbert as
17 [Camusat], Histoire critique, i,
18 Camusat praised La Roque’s
19 Reesinck, L’Angleterre, 65, 68–9;
20 Quoted in Reesinck, L’Angleterre,
21 Nouvelles de République des
22 Ibid., 53–5, 65.
23 Journal de Hambourg, i,
24 [Le Clerc] preface to
25 Ibid., 8.
26 Ibid., 8–8v; he affirmed
27 Ibid., fo.
28 Reesinck, L’Angleterre, 67; Bots,
29 [Le Clerc], Bibliothèque Universelle,
30 Sina, Vico e Le
31 Formey, Conseils, 31.
32 Holberg, Memoirs, 140.
33 [Thomasius], Monats-Gespräche, i, 226–7;
34 L’Europe Savante, iv (1718),
35 Ibid., ii, 207–8; Berkvens-Stevelinck,
36 Basnage de Beauval, Tolérance
37 [Basnage de Beauval], Histoire
38 Berkvens-Stevelinck, Prosper Marchand, 110–13;
39 Quoted in Berkvens-Stevelinck, Prosper
40 Ibid., 115–16.
41 De Vet, Pieter Rabus,
42 Bayle, Lettres, i, 545.
43 De Vet, Pieter Rabus,
44 Bayle, Lettres, ii, 649.
45 Reesinck, L’Angleterre, 80.
46 Bibliothèque Ancienne et Moderne,
47 Dooley, Science, Politics, 38–40.
48 Ibid., 40–1; Gardair, Le
49 Berengo, Giornali veneziani, xi–xii;
50 Giornale de’ Letterati (Venice),
51 Dooley, Science, Politics, 63;
52 Giornale de’ Letterati (Venice),
53 Generali, ’Il ‘Giornale’, 244,
54 Bots, ‘Rôle’, 54–7.
55 Goldgar, Impolite Learning, 92–5.
56 [Basnage de Beauval], Histoire
57 Bots, ‘Rôle’, 53–4; Bots,
58 Klopp, Correspondance de Leibniz,
59 L’Europe Savante, i, 319.
60 Bots, ‘Rôle’, 55.
61 Berkvens-Stevelinck, Prosper Marchand, 117–18,
62 Ferrone, Intellectual Roots, 97;
63 Bots, ‘Rôle’, 49.
64 [Basnage de Beauval], Histoire
65 Mijnhardt, ‘Dutch Enlightenment’, 205;
66 L’Europe Savante, iv (July
67 [Camusat], Histoire critique, ii,
68 [Le Clerc], Bibliothèque Universelle,
69 De Vet, Pieter Rabus,
70 [Le Clerc], Bibliothèque Universelle,
71 [Basnage de Beauval], Histoire
72 Carayol, Thémiseul de Saint-Hyacinthe,
73 L’Europe Savante, iv (July,
74 L’Europe Savante, iv (July,
75 Ibid.
1 Hume, Treatise of Human
2 Clark, Einstein, 502–3.
3 Charles-Daubert and Moreau, Pierre
4 Buddeus, Lehr-Sätze, 144; ‘Benoit
5 [Thomasius], Monats-Gespräche, i, 338.
6 Henry Oldenburg (c.1617–77) was
7 Popkin, ‘Spinoza’s Earliest Philosophical
8 Mignini, ‘Spinoza’s Theory’, 28,
9 Collected Works of Spinoza,
10 Collected Works of Spinoza,
11 Collected Works of Spinoza,
12 Ibid., 91–2, 95; Klever,
13 Collected Works of Spinoza,
14 Ibid., 120.
15 Ibid., 145.
16 Ibid., 150.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Klever, ‘Spinoza and Van
20 Klever, ‘Spinoza and Van
21 Sturm.
22 ‘In philosophia Cartesiana excellere,
23 Spinoza, Letters, 59.
24 Jarig Jelles (c.1620–1683), a
25 Vaz Dias and Van
26 Jelles, Voorreeden, 110–11; Kortholt,
27 Ibid.; Proietti, ‘Le “Philedonius”’,
28 Franco Mendes, Memorias, 60–1;
29 Mignini, ‘Spinoza’s Theory’, 28,
30 Spinoza, Opera, ii, 5;
31 Spinoza, Opera, ii, 5.
32 Ibid., 5.
33 Ibid., 6.
34 Spinoza, Opera, 7; De
35 Israel, ‘Philosophy, Commerce, and
36 Nadler, Spinoza, 79–81.
37 Vaz Dias and Van
38 Groenveld, ‘English Civil Wars’,
39 GAA NA 964 unpaginated
40 PRO HCA 30/495.
41 GAA NA 967, pp.
42 De Castries, Les sources
43 Ibid., v, 348–50.
44 Van der Tak, ‘Spinoza
45 Spinoza, TTP, 277.
46 Ibid., 278; Smith, Spinoza,
47 Orobio de Castro recalled
48 Isaac La Peyrère (1596–1676)
49 Révah, Marranes à Spinoza,
50 [Colerus], Account of the
51 Lucas, La Vie, 22–4;
52 Goeree, Kerklyke en Weereldlyke,
53 Ibid.; Meinsma, Spinoza, 192.
54 Monnikhoff, Beschrijving, 201–2; see
55 Meinsma, Spinoza, 193–4; Bedjaï,
56 Mertens, ‘Franciscus van den
57 Klever, ‘Spinoza’s Life’, 24;
58 Bedjaï, ‘Éternité’, 11; Bedjaï,
59 Jan Hendrik Glazemaker (c.1620–82)
60 Pieter Balling (d.1664) was
61 Stolle, ‘Notes’, 514.
62 Révah, Marranes à Spinoza,
63 Levi de Barrios, Triumpho:
64 Israel, ‘Philosophy, Commerce, and
65 Méchoulan, ‘Herem à Amsterdam’,
66 Levi de Barrios, Triumpho,
67 Révah, Marranes à Spinoza,
68 Révah, Marranes à Spinoza,
69 Nadler, Spinoza, 113, 163–5.
70 Révah, ‘Des Marranes à
71 Gebhardt, ‘Juan de Prado’,
72 Levi de Barrios, Triumpho,
73 Kaplan, From Christianity, 135,
74 Spinoza, Letters, 243–4.
75 Charles-Daubert and Moreau, Pierre
1 Klever, ‘Spinoza and Van
2 Bedjaï, ‘Métaphysique’, 296; Bedjaï,
3 Mertens, ‘Franciscus van den
4 Johan de la Court
5 Van den Enden, Vrije
6 Van Gelder, Getemperde vrijheid,
7 Van den Enden, Vrye
8 Ibid., 161, 175, 229;
9 Van den Enden, Vrye
10 Ibid., 154–6; Klever, Mannen
11 Mertens, ‘Franciscus van den
12 Ibid., 723; Klever, Mannen
13 Mertens, ‘Franciscus van den
14 Lindeboom, Stiefkinderen, 378–81; Smith,
15 Plockhoy, A Way Propounded,
16 Downie, Peter Cornelius Plockhoy,
17 Plockhoy, A Way Propounded,
18 Lindeboom, Stiefkinderen, 378.
19 Plockhoy, A Way Propounded,
20 Ibid., 17.
21 Ibid., 18.
22 Ibid., 25; Lindeboom, Stiefkinderen,
23 Plockhoy, A Way Propounded,
24 Ibid., 31.
25 Downie, Peter Cornelius Plockhoy,
26 Van den Enden, Vrye
27 Séguy, Utopie coopérative, 57,
28 Smith, Religion and Trade,
29 Klever, ‘Inleiding’, 37–8.
30 Séguy, Utopie coopérative, 33–4.
31 Plockhoy, Kort ende Klaer
32 Klever, ‘Inleiding’, 34–5.
33 Mertens, ‘Franciscus van den
34 Van den Enden, Vrye
35 Ibid., 155–6.
36 Bedjaï, ‘Libertins et politiques’,
37 Ibid., 30.
38 Archives de la Bastille,
39 Recontre de Bayle et
40 Quoted in Bedjaï, ‘Libertins
41 Leibniz, Theodicy, 351; Orcibal,
42 Archives de la Bastille,
43 Archives de la Bastille,
44 Ibid., vii, 447.
45 Ibid., 467.
46 Quoted in Bedjaï, ‘Franciscus
47 Archives de la Bastille,
1 Vandenbossche, ‘Adriaan Koerbagh’, 1–3;
2 Abraham van Berckel (or
3 Meinsma, Spinoza, 198.
4 Beverland, De Peccato Originali,
5 Vandenbossche, ‘Adriaan Koerbagh’, 3,
6 Hubbeling, ‘Zur frühen Spinozarezeption’,
7 Gelderblom, ‘Publisher’, 165.
8 Pontiaan van Hattem (1641–1706),
9 Meinsma, Spinoza, 230–1; Meijer,
10 Entitled ‘t Nieuw Woorden-Boek
11 Winstanley, Law of Freedom,
12 Ibid., 378.
13 [Koerbagh], ‘t Samen-Spraeck, preface,
14 On this, see Israel,
15 [Koerbagh], ‘t Samen-Spraeck, 2,
16 GA Amsterdam MS 376/11,
17 Ibid., p.
18 Ibid., p.
19 Johannes Koerbagh, ‘Korte doch
20 Ibid.; see also Adriaen
21 See Johannes Koerbagh, ‘Korte
22 Ibid.; Meinsma, Spinoza, 341.
23 GA Amsterdam MS 376/11,
24 GA Amsterdam MS 376/11,
25 GA Amsterdam 376/11, p.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid., p.
29 GA Amsterdam 376/11.
30 Een Bloemhof van allerley
31 GA Amsterdam Ms.
32 GA Amsterdam MS 376/11,
33 GA Utrecht Kerkeraad viii,
34 Vogt, Catalogvs historico-criticus, i,
35 GA Amsterdam MS 376/11,
36 Ibid., p.
37 Ibid.
38 Koerbagh, Bloemhof, 499, 632–3.
39 Ibid., preface; Leibniz, New
40 Koerbagh, Bloemhof, preface; Vandenbossche,
41 Leibniz, New Essays, 277.
42 Koerbagh, Bloemhof, 337–9; Meinsma,
43 Koerbagh, Bloemhof, 268; Vandenbossche,
44 Koerbagh, Bloemhof, 327–8; Klever,
45 Koerbagh, Bloemhof, 354; Meinsma,
46 Hubbeling, ‘Zur frühen Spinozarezeption’,
47 Koerbagh, Bloemhof, 447; Vandenbossche,
48 Koelman, Wederlegging, 137; Edelmann,
49 GA Amsterdam MS 376/11,
50 Meinsma, Spinoza, 366.
51 GA Amsterdam, MS 376,
52 Klever, Mannen rond Spinoza,
53 Koerbagh, Een Ligt schynende,
54 Ibid., 25–6; Klever, Mannen
55 Klever, Mannen rond Spinoza,
56 Thijssen-Schoute, Nederlands Cartesianisme, 364–5;
57 Klever, Mannen rond Spinoza,
58 Koerbagh, Een Ligt schynende,
59 Ibid., 37.
60 Ibid., 125.
61 Ibid., 126.
62 Ibid., 63–104.
63 Jongeneelen, ‘Unknown Pamphlet’, 410–11.
64 Vandenbossche, ‘Adriaan Koerbagh’, 8–9.
65 Meinsma, Spinoza, 364; Vandenbossche,
66 GA Amsterdam MS 5061/318
67 GA Amsterdam 5061/318 Confessie-Boeck,
68 GA Amsterdam 5061/318 Confessie-Boeck,
69 GA Amsterdam 5059/39 no.
70 Ibid., 463–6; Leibniz, New
1 Monnikhoff, Beschrijving, 213; Klever,
2 Meinsma, Spinoza, 194–7; Nadler,
3 Révah, Marranes à Spinoza,
4 Arnold Geulincx (1623–69), originally
5 Thijssen-Schoute, Nederlands Cartesianisme, 104,
6 Spinoza, Letters, 179–80; Meinsma,
7 Steenbakkers, Spinoza’s Ethica, 16.
8 L.
9 Ibid., 17; Thijssen-Schoute, Nederlands
10 Akkerman, Studies, 208–10, 214;
11 Thijssen-Schoute, ‘Lodewijk Meyer’, 5–12;
12 Sassen, Wijsgerig onderwijs, 49;
13 Spinoza, Letters, 101–9; Monnikhoff,
14 Spinoza, Letters, 121–2.
15 Collected Works of Spinoza,
16 Collected Works of Spinoza,
17 Spinoza, Opera, i, 132–3;
18 Klever, Mannen rond Spinoza,
19 Lilienthal, Theologische Bibliothec, 214.
20 Ibid.; Leydekker, Verder Vervolg,
21 [Meyer], Philosophia, epilogue.
22 Bamberger, ‘Early Editions’, 18–20.
23 Altmann, Moses Mendelssohn, 566,
24 [Meyer], Philosophie d’Uytleghster, 50–1.
25 Ibid., 37, 52–3, 126;
26 [Meyer], Philosophia, 59; Andala,
27 [Meyer], Philosophie d’Uytleghster, 56–7.
28 [Meyer], Philosophia, 57.
29 Ibid., epilogue; Moreau, ‘Principes’,
30 Bordoli, Ragione e scrittura,
31 Published under the pseudonym
32 [Meyer], Philosophie d’Uytleghster, 52–3,
33 Lagrée, ‘Sens et verité’,
34 Lagrée.
35 Walther, ‘Biblische Hermeneutik’, 244–5;
36 Wolzogen, De Scripturarum Interprete,
37 Ibid., 470–4.
38 Philopater, 126.
39 Loescher, Praenotiones, 153–5; Wolf,
40 Leibniz, Theodicy, 82; Lagrée
41 RNH Classis Haarlem VII,
42 Leydekker, Verder vervolg, 6–7.
43 Knuttel, Verboden boeken, 117.
44 GA Utrecht Acta Kerkeraad
45 Ibid., res.
46 Ibid., res.
47 RNH classis Haarlem vii.
48 [Meyer], Philosophie d’Uytleghster, 113.
49 Ibid., Scholder, Birth, 135–6;
50 [Meyer], Philosophie d’Uytleghster, 119–26;
51 [Meyer], Philosophie d’Uytleghster, 122–3;
52 Zilverberg, ‘Jan Pietersz Beelthouwer’,
53 Beelthouwer, Antwoordt, 21–3, 127;
54 Van der Wall, Mystieke
55 Serrarius, Responsio, 14; Van
56 Fix, Prophecy and Reason,
57 Serrarius, Responsio, 55.
58 Leibniz, Theodicy, 82.
59 Servaas van Rooijen, Inventaire,
60 Mastricht, Novitatum Cartesianarum Gangraena,
61 Bayle, Dictionnaire, iii, 2582;
62 Bordoli, Ragione e scrittura,
63 Thijssen-Schoute, Nederlands Cartesianisme, 444–7;
64 [Wolzogen], Catalogus, 11–12, 19–20,
65 Wolzogen, De Scripturarum Interprete,
66 Wolzogen, De Scriptuarum Interprete,
67 Lettres sur la vie
68 Ibid.; Ryssenius, Oude rechtsinnige
69 [Meyer], Philosophia, 57.
70 Thijssen-Schoute, Nederlands Cartesianisme, 448;
71 Wolzogen, De Scripturarum Interprete,
72 Leibniz, Theodicy, 82.
73 Vogelsang, Contra libellum, 186–9;
74 Advisen van sommige theologanten
75 Lettres sur la vie
76 Oordeel van eenige theologanten
77 Hartmann, Anleitung, 150–1.
78 Lettres sur la vie
79 Récit véritable, 18; Sassen,
80 Récit véritable, 11, 19,
81 [Meyer], Philosophie d’Uytleghster, 136;
82 Thijssen-Schoute, ‘Lodewijk Meyer’, 15–16;
83 Spinoza, TTP, 228.
84 Ibid., 228–36; Yvon, L’Impiété
85 Yvon, L’Impiété convaincue, 212,
86 Spinoza, TTP, 71–2, 233;
87 Spinoza, TTP, 236.
88 ‘Dico methodum interpretandi Scripturam
89 Van der Wall, ‘The
90 Hoiningen-Huene, Beiträge, 35–6.
91 Maresius, De Abusu, praefatio,
92 Ibid., 77.
93 Sturm, De Cartesianis, 13–15.
94 Maresius, De Abusu, 62–3,
95 Jöcher, Allgemeines Gelehrten Lexicon,
96 Otto, Studien, 17.
97 Maresius, Vindiciae Dissertationis suae,
98 [Maresius], Catalogus librorum, 10–15,
99 Maresius, Vindiciae Dissertationis suae,
100 Ibid., 6.
101 Ibid., 7.
102 [Mansvelt], ‘Van Andlo’, Animadversiones,
103 Maresius, Clypeus Orthodoxiae, preface.
104 Ibid.
105 Ibid., 10.
106 Maresius, Clypeus Orthodoxiae, 11,
107 Van der Wall, ‘The
108 Steno, Ad virum Eruditum,
109 According to Venn, John
110 Wilson, Scriptures Genuine Interpreter,
111 Ibid.
112 Ibid., 256.
113 Ibid.
114 Wilson, An Appendix, 52.
115 Wilson, Scriptures Genuine Interpreter,
116 Ibid., 178.
117 Ibid., 246.
118 Ibid., 246–7.
119 Ibid., 96: Wilson notes
120 Wilson, Scriptures Genuine Interpreter,
121 Ibid., 147–9; [Meyer], Philosophia,
122 Wilson, Scriptures Genuine Interpreter,
123 Ibid.; [Meyer], Philosophie d’Uytleghster,
124 Wilson, Scriptures Genuine Interpreter,
125 Ibid., 252.
126 Ibid., 263.
127 Leibniz, Theodicy, 82.
128 August Pfeiffer (1640–98) was
129 Pfeiffer, Thesaurus Hermeneuticus, 25.
130 Scholder, Birth, 114, 120–5.
131 Mastricht, Novitatum Cartesianarum Gangraena,
132 Ibid., 61.
133 Ibid., 35, 38, 42–3,
134 Mastricht, Novitatum Cartesianarum Gangraena,
135 Annerstedt, Uppsala universitets historia,
136 Benedetti, Difesa della terza
137 Foertschius, Selectorum Theologicorum Breviarium,
138 Mastricht, Catalogus, 44, 54,
139 [Dieckmann], Catalogus, 409–12.
140 Schroedter, Catalogus bibliothecae, 225,
141 [Burckhard], Bibliotheca Bvrckhardiana, iii,
142 Nova Literaria Maris Balthici
143 Ibid., 158; see also
144 Ibid.
145 Leibniz, Theodicy, 83.
1 Hobbes, Leviathan, ch.
2 Ibid.; Martinich, Two Gods,
3 Hobbes.
4 ‘inter quos facile eminet
5 Baumeister, Institutiones, 314–15; Wolff,
6 Heidegger, Exercitationes, 304–32; Jäger,
7 Collected Works of Spinoza,
8 Ibid., i, 309.
9 Spinoza, Opera, i, 256–7;
10 Collected Works of Spinoza,
11 Spinoza, Opera, i, 267.
12 More, Ad V.
13 Müller, Dissertatio, 13–15.
14 Curley, ‘Notes’, 111, 113;
15 Spinoza, TTP, 124–5.
16 Ibid., 126; Concina, Della
17 Spinoza, TTP, 127; see
18 Spinoza, TTP, 129; More,
19 Spinoza TTP, 129.; Batalier,
20 Spinoza, TTP, 130; Curley,
21 Spinoza, TTP, 131; Musaeus,
22 Spinoza, TTP, 131.
23 Ibid., 132; More, Ad
24 Spinoza, TTP, 132; Batalier,
25 Spinoza, TTP, 132; Heidegger,
26 Spinoza, TTP, 133.
27 Ibid.; Spinoza, Opera, iii,
28 Spinoza, TTP, 133.
29 Ibid., 135; ‘ne etiam
30 Spinoza, TTP, 136–8; More,
31 Spinoza, TTP, 137–8; Mason,
32 Spinoza, Opera, ii, 73;
33 Spinoza, Opera, ii, 81;
34 Scherz, Pionier der Wissenschaft,
35 Steno, Ad Novae Philosophiae
36 Steno, Ad Novae Philosophiae
37 Steno, Ad Novae Philosophiae
38 Ibid., 36; Scherz, Pionier
39 Giornale de’ Letterati (Rome)
40 Spinoza, Letters, 303; Meinsma,
41 Spinoza, Letters, 303; Kortholt,
42 Spinoza, Letters, 340; Steno,
43 Spinoza, Letters, 305.
44 Ibid., 305–6.
45 Spinoza, Opera, iv, 285.
46 Spinoza, Opera, iv, 286;
47 Spinoza, Letters, 307–8.
48 Ibid.
49 Ibid., 308.
50 Spinoza, Opera, iv, 287.
51 Ibid.
52 Spinoza, Letters, 309–10.
53 Ibid., 311.
54 Spinoza, Opera, 290.
55 Spinoza, Letters, 312.
56 Akkerman, Studies, 10.
57 Spinoza, Letters, 342–3.
58 Spinoza, Opera, iv, 321.
59 Ibid.
60 Ibid.
61 Ibid.
62 Spinoza, Opera, iv, 324;
63 ‘Letters to and from
64 Steno, Epistolae, ii, 929;
65 Spinoza, Letters, 341; Colie,
66 More, Confutio, 102–3.
67 ‘o pudore omni et
68 Genovesi, Elementa metaphysicae, ii,
69 Totaro, ‘Niels Stensen’, 158.
70 See below, p.
71 Gotti, Veritas religionis Christianae,
1 Charles-Daubert and Moreau, Pierre
2 ‘Praeter Deum nulla dari,
3 Collected Works of Spinoza,
4 Descartes and Leibniz too
5 Mason, God of Spinoza,
6 Woolhouse, Concept of Substance,
7 Collected Works of Spinoza,
8 Spinoza, Opera, ii, 73.
9 Collected Works of Spinoza,
10 Mason, God of Spinoza,
11 Collected Works of Spinoza,
12 Ibid., i, 441.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid., i, 442.
17 Ibid., i, 443; Spinoza
18 Collected Works of Spinoza,
19 Ibid., i, 445.
20 Ibid., i, 445–6.
21 Bennett, A Study, 127–8;
22 Della Rocca, Representation, 18–29.
23 Collected Works of Spinoza,
24 Ibid., i, 459.
25 Ibid., i, 460.
26 Ibid., i, 485.
27 Ibid., i, 484–5; Klever,
28 Collected Works of Spinoza,
29 Collected Works of Spinoza.
30 Ibid., i, 492.
31 Ibid., i, 493; Hampshire,
32 Harris, Spinoza’s Philosophy, 58–9;
33 Klever, Ethicom, 311.
34 Harris, Spinoza’s Philosophy, 59;
35 Collected Works of Spinoza,
36 Ibid., i, 543.
37 Ibid., i, 545; Garrett,
38 Collected Works of Spinoza,
39 Ibid., i, 557.
40 Spinoza, Opera, ii, 232;
41 Collected Works of Spinoza,
42 Ibid., i, 593.
43 Ibid.
44 Ibid., i, 594.
45 Ibid., i, 596–7.
46 Ibid., i, 602.
47 Ibid., i, 603; Garrett,
48 Collected Works of Spinoza,
49 Ibid., i, 140–1.
50 Ibid., i, 607.
51 Ibid., i, 477; Wilson,’Spinoza’s
52 Collected Works of Spinoza,
53 Wilson, ‘Spinoza’s Theory’, 118;
54 Collected Works of Spinoza,
55 Ibid., 616–17.
1 Spinoza, Letters, 124; Spinoza,
2 Savan, ‘Spinoza: Scientist and
3 Klever, ‘Anti-falsificationalism’, 124–7, 131.
4 Spinoza, TTP, 126; Spinoza
5 Ibid., 124.
6 Ibid., 125.
7 Ibid., 140; Collected Works
8 Spinoza, TTP, 126–7; Paty,
9 Musaeus, Tractatus … examinatus,
10 Poiret, Cogitationes rationales, 74–5,
11 Paty, ‘Einstein et Spinoza’,
12 Popkin, History of Scepticism,
13 Collected Works of Spinoza,
14 Ibid., 25.
15 ‘mechanica nullo modo est
16 Ibid.
17 Müller, Dissertatio, 13–14; Hulsius,
18 Müller, Dissertatio, 15–17.
19 Collected Works of Spinoza,
20 Spinoza, Letters, 190.
21 Collected Works of Spinoza,
22 Spinoza, Letters, 245.
23 La Vie et l’esprit,
24 [Levier], ‘Catalogue’, 60; Petry,
25 Klever, ‘Insignis Opticus’, 50;
26 Klever, ‘Insignis Opticus’, 50–2.
27 Huygens to Constantijn Huygens,
28 Huygens, Oeuvres complètes, vi,
29 Huygens, Oeuvres complètes, viii,
30 Parrochia, ‘Physique et politique’,
31 Keesing, ‘Frères Huygens et
32 Ibid., 115–17; Andriesse, ‘Melancholic
33 De Vries, ‘Christiaan Huygens’,
34 De Vries, ‘Christiaan Huygens’,
35 De Vries, ‘Christiaan Huygens’,
36 Huygens, Oeuvres complètes, viii,
37 Andriesse, ‘Melancholic Genius’, 3,
38 De Vries, ‘Christiaan Huygens’,
39 Spinoza, Letters, 184, 189–90,
40 Spinoza, Letters, 188; Feingold,
41 Andriesse, ‘Melancholic Genius’, 4–5.
42 Spinoza, Letters, 188.
43 Ibid., 195; Gabbey, ‘Spinoza’s
44 Collected Works of Spinoza,
45 Williams, Descartes, 275–6.
46 Klever, ‘Moles in motu’,
47 ‘Et hac de causa
48 Cottingham, A Descartes Dictionary,
49 Garber, Descartes’ Metaphysical Physics,
50 Ibid., 91, 95–6; Lachterman,
51 Collected Works of Spinoza,
52 Klever, ‘Motion of the
53 Jelles, Voorreeden, 146–7; Wyermars,
54 Régis, Système de philosophie,
55 Collected Works of Spinoza,
56 Ibid., 458–62; Gabbey, ‘Spinoza’s
57 Spinoza, Letters, 352, 355;
58 Régis, Système de philosophie,
59 Klever, ‘Burchard de Volder’,
60 Verwer, ‘t Mom-Aensicht, xv–xvi;
61 Macherey, ‘Spinoza lecteur’, 746–8;
62 Boyle, Theological Works, ii,
63 Boyle, Theological Works, ii,
64 Ibid., 4.
65 Boyle, Works, iv, 65.
66 Boyle, A Free Enquiry,
67 Boyle, A Free Enquiry,
68 Boyle, Theological Works, ii,
69 Colie, ‘Spinoza in England’,
70 Boyle, A Free Enquiry,
71 Ibid.; Colie, ‘Spinoza in
72 McGuire, ‘Boyle’s Conception of
73 Wojcik, ‘This due degree’,
74 Spinoza, Letters, 59; Hutton,
75 Spinoza, Letters 62–3; Gabbey,
76 Spinoza, Letters, 76; Klever,
77 Spinoza, Letters, 76.
78 Ibid., 81.
79 Ibid., 78–9.
80 Klever, ‘Anti-falsificationism’, 130–1; Gabbey,
81 Collected Works of Spinoza,
82 Spinoza, Letters, 98–9; Macherey,
83 Spinoza, Letters, 111.
84 Spinoza, Letters, 114–15; Klever,
85 Lécrivain, ‘Spinoza et la
86 Spinoza, Letters, 173.
87 Colie, ‘Spinoza in England’,
88 Ibid., 199, 201, 213;
89 Boyle.
90 Ibid., 214; Boyle, Works,
91 Boyle, Letters, 214; Simonutti,
92 Boyle, Letters, 214–15.
93 Ibid., 215.
94 Ibid., 215–16; Colie, ‘Spinoza
1 Petry, ‘Hobbes’, 150.
2 Hobbes, Leviathan, ch.
3 Hobbes, Leviathan, ch.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Spinoza, Letters, 258; Petry,
7 Yvon, L’impiété convaincue, 411–12;
8 Skinner, ‘Idea of Negative
9 Collected Works of Spinoza,
10 Ibid., i, 557.
11 By Proposition XXVIII; see
12 Ibid., 562; Spinoza, Opera,
13 Collected Works of Spinoza,
14 Garrett, ‘A Free Man’,
15 Ibid., 230–2.
16 Petry, ‘Hobbes’, 154–5.
17 Spinoza, TTP, 243; Matheron,
18 Spinoza, TTP, 243.
19 Ibid.; Walther, ‘Transformation des
20 Spinoza, TTP, 243.
21 Spinoza, Tractatus Politicus, 270–1.
22 Ibid., 283, 289.
23 Ibid., 289.
24 Undoubtedly, there is an
25 Spinoza, Tractatus Politicus, 289;
26 Spinoza, Tractatus Politicus, 311.
27 Ibid., 308.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Matheron, Individu et communauté,
32 Tosel, ‘Théorie de la
33 Spinoza, Tractatus Politicus, 319.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid., 317; Matheron, Individu
36 Spinoza, Tractatus Politicus, 317.
37 Ibid., 317–19.
38 Ibid., 317; Blom, Morality
39 Spinoza, Tractatus Politicus, 317;
40 Spinoza, Tractatus Politicus, 319,
41 Spinoza, Tractatus Politicus, 353.
42 See Wernham, ‘Introduction and
43 Spinoza, Tractatus Politicus, 339.
44 Ibid., 341.
45 Ibid., 342–7.
46 Ibid., 364–5; Blom, Morality
47 Spinoza, Tractatus Politicus, 305.
48 Israel, ‘Spinoza, Locke’, 102–5;
49 Concina, Della religione rivelata,
50 Israel, ‘Spinoza, Locke’, 102.
51 [Carroll], A Letter to
52 Dunn, ‘Claim to Freedom’,
53 Dunn, ‘Claim to Freedom’,
54 Israel, ‘Toleration’, 24–8; Israel,
55 Wootton, ‘Introduction’, 104–5.
56 Dunn, ‘Claim to Freedom’,
57 Dunn, ‘Claim to Freedom’,
58 Locke, Political Writings, 421;
59 Spinoza, TTP, 224; Matheron,
60 Spinoza, Tractatus Politicus, 411.
61 Israel, ‘Locke, Spinoza’, 12–13.
62 Moreau, ‘Spinoza et le
63 Israel, ‘Intellectual Debate’, 27–8.
64 Radicati, Twelve Discourses, 75,
65 Spinoza, Tractatus Politicus, 411.
66 Spinoza, TTP, 292.
67 Spinoza, Opera, ii, 241.
68 Spinoza, TTP, 295.
69 Ibid., 225–6; Spinoza, Opera,
70 Radicati, Twelve Discourses, 224–5.
71 Spinoza, TTP, 225.
72 Rousseau, Social Contract, 307–8;
73 Spinoza, Opera, iii, 244.
74 Spinoza, TTP, 297; Balibar,
75 Israel, ‘Spinoza, Locke’, 110–11;
76 Hobbes, Leviathan, ch.
77 Spinoza, TTP, 298.
78 Ibid., 299.
79 Ibid., 237.
80 Ibid., 239.
81 Ibid., 241.
82 Ibid., 243; Balibar, ‘Le
83 Spinoza, TTP, 243.
84 Ibid., 277; Spinoza, Opera,
85 Spinoza, Tractatus Politicus, 443;
86 Spinoza, Tractatus Politicus, 359;
87 Spinoza, Tractatus Politicus, 350–1.
88 Ibid.
89 Radicati, Twelve Discourses, 32.
90 Ibid., 33.
91 Ibid., 39.
92 Ibid., 45.
93 Ibid., 46.
94 Ibid., 49–51.
95 Ibid., 292–3.
96 Ibid., 204.
97 Ibid.
98 Ibid., 46; Carpanetto and
99 Rousseau, Discourse, 72–3.
100 Rousseau, Discourse, 78.
101 Ibid., 81–2.
102 Ibid., 84.
103 Ibid., 82; Lemay, ‘Part
104 Perrot, ‘Spinoza, Rousseau’, 408–9;
105 Kennedy, Jacobin Clubs, 91,
1 See, for instance, H.
2 ARH OSA 183 Acta
3 Groot Placaat-Boeck, iii, 523–4:‘Placaet
4 Israel, ‘Banning of Spinoza’s
5 GA Leiden Acta Kerkeraad
6 Ibid.
7 Rijksarchief Utrecht, Provinciale kerkvergadering
8 Freudenthal, Lebensgeschichte Spinozas, 193.
9 Burmannus, Burmannorum Pietas, 211,
10 GA Amsterdam Protocolboek Kerkeraad
11 Knuttel, Acta, iv, 531.
12 ARH OSA 183 Acta
13 Rijksarchief Groningen, Acta, provincial
14 ARH OSA 183 Acta
15 Freudenthal, Lebensgeschichte Spinozas, 125–6;
16 Res.
17 GA Haarlem Acta Kerkeraad
18 Klever, ‘A New Document’,
19 Ibid.; Nadler, Spinoza, 256.
20 Stouppe, Religion des Hollandois,
21 Brun, Véritable religion, i,
22 Meinsma assumes Graevius but
23 Spinoza, Letters, 243.
24 Vernière, Spinoza, 386–7, 696.
25 [Koenigsmann], Catalogus Bibliothecae, 8.
26 For the latter, see
27 Spidberg, Catalogus librorum, fo.
28 Bamberger, ‘Early Editions’, 9–10,
29 Including in the case
30 Bamberger, ‘Early Editions’, 17.
31 Bamberger, ‘Early Editions’, 30.
32 Walther, ‘Machina civilis’, 187.
33 Spinoza, Letters, 248; Vernière,
34 [Breyer], Exquissitissima Bibliotheca, 53.
35 Charle-Daubert and Moreau, Pierre
36 Freudenthal, Lebensgeschichte Spinozas, 138;
37 Bamberger, ‘Early Editions’, 20,
38 Van Limborch to Jenkes,
39 Colie, Light and Enlightenment,
40 Spinoza, Opera, iv, 272.
41 Ibid., iv, 273; Spinoza,
42 Boyle, Works, iv, 65.
43 Simonutti, ‘Premières réactions anglaises’,
44 Boyle, Works, v, 514;
45 Israel, Dutch Primacy, 339–46.
46 Henri Justel (1620–93), Huguenot
47 Arnauld, Oeuvres x, pp.
48 Le Clerc to Limborch,
49 Israel, Dutch Republic, 896–8.
50 GA The Hague Hervormde
51 GA The Hague Hervormde
52 Freudenthal, Lebensgeschichte Spinozas, 150–2;
53 Spinoza, Opera, iv, 299;
54 Spinoza, Opera, iv, 299.
55 Ibid.
56 Meinsma, Spinoza, 526.
57 Vernière, Spinoza, 42.
58 Akkerman, Studies, 67, 77–8;
59 Georg Hermann Schuller (1651–79),
60 Akkerman, Studies, 45–6; Steenbakkers,
61 Schuller to Leibniz, Amsterdam
62 Steenbakkers, Spinoza’s Ethica, 33,
63 Akkerman, ‘J.
64 Akkerman, Studies, 46.
65 Barberini to Neercassel, Rome,
66 Neercassel to de Swaen,
67 Vaz Dias and Van
68 Neercassel to Barberini, Utrecht,
69 ‘Letters to and from
70 Steenbakkers, Spinoza’s Ethica, 27.
71 Schuller to Leibniz, Amsterdam,
72 Steenbakkers, Spinoza’s Ethica, 62–3.
73 GA The Hague, Hervormde
74 ‘Letters to and from
75 Ibid., 334.
76 GA Leiden, Acta Kerkeraad
77 GA Leiden, Acta Kerkeraad
78 Knuttel, Acta, v, 236.
79 ‘de Mensch-werdinghe en Opstandinghe
80 Groot Placaat-Boeck, iv, 525–6:
81 Ibid.
82 Groot Placaat-Boeck, iv, 525–6;
83 Van de Water, Groot
84 Orcibal, ‘Jansénistes face à
85 ‘Letters to and from
1 The house had been
2 Colerus, Vie de B.
3 Aalstius, Inleiding, 512–14; Kortholt,
4 [Jelles], ‘Voorreeden’, 112.
5 La Vie et L’Esprit,
6 Meinsma, Spinoza, 370–1; Evenhuis,
7 Knuttel, Balthasar Bekker, 357–8;
8 Trinius, Freydenker-Lexicon, 401; Berti,
9 Berti, ‘Radicati in Olanda’,
10 Ibid., 517–18.
11 Krauss, ‘L’Énigme de Dumarsais’,
12 The Religious, Rational and
13 The Religious, Rational and
14 Ibid., 28.
15 Breithaupt, Zufällige Gedancken, 24.
16 Montaigne, Complete Essays, 497.
17 La Mettrie, Machine Man,
18 Labrousse, Pierre Bayle, ii,
19 On the latter, see
20 Labrousse, Pierre Bayle, ii,
21 Bayle, Pensées diverses, ii,
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid., 135; Tournemine, ‘Préface’,
24 Le Vassor, De la
25 Tournemine, ‘Préface’, 3, 12.
26 Le Vassor, De la
27 Masius, Dissertationes, 9.
28 Ibid., 10–11.
29 Ibid., 28–9.
30 Undereyck, Närrische Atheist, i,
31 Ibid., 385.
32 Ibid., 386.
33 Breithaupt, Zufällige Gedancken, 12.
34 Ibid., 12–13.
35 Blase, Johannes Colerus, 183;
36 Blase, Johannes Colerus, 185.
37 Suchtelen, Spinoza’s sterfhuis, 8.
38 Blase, Johannes Colerus, 188;
39 Blase, Johannes Colerus, 185,
40 Concina, Della religione revelata,
41 Meinsma, Spinoza, 429; Vernière,
42 Marchand, Dictionnaire, i, 325;
43 Carayol, Thémiseul de Saint-Hyacinthe,
44 [Levier], Histoire de l’Admirable
45 It is claimed in
46 See Levier’s footnote, La
47 Charles-Daubert and Moreau, Pierre
48 Sauvy, Livres saisis, 31,
49 La Vie et l’Esprit,
50 Trinius, Freydenker-Lexicon, 420; Vernière,
51 Gebhardt, ‘Textgestaltung’, 388; Kingma
52 La Vie et L’Esprit,
53 La Vie et l’Esprit,
54 According to Pierre des
55 Pierre des Maizeaux (1673–1745)
56 Henri Morelli (Henriques Morales)
57 Bayle, Oeuvres diverses, iv,
58 Bayle, Oeuvres diverses, iv,
59 Journal Litéraire 1722, p.
60 Francès, ‘Gazetier français’, 407.
61 Gebhardt, ‘Textgestaltung’, iii, 389;
62 Gebhardt, ‘Textgestaltung’, iii, 389;
63 See Levier’s remarks in
64 Marchand, Dictionnaire, i, 325;
65 Berti, ‘Introduzione’, pp.
66 La Vie et l’Esprit,
67 Van Velthuysen, Tractatus de
68 Orobio de Castro, Certamen
69 Bekker, Kort Begryp, 39;
70 Deurhoff, Voorleeringen, 5.
71 Verhandeling van de Mirakelen,
72 Spandaw, Bedekte Spinosist, dedication.
73 Basnage, Histoire des Juifs,
74 Tuinman, Korte Afschetzing, 13.
75 Van Hattem, Den Val
76 Nieuhoff, Over Spinozisme, 40.
77 Quoted in Brown, British
78 Steenbakkers, Spinoza’s Ethica, 5.
79 Ibid.
80 Deurhoff, Voorleeringen, 20, 54;
81 [Verwer], ‘t Mom-Aensicht pp.
82 Ibid., p.
83 Ibid., pp.
84 Bordoli, ‘Account’, 176–7.
85 [Verwer], ‘t Mom-Aensicht, xvi,
86 [Verwer], ‘t Mom-Aensicht, 15–16;
87 [Verwer], ‘t Mom-Aensicht, 6–9.
88 Klever, ‘Clé d’un nom’,
89 Klever, ‘Clé d’un nom’,
90 Vermij, ‘Spinozisme en Hollande’,
91 Thijssen-Schoute, Nederlands Cartesianisme, 286–7.
92 Ibid., 312–13.
93 Klever, ‘Burchard de Volder’,
94 Ibid., 197–8; Klever, ‘Omtrent
95 Klever, ‘Burchard de Volder’,
96 Bibliotheca Volderina, 3–7, 41,
97 Klever, ‘Burchard de Volder’.
98 [Bayle], Nouvelles, i, 320;
99 [Cuffeler], Specimen i, 14–15;
100 [Cuffeler], Specimen, i, 65–6,
101 Ibid., 90; Lange, Caussa
102 Charles-Daubert and Moreau, Pierre
103 [Cuffeler], Specimen, i, 119–26;
104 [Cuffeler], Specimen, i, 253–65.
105 Klever, Mannen rond Spinoza,
106 Ibid., 160.
107 Van den Hoven, ‘Inleiding’,
108 Van den Hoven, ‘Inleiding’,
109 GA The Hague, Hervormde
110 Wielema, Filosofen, 60–1.
111 Van den Hoven, ‘Inleiding’,
112 [Goeree], Philalethes Brieven, 253.
113 Van Balen, Verbetering, 54–7.
114 Ibid., 51, 133, 137.
115 Ibid., 125–7; Klever, Mannen
116 Akkerman, ‘Inleiding’, 26.
117 Philopater, 195; Lettres critiques,
118 Thijssen-Schoute, Uit de Republiek,
119 Akkerman, ‘Inleiding’, 26.
120 ARH OSA 216, Acta
121 Van Eeghen, Amsterdamse boekhandel,
122 Thijssen-Schoute, Uit de Republiek,
123 Boekzaal van Europe, July–Dec.
124 Israel, Dutch Republic, 924.
125 Wittichius, Ondersoek, preface by
126 Halma, Aanmerkingen, 1–2; Maréchal,
127 Halma, Aanmerkingen, 1; Buddeus,
128 Maréchal, ‘Inleiding’, 13.
129 GA Leiden Acta Kerkeraad
130 GA Rotterdam Acta Kerkeraad
131 GA The Hague, Acta
132 Knuttel, Verboden boeken, 123.
133 Thijssen-Schoute, Nederlands Cartesianisme, 547.
134 Philopater, 152.
135 Ibid., 153–4.
136 Ibid., 156–7, 162–4.
137 Ibid., 187.
138 Ibid., 153.
139 Ibid., 149–50; Buddeus, Theses
140 GA Amsterdam Acta Kerkeraad
141 GA Amsterdam arch 5061/345.
142 GA Amsterdam arch 5061/345
143 Van Gelder, Getemperde vrijheid,
144 GA Amsterdam Acta Kerkeraad
145 Maréchal, ‘Inleiding’, 18–19.
146 GA Amsterdam Acta Kerkeraad
147 Ibid.; Van Gelder, Getemperde
148 GA Rotterdam Acta Kerkeraad
149 See, for instance, ARH
150 Boekzaal van Europe 1698,
151 Halma, Aanmerkingen, 6; Boekzaal
152 [Roodenpoort], Verleidend Levens-bedrijf, 26–8,
153 Ibid., 6, 23, 54–5,
154 Twee-Maandelijke Uyttreksels 1701, 686–92.
155 Maréchal, ‘Inleiding’, 36–7.
156 Buddeus, Theses Theologicae, 127.
157 Lilienthal, Theologische Bibliothec, 377–9.
158 Bibliotheca Uffenbachiana, i, 768.
159 [Triewald], Bibliotheca, iv, 305.
160 Smeeks, Beschryvinge, 75.
161 Ibid., 76–8.
162 Ibid., 79–82.
163 Ibid., 95–112.
164 Ibid., 115.
165 Ibid., 112.
166 ‘als van vele pernicieuse
167 ARH OSA Synod of
168 ARH OSA 98 South
169 Graesse, Trésor de livres
170 Reimann, Historia, 491.
171 [Sandvoort], Zedig Ondersoek, 101–11.
172 Wyermars, Ingebeelde Chaos, 2;
173 Ibid., 75.
174 Wielema, ‘Onbekende aanhanger’, 32.
175 GA The Hague Acta
176 Ibid., 179; Wielema, ‘Onbekende
177 ARH OSA 97 South
178 Vandenbossche, ‘Hendrik Wyermars’, 321.
179 Ibid., 322.
180 GA Amsterdam Acta Kerkeraad
181 Ibid., 109.
182 Reimann, Historia, 491–2.
183 Wyermars, Den Ingebeelde Chaos,
184 [Sandvoort], Vervolg (1707), ‘Na-reden’,
185 Wyermars, Den Ingebeelde Chaos.,
186 Wyermars, Den Ingebeelde Chaos,
187 Ibid., pp.
188 Wyermars, Den Ingebeelde Chaos,
189 Wyermars, Den Ingebeelde Chaos,
190 Ibid., p.
191 Ibid., 154–9.
192 Ibid., 120–1; Vermij, Secularisering,
193 Ibid., Vandenbossche, ‘Hendrik Wyermars’,
194 GA Amsterdam Acta Kerkeraad
195 ARH OSA South Holland
196 [Jahn], Verzeichnis, 2192.
197 [Triewald,] Bibliotheca, iv, 237.
198 Schröder, ‘Reception’, 158, 161.
199 Vandenbossche, ‘Hendrik Wyermars’, 325,
200 Zedler, Grosses Universal Lexicon,
201 Vandenbossche, ‘Hendrik Wyermars’, 325.
202 Lilienthal, Theologische Bibliothec, 268–9.
203 Baumgarten, Nachrichten, v, 388–93;
204 Schröder, ‘Reception’, 161–2.
1 Labrousse, Pierre Bayle, ii,
2 Knetsch, Pierre Jurieu, 137–8;
3 See Labrousse, Pierre Bayle,
4 Popkin, ‘Introduction’, pp.
5 Labrousse, Pierre Bayle, ii,
6 Cantelli, Teologia e ateismo,
7 Houtteville, Religion Chrétienne, i,
8 Notably Mme Elisabeth Labrousse;
9 Knuttel, Balthasar Bekker, 149–50.
10 Bayle, Pensées diverses, i,
11 Ibid., 127.
12 Ibid., 128.
13 Ibid., 271.
14 Ibid., ii, 102–38; Poiret,
15 Bayle, Pensées diverses, ii,
16 Prat, ‘Introduction’, p.
17 Prat, ‘Introduction’, p.
18 [Bayle], Nouvelles, i (1684),
19 Ibid., 3; Mckenna, ‘Pierre
20 Paganini, Analisi della fede,
21 Bayle, Commentaire, 45.
22 Knetsch, Pierre Jurieu, 274–7.
23 Bayle, Commentaire, 356–7; Labrousse,
24 Labrousse, Pierre Bayle, ii,
25 Bayle, Commentaire, 87; McKenna,
26 Bayle, Commentaire, 88.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid.; McKenna, ‘Pierre Bayle
29 Knetsch, Pierre Jurieu, 285–8,
30 Labrousse, Pierre Bayle, ii,
31 Knetsch, Pierre Jurieu, 316,
32 GA Rotterdam Acta des
33 Ibid., p.
34 Ibid., p.
35 GA Rotterdam Acta des
36 Bayle, Pensées diverses, i,
37 Prat, ‘Introduction’, p.
38 Jaquelot, Conformité de la
39 McKenna, ‘Pierre Bayle et
40 [Jurieu], Philosophe de Rotterdam,
41 Poiret, Cogitationum Rationalism, 14–15;
42 Bayle, Lettres, iii, 839,
43 Charles-Daubert and Moreau, Pierre
44 [Pluquet], Examen, ii, pp.
45 Bayle, Dictionnaire, iii, 3043;
46 Bayle, Historical and Critical
47 Ibid., 372.
48 McKenna, ‘L’Éclaircissement’, 313–16; Anderson,
49 Crousaz, Examen du Pyrrhonisme,
50 Radicati, Recueil, 24–5; the
51 Rencontre de Bayle et
52 Collins, A Philosophical Inquiry,
53 Mandeville, Free Thoughts, 4.
54 Law, Remarks, 54, 99.
55 Ibid., 2–4, 53, 99,
56 BL Add.
57 Ibid.; Popkin, ‘Introduction’, 26;
1 Lindeboom, Stiefkinderen, 345–52; Fix,
2 Israel, Dutch Republic, 587–90,
3 Locke, Passages, 307.
4 Fix, Prophecy and Reason,
5 Ibid., 243–6; Kühler, Het
6 Van Slee, Rijnsburger Collegianten,
7 Meihuizen, Galenus Abrahamsz, 59–60;
8 Van der Wall, Mystieke
9 [Balling], Het Licht, 4.
10 Ibid.; Klever, Mannen rond
11 ‘Het Licht (dan zegggen
12 Kühler, Het Socinianisme, 241–2;
13 Bredenburg, Praatje over tafel,
14 Bredenburg, Verhandeling, 8; Fix,
15 Bredenburg, Verhandeling, 6; Wielema,
16 Bredenburg, Verhandeling, 19–33.
17 Wielema, Filosofen, 42–3; Van
18 Bredenburg, Verhandeling, 32–7.
19 Meinsma, Spinoza, 275.
20 Charles-Daubert and Moreau, Pierre
21 Poiret, Cogitationes rationales, 14–15;
22 Buddeus, Theses Theologicae, 125;
23 Van Bunge, ‘Early Dutch
24 Bredenburg, Enervatio, 63–6; Wielema,
25 Van Bunge, ‘Johannes Bredenburg
26 Bredenburg, Enervatio.
27 Kolakowski, Chrétiens sans église,
28 Ibid., 250.
29 Scribano, ‘Johannes Bredenburg’.
30 Bredenburg, Wiskunstige Demonstratie, 8.
31 Charles-Daubert and Moreau, Pierre
32 Kühler, Het Socinianisme, 247;
33 Kühler, Het Socinianisme, 246–8;
34 Petry, ‘Kuyper’s Analysis’, 3;
35 Kuyper, Den Philosopherenden Boer,
36 Ibid., 15.
37 Ibid., 50.
38 Ibid.
39 Kuyper, Weerlegging, 94–5.
40 Kuyper, Filosophisch en historiael
41 Van Slee, Rijnsburger Collegianten,
42 Ibid., 243–5; Petry, ‘Kuyper’s
43 Van Slee, Rijnsburger Collegianten,
44 Fix, Prophecy and Reason,
45 Van Slee, Rijnsburger Collegianten,
46 Ibid., 246; Van Bunge,
47 Bayle, Historical and Critical
48 Kuyper, preface to Bredenburg,
49 Ibid.
50 Lemmerman, Eenige Bewijzen, 7.
51 Ibid., 7–8.
52 Bayle, Historical and Critical
53 Leibniz, Theodicy, 350.
54 Orobio seems to have
55 Orobio de Castro, Certamen
56 Ibid.; [Cuffeler], Specimen, i,
57 Orobio de Castro, Certamen
58 Orobio de Castro, 432–3;
59 Morman, Noel Aubert de
60 The Latin titles are
61 Charles-Daubert and Moreau, Pierre
62 [Aubert de Versé], L’Impie
63 Ibid.
64 Vernière, Spinoza, 87–8; Charles-Daubert
65 [Aubert de Versé], L’Impie
66 Ibid., 143; Hubert, ‘Premières
67 [Aubert de Versé], L’Impie
68 Morman, Aubert de Versé,
69 [Aubert de Versé], L’Impie
70 Charles-Daubert and Moreau, Pierre
71 Moréri, Grand Dictionnaire, x,
72 [D’Holbach], Système de la
73 [Bayle], Nouvelles, ii, 313–15;
74 Harrison and Laslett, The
75 Van Slee, Rijnsburger Collegianten,
76 Bredenburg, Wiskunstige Demonstratie, 6–8.
77 [Pluquet], Examen, ii, 283–4;
78 Bredenburg, Noodige Verantwoording, 8–11,
79 Leibniz, Theodicy, 350.
80 Bredenburg, Noodige Verantwoording, 10;
81 Kolakowski, Chrétiens sans église,
82 Kuyper, Bewys, 3; Van
83 Colie, Light and Enlightenment,
84 Bredenburg and Van Limborch,
85 Ibid., 63; see also
86 Bredenburg and Van Limborch,
87 Ibid.
88 Van Bunge, Johannes Bredenburg,
89 Bredenburg and Van Limborch,
90 Bredenburg and Limborch, Schriftelycke
91 Bredenburg and Limborch, Schriftelycke
92 Ibid., 24.
93 Locke, A Third Letter
94 Bredenburg and Van Limborch,
95 Van Bunge, Johannes Bredenburg,
96 Ibid., 214.
97 Bredenburg, Korte Aanmerkingen, 199–200;
98 Kolakowski, Chrétiens sans église,
99 Wielema, Filosofen, 52–5.
100 More, Ad V.
101 Jacob, Henry More’s Refutation,
102 Ibid., p.
103 Melles, Joachim Oudaan, 111;
104 [Jurieu], Tableau du Socinianisme,
105 Kühler, Het Socinianisme, 247–8;
1 Marsak, Bernard de Fontenelle,
2 Proust, Diderot, 179, 205,
3 White, Anti-Philosophers, 12.
4 Hazard, European Mind, 198.
5 Niderst, Fontenelle, 533–7.
6 Fontenelle, Histoire des Oracles,
7 Maréchal, Dictionnaire, 94; Wellman,
8 Fontenelle, Histoire des Oracles,
9 Ibid., 7; Mori, ‘Introduction’,
10 Fontenelle, Histoire des Oracles.,
11 Bossuet, Discours, 302, 307–8;
12 Condillac, Traité des systèmes,
13 Fontenelle, Histoire des Oracles,
14 Condillac, Traité des systèmes,
15 Condillac, Traité des systèmes,
16 Fontenelle, Histoire des Oracles,
17 Radicati, Recueil, 247; [Durand],
18 Quoted in Evers, ‘Die
19 Manuel, Eighteenth Century, 48–9;
20 GA Haarlem Archive Collegium
21 ‘Iets over … Antonius
22 Evers, ‘Die “Orakel”’, 226.
23 Ibid., 226, 240–3.
24 Ibid., 227.
25 Popkin, ‘Deist Challenge’, 204.
26 Ibid., 205; Champion, Pillars
27 Blount, Great is Diana,
28 Blount, Great is Diana,
29 Blount, Great is Diana,
30 [Durand], La Vie, 170.
31 Van Dale, Verhandeling, 150–1;
32 Van Dale, Verhandeling, 3v–4,
33 Van Dale, Verhandeling, 278.
34 Ibid., 175.
35 Van Dale, Verhandeling, 200–19;
36 Van Dale, Verhandeling, 234,
37 Ibid., 267.
38 Ibid., 519, 550; [Bayle],
39 Condillac, Traité des systèmes,
40 Van Dale, Verhandeling, 537.
41 Ibid., ‘Na-reden’; Bots, ‘Fontenelle’,
42 Van Dale, Verhandeling, 537.
43 Ibid.; Bots, ‘Fontenelle’, 551.
44 Van Dale, Verhandeling, 537;
45 D’Argens, Mémoires secrets, iv,
46 Acta Eruditorum 1685, p.
47 [Bayle], Nouvelles, i, 2–18;
48 Bibliothèque Universelle, VII (1687),
49 Ibid., 347.
50 Jaquelot, Dissertations, 654–7.
51 Ibid., 657, 670.
52 Binet, Idée générale, 125;
53 [Bayle], Nouvelles, i, 18.
54 Van Dale, Verhandeling, 20,
55 Oudaen, Voor-reden to [Moebius]
56 Melles, Joachim Oudaen, 104–11;
57 Evers, ‘Die “Orakel”’, 240–1.
58 Oudaen, Voor-reden, 2–4.
59 Ibid., 4.
60 Ibid., 6–8; Melles, Joachim
61 Oudaen, Voor-reden, 5; Siebrand,
62 D’Alembert, ‘Éloge’, p.
63 Bots, ‘Fontenelle’, 551.
64 Baltus, Réponse, 3; Niderst,
65 César Chesneau, Sieur Dumarsais
66 D’Alembert, ‘Éloge’, pp.
67 Ibid., p.
68 Maréchal, Dictionnaire, 73.
69 Manuel, Eighteenth Century, 49;
70 Baltus, Suite à la
71 Baltus, An Answer, 50.
72 Pina de Sá e
73 Baltus, Réponse, 362–3.
74 Baltus, An Answer, 14;
75 Baltus, An Answer, 14;
76 Baltus, An Answer, 1–2;
77 Baltus, An Answer, 7;
78 Baltus, An Answer, 7.
79 Ibid., 208–9; Baltus, Religion
80 Baltus, An Answer, 80.
81 Bossuet, Élevations, 142–4; Levasseur,
82 Krauss, ‘L’Énigme de Dumarsais’,
83 Voltaire, Dictionnaire philosophique portatif
84 Ibid.; D’Alembert, ‘Éloge’, pp.
85 Mandeville, Free Thoughts, 173–6.
86 Grapius, Systema, 96–9.
87 Loescher, Praenotiones, 216, 220.
88 Leibniz to Meier, Hanover,
89 Goldschmidt, Verworffener Hexen- und
90 Kobuch, Zensur und Aufklärung,
91 Buddeus, Traité de l’Athéisme,
92 Ibid.
93 See Gottsched’s note to
94 Ibid., 212; Pott, Aufklärung,
95 [Rydelius], Catalogus, 16, 54.
96 UUL MS Rydelius ‘Collegium
97 [Dieckmann], Catalogus, 409, 412.
98 Feijóo, Teatro Critico Universal,
99 Feijóo, Ilustración, 125–9.
100 Ibid., 128.
101 Ibid.; Feijóo, Teatro Crítico
102 Feijóo, Ilustración, 130.
103 Baltus, Religion Chrétienne, 217,
104 Nicolas Féret (1688–1749), from
105 Quoted in Landucci, ‘Introduzione’,
106 Landucci, ‘Introduzione’, 53.
107 d’Alembert, ‘Éloge’, p.
108 d’Alembert, ‘Éloge’, pp.
1 Hobbes, Leviathan, 210–19, 331–2,
2 Collected Works of Spinoza,
3 Spinoza, Letters, 262, 268;
4 Spinoza, Letters, 262–3, 267–9;
5 Thomas, Religion and the
6 Ibid., 577–8; Clark, Thinking
7 Locke, Essay, 393.
8 Ibid.; see also Berkeley,
9 Fouke, Enthusiastical Concerns, 172–3;
10 Published in Glanvill, Saducismus
11 Glanvill, Saducismus Triumphatus, 16–17.
12 [Collins], A Discourse of
13 Whiston, Reflexions, 22.
14 [Swift], Mr C—ns’s Discourse,
15 [Bentley], Remarks, 32–4; Clark,
16 Verney, De Re Metaphysica,
17 Trevor-Roper, European Witch-Craze, 102.
18 Thijssen-Schoute, Nederlands Cartesianisme, 36,
19 Bergsma, ‘Balthasar Bekker’, 84–5;
20 Fix, ‘Bekker and Spinoza’,
21 Brink, Toet-steen, 92–3; Thomas,
22 Knuttel, Balthasar Bekker, 149–56.
23 Van Sluis, Bekkeriana, 33,
24 Beaumont, Treatise of Spirits,
25 Bekker, Engelsche Verhaal, 3;
26 Bekker, Engelsche Verhaal, 7–8.
27 Hazard, European Mind, 203.
28 Bekker, Betoverde Weereld, i,
29 Bekker, Betoverde Weereld, i,
30 Ibid., 107–8.
31 Ibid., 146.
32 Bekker, Betoverde Weereld, preface
33 Bekker, Betoverde Weereld, preface
34 Ibid., ii, 10–17, 36–8;
35 Bekker, Betoverde Weereld, ii,
36 Mosheim, Ecclesiastical History, ii,
37 Bekker, Betoverde Weereld, ii,
38 Ibid., ii, 131–43; Acta
39 Bekker, Betoverde Weereld, ii,
40 Bekker, Betoverde Weereld, ii,
41 Bekker, Betoverde Weereld, ii,
42 Bekker, Betoverde Weereld, iii,
43 Hobbes, Leviathan, ch.
44 Bekker, Betoverde Weereld, iii,
45 Ibid., iv, 37–8, 138–50.
46 Ibid., 37.
47 Ibid., 219; Hazard, European
48 Bekker, Betoverde Weereld, iv,
49 Ibid., 305.
50 Mosheim, Ecclesiastical History, ii,
51 Israel, ‘Bekker Controversies’, 5–9.
52 Koelman, Het Vergift, 12,
53 Bibliothèque Universelle, xxii (1692),
54 Bekker, Brief … aan
55 Brink, Toet-steen, preface, p.
56 Tuinman, Johan Kalvijns Onderrichting,
57 Bekker, Ondersoek en Antwoord,
58 Grapius, Systema, ii, 80;
59 Bekker, Ondersoek en Antwoord,
60 Bekker, Kort Beright, 60.
61 [Sylvius], Consideratien, 9.
62 Bekker, Betoverde Weereld, i,
63 Koelman, Wederlegging, 118–28; Leydekker,
64 Bekker, Betoverde Weereld, i,
65 Bekker, Naakte Uitbeeldinge, 10;
66 Bekker, Naakte Uitbeeldinge, 11;
67 Bekker, Naakte Uitbeeldinge, 10–11;
68 Bibliothèque Universelle, xxii (1692),
69 Acta Eruditorum 1692, 543,
70 Bekker, Betoverde Weereld, ii,
71 De Gebannen Duyvel, 35.
72 Koelman, Wederlegging, 137.
73 Koelman, Het Vergift, 478,
74 Koelman, Het Vergift, 487;
75 Labrousse, Pierre Bayle, ii,
76 Bibliothèque Universelle, xxi (1691),
77 Bekker, Betoverde Weereld, i,
78 Bekker, Betoverde Weereld, i,
79 Mastricht, Ad virum clariss.
80 Mastricht, Ad virum clariss.
81 Goeree, Kerklyke en weereldlyke,
82 Goeree, Kerklyke en weereldlyke,
83 Bekker, Nodige Bedenkingen, 8.
84 De Gebannen Duyvel, 12.
85 [Walten], Vervolg, 3–4, 11.
86 Ibid., 28; Koelman, Wederlegging,
87 Groenewegen, Pneumatica, 52; Verhandeling
88 Knuttel, ‘Ericus Walten’, 348.
89 Van Loon, Beschrijving, iv,
90 Koelman, Het Vergift, preface.
91 [Walten], Triumpheerenden Duyvel, 8;
92 Knuttel, ‘Ericus Walten’, 430–8;
93 [Walten], Brief aan den
94 [Walten], Vervolg, 5; [Walten],
95 [Walten], Vervolg, 5–6; [Walten],
96 [Walten], Vervolg, 12.
97 Ibid., 3, 7, 27.
98 Knuttel, ‘Ericus Walten’, 399;
99 Knuttel, ‘Ericus Walten’, 404–5,
100 Knuttel, ‘Ericus Walten’, 442,
101 Koelman, Het Vergift, 487.
102 Leydekker, Dr Bekkers Philosophise
103 Leydekker, Dr Bekkers Philosophise
104 Koelman, Het Vergift, 487.
105 Wielema, ‘Met Bekkerianerij besmet’,
106 Locke, Correspondence, iv, 295–8,
107 Knuttel, Balthasar Bekker, 236–7;
108 Pel, Wonderdaden, dedication.
109 Ibid.; Fix, Fallen Angels,
110 Krop, ‘Radical Cartesianism’, 55–6.
111 Blijenbergh and Deurhoff, Klaare
112 Fix, ‘Willem Deurhoff’, 158–61.
113 Blyenbergh and Deurhoff, Klaare
114 Koelman, Het Vergift, 20;
115 Acten ofte Handelingen, ii,
116 Articulen tot Satisfactie, preamble.
117 Ibid., clause v.
118 GA Rotterdam Acta des
119 Ibid., p.
120 Ibid., pp.
121 GA Delft Kerkeraaad VII,
122 GA Utrecht Acta Kerkenraad
123 Ibid.; Knuttel, Balthasar Bekker,
124 Acten ofte Handelingen, 47–9.
125 RNH Gereformeerde kerk, Classis
126 Bekker, Noodige Bedenkingen, 53–5.
127 [Tentzel], Monatliche Unterredungen 1693,
128 Acten often Handelingen, 98–101;
129 Van de Water, Groot
130 Acta Eruditorum 1692, 19;
131 Trevor-Roper, European Witch-Craze, 102.
132 Zweyte Unterredung Oder Gespräche
133 Hauber, Bibliotheca, i, 565–6
134 Verney, De re metaphysica,
135 Leibniz to Magliabecchi, Hanover,
136 Acta Eruditorum 1692, 543,
137 Zobeln, Declaratio Apologetica, 9;
138 Falck, De Daemonologia, 1–3.
139 Beckher, Schediasma, 15; see
140 The English translation of
141 The German edition, giving
142 Acten ofte Handelingen, 101;
143 Lilienthal, Theologische Bibliothec, 1106–9;
144 Struve, Bibliotheca philosophica, 92–3.
145 Grapius, Systema, ii, 90–9.
146 Winckler, Schriftmässiges wohlgemeintes Bedencken,
147 Ibid., 22–3, 37–40.
148 Geffken, Johann Winckler, 395.
149 [Winckler], Catalogus Bibliothecae, 315–17,
150 Winckler, Warhafftig vom Teufel
151 Ibid., 5.
152 Ibid., 103.
153 Journal de Hambourg, 1
154 Beckher, Schediasma, 43.
155 Reimann, Historia, 480; Geffken,
156 [Webber], Waare Oorspronck, 2–3;
157 [Webber], Waare Oorspronck, 2–3;
158 Reimann, Historia, 480.
159 Jöcher, Allgemeines Gelehrten Lexicon,
160 Pfeiffer, Lucta carnis et
161 Ibid., 316, 471.
162 Pfeiffer, Lucta carnis et
163 Ibid., 315, 317.
164 Berns, Altar, Vorrede.
165 Falck, De Daemonologia, 5–6.
166 Ibid., 73–92.
167 Goldschmidt, Höllischer Morpheus, ii–iii,
168 Ibid., 11, 23, 33;
169 Leibniz, Sämtliche Schriften, 1st
170 Leibniz, Theodicy, 221.
171 The last witch to
172 Thomasius, Kurtze Lehr-Sätze, 585;
173 Thomasius, Kurtze Lehr-Sätze, 589;
174 Thomasius, Kurtze Lehrsätze, 585;
175 Thomasius, Kurtze Lehr-Sätze, 586;
176 Thomasius, Kurtze Lehr-Sätze, 13–14;
177 Van Sluis, Bekkeriana, 68–9;
178 Hoffmann, Disputatio Inauguralis, A4,
179 Goldschmidt, Höllischer Morpheus, 3–4.
180 Ibid., ii–iii, 23–4, 33–4;
181 Goldschmidt, Verworffener Hexen-und-Zauberer-Advocat, 30–1;
182 Goldschmidt, loc.cit., preface, pp.
183 Hilgers, Index, 246; Lindroth,
184 Henningsen, ‘Das Ende’, 316.
185 Rydelius, Nödiga Fönufftsofningar, ii,
186 UUL MS Rydelius, ‘Collegium
187 [Hiorter], Bibliotheca, 38, 42;
188 [Roberg], Catalogus Bibliothecae, 87–90.
189 [Weidner], Catalogus Librorum, 120–1,
190 Trevor-Roper, European Witch-Craze, 102;
191 Locke, Correspondence, iv, 329,
192 Beaumont, Treatise of Spirits,
193 The full title is
194 Lilienthal, Theologische Bibliothec, 1106–9;
195 Quoted in Labrousse, Pierre
196 Binet’s book was republished
197 Binet, Idée générale, 209–10;
198 Binet, Idée générale, 211.
199 Malebranche, Oeuvres complètes, xix,
200 Voltaire, Dictionnaire philosophique, i,
201 Ibid., 562–3; Van Bunge,
202 Voltaire, ‘Bekker ou le
203 Voltaire, Dictionnaire philosophique, i,
204 [Stosch], Bibliotheca, ii, 161;
205 Giannone, Opere, xxiv; Ferrone,
206 Vecchi, Correnti religiose, 206,
207 Carpanetto and Ricuperati, Italy,
208 Georgelin, Venise, 1129.
209 Provenzal, Polemica diabolica, 9–10.
210 Tartarotti, Congresso Notturno, 319–50;
211 Tartarotti, Risposta, 421; according
212 Tartarotti, Risposta, 421, 426.
213 Ibid., 427.
214 Maffei, Arte magica dileguata,
215 Ibid., 42.
216 Ferrone, Intellectual Roots, 61,
217 Stone, Vico’s Cultural History,
218 [Maffei], Riflessioni, 122.
219 Ibid., 5–6, 35–6, 56,
220 [Maffei], Riflessioni, 123.
221 Van Bunge, ‘Einleitung’, 151,
222 Wielema, ‘Met Bekkerianerij besmet’,
223 Philopater, 140–1.
224 ARH OSA 98 South
225 RNH MS Gereformeerde Kerk,
226 ARH Classis The Hague
227 Ibid., vi, p.
228 Ibid., vi, p.
229 Edelmann, Moses, iii, 65;
230 Edelmann, Glaubens-Bekentniss, 289.
231 Ibid., 287–9; Edelmann, Moses,
232 Edelmann, Glaubens-Bekentniss, 288.
1 Uffenbach, Merckwürdige Reisen, ii,
2 Reimann, Historia, 487–8; [Sewel],
3 Philopater, 94; Wielema, ‘Ketters
4 Leenhof, Keten, preface; Philopater,
5 Reimann, Historia, 487; Lilienthal,
6 Leenof, Hemel op Aarde
7 Vandenbossche, Frederik van Leenhof,
8 Brink, Toet-steen, 10, 12.
9 Wittichius, Ondersoek, 564–6: Leenhof
10 Wittichius, 567.
11 Ibid., 571–5; Goeree, Kerklyke
12 Rousseau, Émile, 241–2.
13 Wittichius, Ondersoek, 575–6, Wittichius,
14 Brink, Toet-steen, 4, 6,
15 Ibid., 749–50, 763.
16 Ibid., 84, 92–3; see
17 Leenhof, Prediker, 132; Jahn,
18 Leenhof, Prediker, 134.
19 Ibid., 132; Leenhof, Het
20 Israel, ‘Spinoza, King Solomon’,
21 Leenhof, Het Leven, 51,
22 Leenhof, Het Leven, 50–1;
23 Leenhof, Het Leven, 132–4.
24 Leenhof, Het Leven, 73–4;
25 Leenhof, Het Leven, 51,
26 Leenhof, Het Leven, 50,
27 Leenhof, Het Leven, 81;
28 Leenhof, Het Leven, 168.
29 Leenhof, Prediker, 243–4.
30 Leenhof, Hemel op Aarden,
31 D’Outrein, Noodige Aanmerkingen, 71,
32 Andala, Cartesius verus, 8,
33 Leenhof, Hemel op Aarden,
34 Ibid., 6–7, 15, 19–20,
35 Leenhof, Hemel op Aarde,
36 Leenhof, Hemel op Aarde,
37 Ibid., 74–5; Burmannus, ‘t
38 Ibid., 75, 121–2; Raats,
39 Leenhof, Hemel op Aarde,
40 Leenhof, Hemel op Aarde,
41 Creighton, Hemel op Aarde
42 Bomble, Brief, 29–30; de
43 Van den Honert, Briev,
44 Van den Honert, Briev,
45 Ibid., 28.
46 Leenhof, Hemel op aarden
47 Ibid., 59–61.
48 Ibid., 60–1.
49 [Leydekker], D.
50 Ibid., 16–17, 19; Wielema,
51 Israel, ‘Controverses pamphlétaires’, 255.
52 Ibid.; ‘Philometer’, Discours, 3.
53 Verscheide Gedigten, 3, 15.
54 Israel, ‘Controverses pamphlétaires’, 263;
55 Van den Honert, Weder-Antwoord,
56 E.D.M., Redenkundige Aanmerkingen, 61–2.
57 E.D.M., Redenkundige Aanmerkingen, 45.
58 Van den Honert, Weder-Antwoord,
59 Van den Honert, Weder-Antwoord,
60 Ibid., 70.
61 Leenhof, Kort Antwoord, 7;
62 Leenhof, Kort Antwoord, 14.
63 Ibid.
64 Vandenbossche, Frederik van Leenhof,
65 GA Zwolle KA 017/6.
66 Ibid.; De Groot, ‘De
67 GA Zwolle Kerkeraad Acta
68 Ibid.
69 Ibid.
70 Ibid., res.
71 Ibid., res.
72 Ibid., res.
73 GA Zwolle Kerkeraad Acta
74 ARH Ned.
75 Ibid.
76 Ibid., Ned.
77 ARH Ned.
78 ARH Ned.
79 ARH Ned.
80 ARH Ned.
81 ARH Ned.
82 GA Zwolle Kerkeraad Acta
83 GA Zwolle Kerkeraad Acta
84 Ibid., res.
85 Artikelen tot Satisfactie …
86 Artikelen tot Satisfactie, 13;
87 Artikelen tot Satisfactie, 13.
88 Ibid.; E.D.M.
89 Artikelen tot Satisfactie., 14.
90 Ibid.; Van den Honert,
91 GA Zwolle Kerkeraad Acta
92 Artikelen tot Satisfactie, 15–16;
93 E.D.M., Redenkundige Aanmerkingen, 8–10,
94 GA Zwolle Kerkeraad 017/6.
95 Artikelen tot Satisfactie, 17;
96 GA Zwolle Kerkeraad Acta
97 Ibid., res.
98 Burmannus, ’t hoogste Goed,
99 Burmannus; 143, 147–9; Leenhof,
100 Burmannus, ’t Hoogste Goed,
101 Ibid., 4.
102 Ibid.
103 Ibid., 6.
104 Van den Honert, Nodige
105 Ibid., 6; RNH Ned.
106 Van den Honert, Nodige
107 Ibid., 19.
108 Ibid., 29–30.
109 Ibid., 46–7.
110 Ibid., 73–5.
111 GA Zwolle Kerkeraad Acta
112 ARH Ned Herv.
113 Ibid., fo.
114 Ibid., fo.
115 Ibid., 156–7.
116 ARH Ned Herv., 157;
117 Jenichen, Historia, 157; Lilienthal,
118 ARH Ned.
119 ARH Ned.
120 ARH Ned.
121 RNH Acta Classis Haarlem
122 ARH Provinciale Resolutien 492,
123 Ibid., fo.
124 ARH Ned.
125 ARH Ned.
126 Ibid., art.
127 ARH Ned.
128 RNH Acta Classis Haarlem
129 GA Zwolle Kerkeraad Acta
130 KBH MS 128 G
131 Jenichen, Historia, 224, 228–9.
132 Ibid.; Boekzaal der Geleerde
133 Jenichen, Historia, 229.
134 Van den Honert, Briev,
135 Hakvoord, Schole van Christus
136 Maréchal, ‘Inleiding’, 117.
137 GA Zwolle Kerkeraad Acta
138 ARH Ned.
139 Ibid.
140 Vandenbossche, Frederik van Leenhof,
141 Hakvoord, Schole van Christus
142 Ibid., 97.
143 Ibid., 103.
144 Ibid., 106.
145 Ibid., 139–40.
146 ARH Ned.
147 ARH Ned.
148 GA Zwolle Kerkeraad Acta
149 Ibid., res.
150 Ibid., res.
151 Ibid., res.
152 Ibid., res.
153 ARH Ned.
154 Ibid.; ARH Ned.
155 ARH Ned.
156 Ibid.
157 As the States of
158 ARH Ned.
159 Ibid.
160 Goeree, Mosaize Historie, ii,
161 RNH Acta Classis Edam
162 Ibid., res.
163 ARH Ned.
164 ARH Ned.
165 ARH Ned.
166 ARH Ned.
167 ARH Provinciale Resoluties 493,
168 ARH Ned.
169 GA The Hague Acta
170 Ibid., 198.
171 ARH Provincial Resoluties 493,
172 Ibid., fo.
173 ARH Provincial Resoluties, fo.
174 RNH Acta Classis Haarlem
175 Leenhof, Wel-doorwrogte, 31, 38–9.
176 ARH Ned.
177 Ibid., art.
178 RNH Acta Classis Alkmaar,
179 ARH Ned.
180 ARH Acta Classis The
181 Baeck, Spinozas erste Einwirkungen,
182 Schröder,‘Spinozam’, 163; Wielema, ‘Spinoza
183 Vandenbossche, Frederik van Leenhof,
184 Goeree, Kerklyke en Weereldlyke,
185 Wyermars, Ingebeelde Chaos, 65,
186 ARH Ned.
187 [Goeree], Philalethes Brieven, 119–20,
188 Ibid., 126–7, 176.
189 [Goeree], Philalethes Brieven, 42–3,
190 ARH Ned.
191 ARH Ned, Herv, Kerk
192 RNH Acta Classis Edam
193 ARH Acta Classis The
194 ARH Acta Classis The
195 Trinius, Freydenker-Lexicon, 338; Schröder,
196 Blase, Johannes Colerus, 185.
197 Acta Eruditorum 1707, 328–31;
198 [Mastricht], Catalogus, 204–5, 213.
199 [Uffenbach], Bibliotheca, i, ‘atheistica’,
200 Catalogus Librorum … Bergii,
201 Rydelius, Catalogus, 38.
202 Följande salig Herr Biskopens
203 Schröder, Spinoza, 145; Schröder,
204 Leenhof, Himmel auf Erden,
205 Buddeus, Traité, 86; Buddeus,
206 Poppo, Spinozismus Detectus, 62.
207 Lange, Caussa Dei, 5,
208 Lange, Bescheidene, 475–80; Lange,
209 Ibid.
210 Lange, Bescheidene, 476.
211 Ibid., 557.
212 Lange, Nova Anatome, 147,
213 Lilienthal, Theologische Bibliothec, 1105–7.
214 Trinius, Freydenker-Lexicon, 335–9.
1 Steenbakkers, ‘Johannes Braun’, 203–4.
2 Sierksma, G.
3 Thijssen-Schoute, Nederlands Cartesianisme, 57–8.
4 Klever, Mannen rond Spinoza,
5 Steenbakkers, ‘Johannes Braun’, 205.
6 Hulsius, Spinozismi Depulsio, 1.
7 Hulsius, Spinozismi Depulsio, 24;
8 Hulsius, Spinozismi Depulsio, 30,
9 Ibid., 30.
10 Ibid., 51–3.
11 Braunius, Futilis Spinozismi Depulsionis,
12 Braunius, Futilis Spinozismi Depulsionis,
13 Ibid., 11.
14 Ibid., 13.
15 Wittichius, Oratio Inavgvralis, 3;
16 Fabricius, Delectus argumentorum, 348;
17 Leydekker, Blyde Spinosist, 2v.
18 Wittichius, Wijsgerige Verhandeling, 6.
19 Ibid., 16; Wittichius, Dispvtatio
20 Wittichius, Wijsgerige Verhandeling, 15,
21 Wittichius, Dispvtatio philosophica, 14.
22 Wittchius, Wijsgerige Verhandeling, 18–19.
23 Ibid., 28–9, 34.
24 Ibid., 34–7.
25 Ibid., 36–7.
26 Ibid., 36–7; Wittichius, Dispvtatio
27 Thijssen-Schoute, Nederlands Cartesianisme, 495.
28 Driessen, Aanspraak, 10, 14–15;
29 Wittichius, Wijsgerige Verhandeling, preface.
30 Driessen, Aanspraak, 5.
31 Ibid., 8.
32 Ibid., 4; Thijseen-Schoute, Nederlands
33 Driessen, Responsio, 8–9.
34 Leydekker, Blyde Spinosist, 3.
35 GA Rotterdam Acta des
36 Ibid., VIII.
37 Wittichius, Oratio Inavgvralis, 2–3,
38 Iudicium … Facultatis Ienensis,
39 Ibid., 50; Leydekker, Blyde
40 GA Rotterdam Acta des
41 ARH Ned.
42 Wittichius, Zeedig Antwoord, 24–6.
43 Ibid., 23.
44 Ibid., 22, 24.
1 Heidegger, Exercitationes, 304; see
2 Faydit, Remarques, 106, 110,
3 Spinoza, TTP, 140; Popkin,
4 Spinoza, TTP, 140.
5 Ibid., p.
6 Spinoza, TTP, 149; along
7 Spinoza, TTP, 149; Spinoza,
8 Spinoza, TTP, 153.
9 Ibid., 143, 153; Klijnsmit,
10 Spinoza, TTP, 153; Van
11 Heidegger, Exercitationes, 350–5; Loescher,
12 Heidegger, Exercitationes, 306–8; Loescher,
13 Ibid., 304, 309–25, 331–2,
14 Heidegger, Exercitationes, 343.
15 Simon, Réponse, 213; Jaumann,
16 Marshall, John Locke, 139,
17 Quoted in Scholder, Birth,
18 Ibid., 114–15, 125, 174–5;
19 Quoted in Scholder, Birth,
20 Carpzov, Historia Critica, 12;
21 Steinmann, Richard Simon, 127;
22 Namely Johannes Benedikt Carpzov
23 Simon, A Critical History,
24 [Simon], Critical Enquiries, 292;
25 PBM MS 1198/1 ‘Histoire
26 [Simon], Critical Enquiries, 292;
27 Ibid., 71–4.
28 [Collins], A Discourse, 73.
29 Simon, A Critical History,
30 Heidegger, Exercitationes, 353–89; Popkin,
31 Marshall, John Locke, 340–1;
32 [Le Clerc], Sentimens, 93–4.
33 Ibid., 111–16, 127; Rambach,
34 Le Clerc, Opera Philosophica,
35 PBN MS fr.
36 Le Clerc, Opera Philosophica,
37 Pitassi, Entre croire et
38 De Vet, ‘Bibliothèque Universelle’,
39 Faydit, Remarques, 105–6, 140,
40 Faydit, Remarques, 583, 592.
41 Brogi, Cerchio, 38–48.
42 Rambach, Collegium, i, 428,
43 Heidegger, Exercitationes, 279–80; Lassenius,
44 Formey, Histoire abrégée, 274.
45 Spinoza, Letters, 351; Huet
46 Huet, Commentarius, 273–4; Assoun,
47 Graevius to Leibniz, Utrecht,
48 Justel to Leibniz, Paris,
49 Huet, Demonstratio Evangelica, 38–42,
50 Bencini, Tractatio, 25–7, 28–31,
51 Gotti, Veritas, ii, 1–2,
52 Ibid., ii, 238–9, 247.
53 Huet, Alnetanae Questiones, 60.
54 Ibid., 38, 59–60.
55 Le Vassor, De la
56 Holberg, Memoirs, 152.
57 Abbadie, Vindication of the
58 Ibid., ii, 162, 199,
59 Boyle, Theological Works, ii,
60 Ibid., ii, 5.
61 Ibid., ii, 6, 46.
62 Ibid., 7; Boyle, A
63 Boyle, Theological Works, ii,
64 Boyle, Theological Works, ii,
65 Boyle, A Free Enquiry,
66 Cragg, The Church, 74–5;
67 Ray, Wisdom of God,
68 Ibid., 11; Westfall, Science
69 Force, ‘Newton’s God of
70 Bentley, Folly and Unreasonableness,
71 Ibid., Fourth Lecture, 6;
72 Bentley, Folly and Unreasonableness,
73 Malebranche, Dialogues on Metaphysics,
74 Ibid., 211.
75 Le Vassor, De la
76 Le Vassor, De la
77 Ibid., p.
78 Histoire des Ouvrages des
79 Le Vassor, De la
80 Ibid.
81 Ibid.
82 Ibid., p.
83 Le Vassor, De la
84 Charles-Daubert and Moreau, Pierre
85 Jaquelot, Dissertations, preface.
86 Ibid.; [Pluquet], Examen, i,
87 Jaquelot, Disssertations, preface; Vernière,
88 Jaquelot, Dissertations, 319, 333–9.
89 Ibid., 337.
90 Ibid., 336–7.
91 Bots, Tussen Descartes en
92 Malebranche, Dialogues on metaphysics,
93 Westfall, Science and Religion,
94 Boyle, A Free Enquiry,
95 Petry, ‘Nieuwentijt’s Criticism’, 7;
96 Grew, Cosmologia Sacra, 87.
97 Ibid., 194–5, 203; Harrison,
98 Abbadie, Vindication, i, 231–2,
99 LeVassor, De la véritable
100 Locke, Reasonableness of Christianity,
101 Ibid., 169.
102 Jaquelot, Dissertations, 644.
103 Denyse, Verité de la
104 Vermij, Secularisering, 79–80.
105 Morgan, Physico-Theology, 140.
106 [Formey], Pensées raisonnables, 65–6.
107 Hartsoeker, Cours de physique,
108 Diderot, Pensées philosophiques, 17.
109 Ibid., 18.
110 Morgan, Physico-Theology, 140.
111 [Formey], Pensées raisonnables, 66–7;
112 Hartsoeker, Cours de physique,
113 Ibid., 11–12.
114 [Formey], Pensées raisonnables, 80.
115 Simonutti, Arminianesimo e tolleranza,
116 Pitassi, Entre croire et
117 Le Clerc, De l’Incrédulité,
118 Le Clerc, De l’Incrédulité,
119 Ibid., 47, 241; [Le
120 Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics, 410–11,
121 Correspondance of John Locke,
122 Ibid., iii, 258–9; Kaplan,
123 Correspondence of John Locke,
124 Kaplan, From Christianity, 270–85;
125 Lomonaco, ‘Huguenot Critical Theory’,
126 Le Clerc, De l’Incrédulité,
127 Ibid.; Le Clerc, Opera
128 Van Limborch, De Veritate
129 PBN MS fr.
130 PBN MS fr.
131 Pitassi, Entre croire et
132 Ibid.; Van Limborch and
133 Le Clerc, De l’Incrédulité,
134 Van Limborch, Theologia Christiana,
135 Le Clerc, Opera Philosophica,
136 Le Clerc, Parrhasiana, 275,
137 Carroll, Spinoza Reviv’d Part
138 Carrol, A Dissertation, 22.
139 Carroll, Spinoza Reviv’d Part
140 Carroll, Spinoza Reviv’d, 150,
141 Hickes, A Preliminary Discourse,
142 Ibid., 37.
143 [Tindal], Christianity as Old
144 Barnes, Jean Le Clerc,
145 Hartmann, Anleitung, 266–7; Labrousse,
146 Barnes, Jean Le Clerc,
147 Holberg, Memoirs, 187–90; Simonsen,
148 Holberg, Memoirs, 189; Bots,
149 Reusch, Index, 92–3; Hilgers,
150 Piquer, Lógica moderna, 69,
151 Piquer, Philosophia moral, 133.
152 Among them the Abbot
153 Aarsleff, ‘Locke’s Influence’, 261–4;
154 Moniglia, Dissertazione contra i
155 Canzioni, ‘Critica della religione’,
156 Ibid., 54–5; Stosch, Concordia,
157 Brogi, Cerchio, 36–9, 195–202.
158 Taylor, A Preservative, preface,
159 Formey, Histoire abrégée, 308.
160 Thomas Woolston (1670–1733), son
161 Harrison, ‘Religion’ and the
162 Woolston, A Fifth Discourse,
163 Woolston, A Fourth Discourse,
164 Hermann Samuel Reimarus (1694–1768)
165 Jaynes and Woodward, ‘In
166 Leland, A View, i,
167 Formey, Histoire abrégée, 308.
168 [Mauduit], Traitté de religion,
169 Kolakowski, Chrétiens sans église,
170 Pascal, Pensées, 94.
171 The great writer frequently
172 Ibid., 75.
173 Brucker, Historia, 561; Labrousse,
174 Walch, Philosophisches Lexicon, 132–3;
175 Ibid., 686–7; Vernière, Spinoza,
176 Le Clerc, Parrhasiana, 273.
177 Poiret, Divine Oeconomy, i,
178 Formey, Histoire abrégée, 274;
179 Hazard, European Mind, 232–47.
180 Ibid., 238, 248; Tosel,
181 On Moses’ authorship, see
182 Ibid., 100, 103.
183 Ibid., 104; Baltus, Religion
184 Bossuet, Discours, 252–7; Du
185 Bossuet, Élevations, 77, 121–2.
186 Ibid., 121.
1 Watson, Breakdown, 21; Brockliss,
2 Vico, Autobiography, 146; Croce,
3 By trying to elevate
4 Hartsoeker, Cours de physique,
5 Nieuwentijt, Gronden van zekerheid,
6 Petry, ‘Nieuwentijt’s Criticism’, 2–3;
7 Vernière, Spinoza, 279–86; Guerlac,
8 Vermij, Secularisering, 45.
9 Klever,’ Herman Boerhaave’, 80–1;
10 Locke, Essay, 97.
11 Ibid., 414.
12 Le Clerc to Locke,
13 Le Clerc to Locke,
14 Philopater, 191; Thijssen-Schoute, Nederlands
15 Molhuysen, Bronnen, iii, 291.
16 Nieuwentijt, Gronden van zekerheid,
17 Locke, Essay, 89.
18 Leibniz, New Essays, 48;
19 De Vries, Exercitationes, 395–6,
20 Ibid., 390–432.
21 Ibid., 103, 501.
22 Ibid., 30–1.
23 Wielema, ‘Nikolaus Engelhard’, 149;
24 Ridder-Symoens, ‘Buitenlandse studenten’, 74;
25 Sluis, ‘Disputeren in Franeker’,
51 Buddeus, Compendius, 494–8.
27 Thijssen-Schoute, Nederlands Cartesianisme, 519–20.
28 [Strodtmann], Das Neue Gelehrten
29 Dunin Borkowski, Spinoza, iii,
30 Andala, Syntagma, 14, 16,
31 Ibid., 30; Thijssen-Schoute, Nederlands
32 Andala, Syntagma, 86–90, 133–5.
5 Andala, Dissertationum philosophicarum heptas,
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.; Locke, Essay, 393.
36 Andala, Dissertationum philosophicarum heptas,
37 See, for instance, Locke,
38 Andala, Dissertationum philosophicarum heptas,
39 Walch, Philosophisches Lexicon, 2413–14;
40 Regius, Beginselen, preface.
41 Ibid., 92; Buddeus, Compendium,
42 Regius, Beginselen, 352.
43 Ibid.
44 Regius, Cartesius, preface, fos.
45 Ibid., 3.
46 Regius, Cartesius, 83–5; Woolhouse,
47 Regius, Cartesius, 93.
48 Ibid., 126.
49 Ibid.
50 Ibid., 147–51.
51 Regius, Cartesius, 93.
52 Ibid., 201–2.
53 Ibid., 202.
54 Ibid., 4.
55 In company with the
56 Andala, Cartesius verus, 51,
57 Ibid., 47–8.
58 Ibid.
59 Hazard, European Mind, 248–50;
60 Fénelon, Oeuvres complètes, ii,
61 Nadler, Arnauld, 181; Sleigh,
62 Leibniz, Theodicy, 254; Malebranche,
63 Malebranche, Treatise on Nature,
64 Riley, ‘Introduction’, 81–4; Labrousse,
65 Malebranche, Treatise on Nature,
66 Ibid., 118–19; Leibniz, Theodicy,
67 Malebranche, Dialogues, 233–5, 276–9;
68 Kors, Atheism in France,
69 Ibid.; Dupront, Pierre-Daniel Huet,
70 [Le Clerc], Bibliothèque Universelle
71 Tolmer, Pierre-Daniel Huet, 436–41.
72 Popkin, History of Scepticism,
73 Huet, De Concordia, 76–8;
74 Dupront, Pierre-Daniel Huet, 55–60,
75 Huet, De Concordia, 144–51,
76 Hazard, European Mind, 64.
77 Leibniz, Theodicy, 359; Leibniz,
78 [Lamy], Nouvel Athéisme renversé,
79 Bossuet, Correspondence, iii, 469,
80 Malebranche, Dialogues, 138, 150;
81 Hubert, ‘Premières refutations’, 10,
82 [Lamy], Nouvel Athéisme renversé,
83 Ibid.; Charles-Daubert and Moreau,
84 [Lamy], Nouvel Athéisme renversé,
85 [Lamy], Nouvel Athéisme renversé,
86 Ibid., ‘approbation de Monsieur
87 [Lamy], Nouvel Athéisme renversé,
88 Not least in princely
89 Ibid., 14.
90 Ibid.
91 Ibid., 76; Vernière, Spinoza,
92 Charles-Daubert and Moreau, Pierre
93 Spinoza, Opera, iv, 332.
94 [Lamy], Nouvel Athéisme renversé,
95 Vernière, Spinoza, 250, 258;
96 Veyssière de la Croze,
97 Walch, Philosophisches Lexicon, 143–4;
98 Quoted in Vernière, Spinoza.
99 Régis, L’Usage de la
100 Nadler, Malebranche and Ideas,
101 Régis, L’Usage de la
102 Ibid., 79; see also
103 Régis, L’Usage de la
104 Régis, L’Usage de la
105 Ibid., 285.
106 Ibid.
107 Ibid., 288–9.
108 Ibid., 317–43; see Malebranche,
109 Régis, L’Usage de la
110 Malebranche, Dialogues, 234.
111 Régis, L’Usage de la
112 Ibid., 481–500.
113 Spinoza, Opera, ii, 46;
114 Régis, loc.cit.; Condillac, Traité,
115 See, for instance, BM
116 See, for instance, 3–5;
117 [Camusat], Histoire critique, ii,
118 Kors, Atheism in France,
119 Lamy, L’Incrédule amené, 84–5,
120 Tournemine, ‘Préface’, 26–8.
121 Ibid., 54.
122 Ibid., 13; L’Europe Savante
123 Tournemine, ‘Préface’, 36–9.
124 Ibid., 35.
125 Ibid., 7, 18, 20,
126 Kors, Atheism in France,
127 Malebranche, Correspondance, 102; Radner,
128 Malebranche, Correspondance, 102.
129 Ibid., 105–6.
130 Ibid., 109.
131 Malebranche, Correspondance, 125.
132 Ibid., 123; Moreau, ‘Malebranche
133 Hubert, Premières réfutations, 18–19.
134 Malebranche, Correspondance, 165, 170;
135 Malebranche, Corrrespondance 171; Spink,
136 Vernière, Spinoza, 326, 392.
137 Montesquieu, Oeuvres complètes, 1002.
138 Lettre de R.
139 Genovesi, Elementa Metaphysicae, ii,
140 Houtteville, Religion chrétienne, i,
141 Houtteville, Religion chrétienne, i,
142 Ibid.
143 Ibid., i, 91–107 and
144 BL Add.
145 Houtteville, Religion chrétienne, i,
146 Ibid., p.
147 Ibid., ii, 33–4.
148 Ibid., i, pp.
149 Houtteville, Religion chrétienne, i,
150 Ibid., p.
151 Ibid., 36.
152 Houtteville, Religion chrétienne, i,
153 Houtteville, Religion chrétienne, i,
154 Ibid., ii, 411–14; Spinoza,
155 Houtteville, Religion chrétienne, ii,
156 Ibid., 415.
157 [Desfontaines], Lettres de M.
158 Ibid., 70–2.
159 Ibid., 69.
160 Ibid., 52.
161 Vernière, Spinoza, 417.
162 Houtteville, Essai philosophique, 226–32,
163 Houtteville, Essai philosophique, pp.
1 Formey, Mélanges philosophiques, ii,
2 Leibniz, Philosophical Essays, 242–5,
3 Leibniz, Theodicy, 82–3.
4 Bouveresse, Spinoza et Leibniz,
5 Ibid., 221; Friedmann, Leibniz
6 Leibniz, Sämtliche Schriften, 1st
7 Ibid., 148.
8 Spinoza, Letters, 245–6.
9 Spinoza, Letters, 247–8.
10 Parkinson, ‘Leibniz’s Paris Writings’,
11 Friedmann, Leibniz et Spinoza,
12 Ibid., 68.
13 Leibniz, Sämtliche Schriften, 1st
14 Ibid., 195.
15 Spitzel, Felix Literatus, 143–4.
16 Leibniz, Sämtliche Schriften, 1st
17 Ibid., 202–4.
18 Friedmann, Leibniz et Spinoza,
19 Ibid., 71.
20 Ibid.; Meinsma, Spinoza, 462–4;
21 Spinoza, Letters, 325.
22 Stein, Leibniz und Spinoza,
23 Spinoza, Opera, iv, 305.
24 See Beilage ii in
25 Parkinson, ‘Leibniz’s Paris Writings’,
26 Meinsma, Spinoza, 466–7; Friedmann,
27 Bouveresse, Spinoza et Leibniz,
28 Rommel, Leibniz und Landgraf
29 Leibniz, New Essays, 73;
30 Grua, G.
31 Scherz, ‘Gespräche’, 95; Van
32 Friedmann, Leibniz et Spinoza,
33 Leibniz, Sämtliche Schriften, 1st
34 Beilage v in Stein,
35 Beilage v in Stein,
36 Scherz, ‘Gespräche’, 95–6.
37 Totaro, ‘Niels Stensen’, 155,
38 Grua, G.
39 Scherz, ‘Gespräche’, 86–7; Lagrée,
40 Leibniz, Theodicy, 178–9; Rutherford,
41 Leibniz, Theodicy, 178.
42 Scherz, Pionier der Wissenschaft,
43 Ibid., 30–3.
44 We shall never savour
45 Ibid., 160; Steno, De
46 Totaro, ‘Niels Stensen’, 165–7.
47 ‘True perfection’, argues Leibniz,
48 Ibid., 162.
49 Ibid.
50 Leibniz, Political Writings, 94;
51 Leibniz, Sämtliche Schriften, 1st
52 Leibniz, Sämtliche Schriften, 1st
53 Grua, G.
54 Uslar, ‘Leibniz’ Kritik’, 80;
55 Friedmann, Leibniz et Spinoza,
56 Lagrée, ‘Leibniz et Spinoza’,
57 Rommel, Leibniz und Landgraf
58 Leibniz, Philosophical Essays, 237–8;
59 Leibniz, Philosophical Essays, 242.
60 Friedmann, Leibniz et Spinoza,
61 Rommel, Leibniz und Landgraf
62 Leibniz, Philosophical Essays, 243;
63 Leibniz, Theodicy, 137; Walker,
64 Walker, Decline of Hell,
65 Leibniz, Philosophical Essays, 42–4,
66 Leibniz, Philosophical Essays, 250–2;
67 Leibniz, Philosophical Essays, 250.
68 Mondadori, ‘Necessity ex hypothesi’,
69 Ibid., 191–6; Leibniz, Philosophical
70 Rowe, ‘Clarke and Leibniz’,
71 Leibniz, Philosophical Essays, 46–9;
72 Leibniz, Theodicy, 349; Uslar,
73 Mondatori, ‘Necessity ex hypothesi’,
74 The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence, 99.
75 Leibniz, Theodicy, 349.
76 Ibid., 351–2.
1 Gay, The Enlightenment, ii,
2 Harrison, ‘Religion’ and the
3 Gay, The Enlightenment, i,
4 Hampson, The Enlightenment, 78;
5 Spinoza, Letters, 59, 62.
6 d’Alembert, Discours préliminaire, p.
7 Le Ru, D’Alembert philosophe,
8 Hampson, The Enlightenment, 86;
9 Hampson, The Enlightenment, 75–6;
10 Condillac Traité des systèmes,
11 Condillac, Traité des systèmes,
12 Ibid., 156.
13 Ibid., 237.
14 [Diderot], ‘Spinosiste’ in Encyclopédie,
15 Hampson, The Enlightenment, 75,
16 Cassirer, Philosophy, 22.
17 Jacob, The Newtonians, 156–9;
18 Casini, L’Universo-macchina, 206; Westfall,
19 Whiston, Astronomical Principles, 27,
20 Condillac, Traité des systèmes,
21 [Ramsay], Voyages de Cyrus,
22 Whiston, Astronomical Principles, 114.
23 Ibid., 114–15.
24 Ibid., 114, 242.
25 Ibid., 116; Force, ‘Newtonians
26 Feingold, ‘Partnership in Glory’,
27 Morgan, Physico-theology, 23, 29.
28 Morgan,Physico-theology, 59–60.
29 Ibid., 304–5.
30 Force, ‘Newton’s God of
31 Grew, Cosmologia sacra, 90.
32 Hartsoeker, Recueil, 6–9; Westfall,
33 Diderot, Oeuvres philosophiques, 215–16,
34 D’Holbach, Système, ii, 143–5,
35 Hall, Philosophers at War,
36 d’Alembert, Discours préliminaire, p.
37 Leibniz to Conti, Nov.
38 The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence, 46,
39 Garber, ‘Leibniz’, 302; Westfall,
40 The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence, 45,
41 Leibniz, Theodicy, 387–8; Rutherford,
42 ‘Necessity, in philosophical questions,’
43 Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence, 98.
44 Ibid., 46.
45 Ibid.
46 Leibniz, Theodicy, 85–6, 409.
47 Hampson, The Enlightenment, 39;
48 Aarsleff, ‘Locke’s Influence’, 252.
49 Voltaire, Lettres philosophiques, 63–5,
50 d’Alembert, Discours préliminaire, p.
51 Casini, Introduzione, i 46–8;
52 Labrousse, Pierre Bayle, ii,
53 Bayle, Dictionnaire, iii, 2388,
54 Zedler, Grosses Universal Lexicon,
55 Fischer, ‘John Locke’, 431–5;
56 Visser, ‘Petrus Camper’, 386;
57 Pater, Willem Jacob’s-Gravesande, 32,
58 Rotondò, ‘Censura eclesiastica’, 1486;
59 Andrade, Vernei e a
60 Lilla, G.
61 Giannone, Opere, 620.
62 Doria, Difesa metafisica, preface
63 Finetti, De Principiis juris
64 Ferrone, Intellectual Roots, 265–6.
65 Andrade, Vernei e a
66 Moniglia, Dissertazione contro i
67 Ibid., preface, p.
68 Moniglia, Dissertazione contro i
69 Ibid., 166–8.
70 Ibid., pp.
71 Moniglia, Dissertazione contro i
72 Ibid., 21.
73 Moniglia, Dissertazione contro i
74 Ibid., 21.
75 Ibid., 22.
76 Here Moniglia calls Locke
77 Ibid., 314–16.
78 Voltaire, Éléments, 12; Hall,
79 Voltaire, Correspondance, xxxiii, 449;
80 See pp.
81 Yolton, Locke and French
82 Carboncini, ‘L’Encyclopédie et Christian
83 D’Argens, Lettres chinoises, i,
1 Quoted in Kamen, Spain,
2 Gabriel Alvarez de Toledo
3 Zapata, Censura, 18–19; Guy,
4 Zapata, Censura, 18.
5 Nájera, Dialogos, 130–1; Nájera,
6 Kors, Atheism in France,
7 Palanco, Cursus philosophicus, ii,
8 Cabriada, Carta philosophica, dedication.
9 Ibid., 2–5, 16; López
10 Cabriada, Carta philosophica, 91,
11 Ibid., 230–1; Goodman, ‘Scientific
12 Zapata, Verdadera Apologia, 46,
13 Mindán, ‘Corrientes’, 476.
14 Zapata, Crisis medica, preface;
15 Zapata, Crisis medica, preface
16 Caro Baroja, Judíos, iii,
17 Alvarez de Toledo, Historia,
18 Zapata, Ocaso, prologo; Mindán,
19 Palanco, Dialogus physico-theologicus, 40–2,
20 Palanco, Dialogus physico-theologicus, praefatio,
21 Nájera, Dialogos, 5–19.
22 Zapata, Censura, 23.
23 Ibid., 10; Mindán, ‘Corrientes’,
24 Zapata, Censura., 16–17.
25 Ibid., 12, 20.
26 Ibid., 13, 20.
27 Ibid., 40.
28 Boix y Moliner, Hippocrates
29 Lessaca, Colyrio philosophico, 10;
30 Caro Baroja, Judíos, iii,
31 Mindán, ‘Corrientes’, 477.
32 Zapata, Ocaso, 152; Vidal
33 Zapata, Ocaso, 25.
34 Ibid., 30–6, 109–10, 133.
35 Ibid., 47.
36 Ibid., 369.
37 Verbeek, ‘Spinoza and Cartesianism’,
38 Zapata, Ocaso, 370–1.
39 Mindán, ‘Corrientes’, 477; Guy,
40 Lessaca, Colyrio philosóphico, preface
41 Ibid., 10.
42 Ibid., 7–10.
43 Ibid., 12–15, 458.
44 Ibid., 22.
45 Ibid., 11; see also
46 Ardao, Filosofía polémica, 18.
47 Feijóo, Justa Repulsa, 31–2;
48 Quoted in Mindán, ‘Corrientes’,
49 Guy, Historia, 186.
50 Feijóo, Teatro Crítico Universal,
51 Ibid., ii, 12–14; Domínguez,
52 Feijóo, Teatro Crítico Universal,
53 Ibid., iii, 346.
54 Sarmiento, Demostración, ii, 278–9.
55 Feijóo, Teatro Crítico Universal,
56 Feijóo, Cartas Eruditas, iv,
57 Feijóo, Cartas Eruditas, ii,
58 Ibid., 231; Ardao, Filosofía
59 Berní, Filosofía racional, pp.
60 Berní, Filosofía racional, ii,
61 Staubach, ‘Influence of Pierre
62 [Verney], Verdadeiro metodo, i,
63 [Verney], Verdadeiro metodo, ii,
64 Alvarez de Morales, Ilustración,
65 [Verney], Verdadeiro metodo, i,
66 [Verney].
67 Verney, De re metaphysica,
68 Alvarez de Toledo, Historia,
69 Ibid., 133.
70 Ibid.
71 Ardao, Filosofía polémica, 118–20;
72 Sarmiento, Demonstración, i, 282–3.
73 [Verney], Verdaeiro Metodo, ii,
74 Verney, De Re Metaphysica,
75 Piquer, Discurso, 97–8.
76 Piquer, Lógica moderna, 24;
77 Piquer, Lógica moderna, 24.
78 Ibid.
79 Ibid.
80 Piquer, Philosophia moral, 2–3.
81 Pina de Sá, Triumpho,
82 Ibid., 14.
83 Ibid., 22.
84 Ibid., 23–4, 83, 96;
85 Ozanam, ‘L’idéal académique’, 198;
1 Wessell, G.
2 Ibid., 311–12.
3 Predeek, ‘Verschollener Reorganisationsplan’, 76;
4 Condillac, Traité des systèmes,
5 Buddeus, Lehr-Sätze, 245–6, 249–50.
6 Wolff, Preliminary Discourse, 77,
7 Hartmann, Anleitung, 842–5; Trinius,
8 Poppo, Spinozismus Detectus, 5;
9 Poppo, Spinozismus Detectus, 46.
10 Ibid., 47.
11 Ibid., 48; see also
12 Poppo, Spinozismus Detectus, 48.
13 Ibid., 62.
14 Ibid., 66, 75.
15 Ibid., 76.
16 Wilson, ‘Reception’, 450–2.
17 Altmann, Moses Mendelssohn, 52.
18 Lange, Causa Dei, 47–90.
19 Lange, Causa Dei, 123,
20 Ludovici, Ausführlicher Entwurf, ii,
21 Cassirer, Philosophy, 166; Hazard,
22 Lange, Kurtzer Abriss, 10;
23 Lange, Causa Dei, 9–10,
24 Charles-Daubert and Moreau, Pierre
25 Lange, Causa Dei, preface;
26 Zedler, Grosses Universal Lexicon,
27 Gottsched, Historische Lobschrift, 75;
28 Bilfinger, De harmonia animi
29 Ludovici, Sammlung und Auszüge,
30 Ludovici, Sammlung und Auszüge,
31 Hartmann, Anleitung, 797–814; École,
32 Wolff, Vernünfftigen Gedancken, 137;
33 Ludovici, Ausführlicher Entwurf, i
34 Walch, Bescheidene Antwort, 79,
35 Buddeus, Bedencken, 3.
36 Ibid., 21.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid., 22.
39 Ibid., 3–4.
40 Walch, Bescheidene Antwort, title-page
41 Wolff, Nöthige Zugabe, vorrede,
42 Brucker, Historia, 613.
43 Lange, Causa Dei, 9–10,
44 Lange, Causa Dei, 47,
45 Lange, Causa Dei, 80.
46 Wolff, Preliminary Discourse, 27–9.
47 Lange, Causa Dei, 405.
48 Ibid., 123, 405, 515,
49 Wolff, Des Herrn Doct.
50 Lange, Verscheidene und ausfuhrliche
51 Lange, Modesta Disquisitio, 122;
52 Lange, Modesta Disquisitio, 142;
53 École, ‘Critique Wolfienne’, 553–8;
54 Wolff, Vernünfftigen Gedancken von
55 Wolff, De Differentia Nexus,
56 Ibid., 64, 68–9; Thümmig,
57 Wolff, De Differentia Nexus,
58 Wolff, De Differentia Nexus,
59 Ibid., 31; Wolff, Natürliche
60 Ibid.; Wolff, Vernünfftigen Gedancken
61 Wolff, De Differentia Nexus,
62 Wolff, Natürliche Gottesgelahrheit [Theologia
63 Wolff, Natürliche Gottesgelahrheit [Theologia
64 Ibid., vi, 107, 112–13.
65 Ibid., 107.
66 [Strodtmann], Das Neuen Gelehrten
67 Predeek, ‘Verschollener Reorganisationsplan’, 65–6.
68 Häseler, EinWanderer, 39.
69 Hartmann, Anleitung, 819–21.
70 Lange, Nova Anatome, 83–5,
71 Ibid.
72 Ibid., 98–9.
73 École, ‘Critique Wolfienne’, 555.
74 Hartmann, Anleitung, 822.
75 Ibid., 716; Lange, Kurtzer
76 Hartmann, Anleitung, 15; Formey,
77 Cassirer, Philosophy, 175; Wessell,
78 Ludovici, Neueste Merckwürdigkeiten, 73–4.
79 Lange, Kurtzer Abriss, 15.
80 Kobuch, Zenzur und Aufklärung,
81 Lange, Kurtzer Abriss, 15;
82 Zedler, Grosses Universal Lexicon,
83 Ibid., 1095–8.
84 Ibid., lv, 614–17; Kobuch,
85 Rambach, Collegium, i, 765,
86 Rambach, Collegium, i, 77,
87 Steuber, Commentatio Epistolica, 11.
88 Goldenbaum, ‘Erste deutsche Übersetzung’,
89 Ibid.
90 Ludovici, Recueil, 6–9.
91 Häseler, Ein Wanderer, 96–7.
92 Ibid., 98.
93 Ludovici, Neueste Merckwürdigkeiten, 66–7.
94 Wolff to Manteuffel, 7
95 Ibid.
96 Ibid.
97 Formey, La Belle Wolfienne,
98 Ibid., 59–61.
99 Ibid., 30.
100 Ibid.
101 Ostertag, Philosophische Gehalt, 44.
102 Blanning, ‘Frederick the Great’,
103 Calinger,’ ‘Newtonian-Wolffian Controversy’, 322.
104 Formey to Manteuffel, Berlin,
105 Cassirer, Philosophy, 120–1.
106 Calinger, ‘Newtonian-Wolffian Controversy’, 324.
107 Carboncini, ‘L’Encyclopédie’, 489–90, 503–4.
108 Ostertag, Philosophische Gehalt, 101.
109 Schwedische Bibliothec, ii (1728),
110 Ibid., iv (1729), 358.
111 Frängsmyr, Wolffianismens genombrott, 66–7,
112 Kuehn, ‘German Aufklärung’, 312–13.
113 Ellehøj and Grane, Kobenhavns
114 Christian Wolff’s eigene Lebensbeschreibung,
115 Frängsmyr, Wolffianismens genombrott, 88–9,
116 Almquist, Andreas Rydelius’ etiska,
117 Rydelius, Sententiae philosophicae, 21–2,
118 Rydelius, Sententiae philosophicae, 33–6,
119 Ibid., 36, 77; Almquist,
120 Rydelius, Sententiae philosophicae, 24,
121 Frängsmyr, Wolffianismens genombrott, 235.
122 Lindroth, University of Uppsala,
123 Klingenstierna, Dissertatio academica, 21–2.
124 Lindroth, University of Uppsala,
125 Malmeström, Carl von Linné’s
126 La Mettrie, Machine Man,
127 Calinger, ‘Newtonian–Wolffian Confrontation’, 421.
128 Richter, Leibniz, 42–4, 48–52;
129 Gottsched, Historische Lobschrift, 76.
130 Richter, Leibniz, 126–7; Vucinich,
131 Ibid., 67.
132 Calinger, ‘Newtonian-Wolffian Confrontation’, 428–32;
1 Simon.
2 Venturino, Ragioni, 4.
3 Saint-Simon, Mémoires, lx, 239–40;
4 Sheridan, Nicolas Lenglet Dufresnoy,
5 Vernière, Spinoza, 307; Venturino,
6 Boulainvilliers, Mémoires, 1, 12–13;
7 Sheridan, Nicolas Lenglet Dufresnoy,
8 Brogi, Cerchio, 14.
9 Simon, Henry de Boulainviller,
10 Cotoni, L’Exégèse, 90–1.
11 Undeniably, he avers, ‘il
12 Ibid.; Simon, Henry de
13 Boulainvilliers, Oeuvres philosophiques, i,
14 Batalier, Vindiciae, 36–9, 63;
15 See Boulainvilliers’ own notes
16 BNP MS Fr.
17 Venturino, Ragioni, 65.
18 BNP MS Fr.
19 Brogi, Cerchio, 37–9; Venturino,
20 Benítez, Face cachée, 22.
21 Sheridan, Nicolas Lenglet Dufresnoy,
22 Boulainvilliers, Essay, 154.
23 BMA MS 818 (774):
24 ‘Qu’il y a un
25 Boulainvilliers, Ouevres philosophiques, i,
26 Quoted in Brogi, Cerchio,
27 Ibid., 143, 155; Simon,
28 Torrey, ‘Boulainvilliers’, 167; Benítez,
29 Boulainvilliers, Essay, 154.
30 Reimann, Historia universalis, 550;
31 Torrey, ‘Boulainvilliers’, 169.
32 Boulainvilliers, Oeuvres philosophiques, i,
33 Boulainvilliers, Oeuvres philosophiques, i,
34 PBN MS 12242, Boulainvilliers,
35 Brogi, Cerchio, 182–3.
36 Zedler, Grosses Universal Lexicon,
37 Stolle, Anleitung, 705–7; Torrey,
38 Peignot, Dictionnaire critique, ii,
39 Journal Littéraire 1732, i,
40 Ibid., 188.
41 Weil, ‘Diffusion’, 207–8.
42 Sheridan, ‘Lenglet Dufresnoy’, 428.
43 Krieger, Friedrich der Grosse,
44 Zedler, Grosses Univeral Lexicon,
45 The German edition appeared
46 [Jahn], Verzeichnis, 1713–14.
47 Quoted in Simon, Henry
48 Brogi, Cerchio, 115–16; Thomson,
49 Boulainvilliers, Vie de Mahomed,
50 Boulainvilliers, Vie de Mahomed,
51 Harrison, ‘Religion’ and the
52 Gunny, ‘L’Image du prophète’,
53 J.
54 Ibid., pp.
55 Ibid., pp.
56 Vernière, Spinoza, 395.
57 Sheridan, ‘Lenglet Dufresnoy’, 427;
58 Vernière, Spinoza, 392–8; Landucci,
1 Jacob, Radical Enlightenment, 164–5;
2 Ibid., 3.
3 Ibid., 66–7, 80.
4 Morman, Noël Aubert de
5 [Bayle], Nouvelles, ii (1684),
6 Ibid., 315; Vernière, Spinoza,
7 [Jurieu], Factum pour demander
8 [Jurieu], Factum pour demander
9 Knetsch, Pierre Jurieu, 261.
10 Marchand, Dictionnaire i, 324–5.
11 Goldgar, Impolite Learning, 175–6.
12 Berti, ‘First Edition’, 195;
13 O’Higgins, Yves de Vallone,
14 Ibid., 36.
15 Ibid., 60–1.
16 Ibid., 68.
17 Ibid., 63; Benítez,‘Du bon
18 Benítez, Face cachée, 48.
19 Ibid., 433; O’Higgins, Yves
20 O’Higgins, Yves de Vallone,
21 Ibid., 158–65; Benítez, ‘Du
22 Spinoza, TTP, 107, 114;
23 Rosenberg, Nicolas Gueudeville, 1–5.
24 Ibid., 5–6.
25 Jaumann, Critica, 212–13, 238,
26 Quoted in Rosenberg, Nicolas
27 Ibid., 125, 138.
28 Hazard, European Mind, 28;
29 Histoire des Ouvrages des
30 Ibid., 349.
31 Lahontan, Noueaux Voyages, ii,
32 Lahontan, Nouveaux Voyages, ii,
33 Ibid., 97; Hazard, European
34 Lahontan, Nouveaux Voyages, ii,
35 Lahontan, Nouveaux Voyages, ii,
36 Ibid., 99; Hazard, European
37 Lahontan, Nouveaux Voyages, ii,
38 Lahontan, Nouveaux Voyages, ii,
39 Ibid., 117.
40 Loescher, Praenotiones, 58, 146.
41 Ibid., 220–1.
42 Lahontan, Nouveaux Voyages, ii,
43 Rosenberg, Nicolas Gueudeville, 124–5.
44 Loescher, Praenotiones, 146; Lilienthal,
45 [Lévesque de Burigny], Histoire,
46 Reusch, Index, 867.
47 Berkvens-Stevelinck, Prosper Marchand, 110–11.
48 Corsini, ‘Quand Amsterdam’, 110–11.
49 Carayol, Thémiseul de Saint-Hyacinthe,
50 [Saint-Hyacinthe], Entretiens, 135.
51 Ibid., 159–60.
52 Ibid., 153–4, 188–90; Carayol,
53 Carayol, Thémiseul de Saint
54 Carayol, Thémiseul de Saint
55 Ibid., 111–14.
56 Ibid., 123.
57 Ibid., 146–7; Chartier, Cultural
58 BL Add.
59 Carayol, Thémiseul de Saint-Hyacinthe,
60 Ibid., 174.
61 Berkvens-Stevelinck and Vercruysse, Métier,
62 Saint-Hyacinthe, Recherches philosophiques, 503–9.
63 Ibid., 10–12, 20–42, 175;
64 Saint-Hyacinthe, Recherches philosophiques, 58.
65 Ibid., 59–62, 328–31, 355.
66 Ibid., 355, 357–99.
67 Concina, Della religione revelata,
68 Johnston, Marquis d’Argens, 47.
69 Berkvens-Stevelinck and Vercruysse, Métier,
70 Ibid., 100–1; Häseler, Wanderer,
71 D’Argens, Mémoires, 115; Vernière,
72 Schwarzbach and Fairburn, ‘The
73 [Du Marsais], Examen, 161,
74 Pigeard de Gurbert, ‘La
75 D’Argens, Philosophie du Bon-Sens,
76 D’Argens, Philosophie du Bon-Sens,
77 Ibid., 363–6, 378; Northeast,
78 D’Argens, Philosophie du Bon-Sens,
79 D’Argens, Lettres cabalistiques, vi,
80 D’Argens, Lettres cabalistiques, vi,
81 Johnston, Marquis d’Argens, 53.
82 D’Argens, Lettres chinoises, i,
83 Ibid., 106–7.
84 Ibid., 50–127.
85 Ibid., 108.
86 D’Argens, Lettres juives, ii,
87 Ibid., 412.
88 Ibid., iv, 34.
89 Ibid., ii, 412.
90 D’Argens, Lettres cabalistiques, v,
91 D’Argens, Lettres cabalistiques, v,
92 Ibid., 55, 57.
93 D’Argens, Mémoires, 308.
94 D’Argens, Lettres juives, iii,
95 Ibid., iv, 117; d’Argens
96 Ibid., i, 330.
97 Ibid., iii, 353.
98 Thomson, Barbary and Enlightenment,
99 D’Argens, Mémoires, 308.
1 Weber, Beurtheilung, 133–4; Morhof,
2 [Vairasse], Histoire des Sévarambes,
3 Ibid., 140–2.
4 Vernière, Spinoza, 216–17; Funke,
5 Funke, ‘Manuscrit retrouvé’, 196–7.
6 Ibid., 198–200; Niderst, Fontenelle
7 [Fontenelle], Histoire des Ajaoiens,
8 Ibid., 38, 40–1.
9 Ibid., 38, 42, 45;
10 [Fontenelle], Histoire des Ajaoiens,
11 ‘…ainsi tout ce qui
12 [Fontenelle], Histoire des Ajaoiens,
13 Ibid., 45.
14 Ibid., 68–9; Funke, Studien,
15 [Fontenelle], Histoire des Ajaoiens,
16 Ibid., 110; Funke, ‘Manuscrit
17 Rosenberg, ‘Introduction’, 20–1.
18 Ibid., 7–12; Trousson, ‘Simon
19 Tyssot de Patot, Lettres
20 Trousson, ‘Simon Tyssot de
21 Lilienthal, Theologische Bibliothec, 348–51;
22 Vermij, ‘English Deists’, 250.
23 Rosenberg.
24 Tyssot de Patot, ‘Discours’,
25 Tyssot de Patot, ‘Discours’,
26 Tyssot de Patot, ‘Discours’,
27 Ibid., 165.
28 Tyssot de Patot, Lettres
29 Ibid., 223.
30 Mori, ‘L’ateismo “malebranchiano”’, 124.
31 Tyssot de Patot, Lettres
32 Tyssot de Patot, Lettres
33 Trousson, ‘Simon Tyssot de
34 Quoted in Rosenberg, ‘Introduction’,
35 Ibid., 29.
36 [Tyssot de Patot], Voyages
37 Ibid., 98; Du Marsais,
38 [Tyssot de Patot], Voyages
39 Ibid., 184–7.
40 Rosenberg, ‘Introduction’, 28.
41 [Tyssot de Patot], Voyages
42 Ibid., 190–1.
43 Schröder, Ursprünge, 68–9.
44 Rosenberg, ‘Introduction’, 28–9.
45 Ibid.
46 Delon, ‘Tyssot de Patot’,
47 Tyssot de Patot, La
48 Tyssot de Patot, La
49 Tyssot de Patot, La
50 Ibid., 235.
51 Ibid., 207–17.
1 Colie, Light and Enlightenment,
2 More, Confutatio, 64.
3 Ibid.; Colie, Light and
4 More, Confutatio, 57.
5 Ibid., 103, 106; Cristofolini,
6 More, Confutatio., 103.
7 Clarke, A Demonstration, 37.
8 Ibid., 49.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid., 50; [d’Holbach], Système
11 Clarke, A Demonstration, 50.
12 Kidder, A Commentary, i,
13 Ibid., preface, p.
14 [Carroll], Spinoza Reviv’d, 157.
15 Hill, World Turned Upside
16 Winstanley, Law of Freedom,
17 Quoted in Berman, History
18 Hill, World Turned Upside
19 Berkeley, Alciphron, 155–6.
20 Harrison, ‘Religion’ and the
21 Redwood, Reason, Ridicule and
22 Collins, Discourse of Free-Thinking,
23 Ibid.; Colie, ‘Spinoza and
24 Loescher, Praenotiones, 220–4.
25 Glaziou, Hobbes en France,
26 King, Mr Blount’s Oracles,
27 Taylor, A Preservative against
28 Whiston, Astronomical Principles, 114–16.
29 Clarke, A Demonstration, 20;
30 Quoted in Bohrmann, Spinozas
31 Gurdon, Pretended Difficulties, 86;
32 Colie, ‘Spinoza and the
33 [Stillingfleet], A Letter to
34 Bamberger, ‘Early Editions’, 4;
35 [Stillingfleet], A Letter to
36 Hutton, ‘Edward Stillingfleet’, 260–74;
37 Works of the Honourable
38 Popkin, ‘Deist Challenge’, 205–10;
39 Quoted in Walber, Charles
40 Popkin, Deist Challenge, 196–210.
41 Katz, ‘Isaaac Vossius’, 142.
42 King, Mr Blount’s Oracles,
43 Ibid., 206; Boucher, Spinoza
44 Popkin, ‘Deist Challenge’, 207;
45 [Spinoza], A Treatise partly
46 Browne, Miracles, 2.
47 Ibid., 1; Walber, Charles
48 Browne, Miracles, 3; Colie,
49 Browne, Miracles, 3.
50 Ibid., 4.
51 Ibid., 19; Sina, L’Avvento
52 Browne, Miracles, 37–8; Redwood,
53 Temple, Five Miscellaneous Essays,
54 Craven, Jonathan Swift, 139–40.
55 Temple, Five Miscellaneous Essays,
56 Temple, Observations, 126.
57 Brown, ‘Locke as Secret
58 Ibid., 215; [Carroll], Spinoza
59 Carroll, A Dissertation, 22.
60 [Carroll], Remarks upon Mr
61 Carroll, A Dissertation, 2,
62 Ibid., 24.
63 Brown, ‘Locke as Secret
64 Beddard, ‘Tory Oxford’, 886–7.
65 Hickes, ‘Preface’ to Carroll,
66 Hickes, ‘Preface’ to Carroll,
67 Ibid., 19; Redwood, Reason,
68 Earbery, Deism Examin’d, preface,
69 Ibid., 3.
70 Ibid., 4–5.
71 Brown, ‘Theological Politics’, 189–90.
72 Grew, Cosmologia Sacra, preface,
73 Ibid.; Westfall, Science and
74 Grew, Cosmologia Sacra, preface,
75 Ibid., pp.
76 Ibid., 46–7.
77 Brykman, ‘Berkeley lecteur de
78 Berkeley, Three Dialogues, 199.
79 Berkeley, Alciphron, ii, 207–8.
80 Ibid., i, 120, 244
81 Buddeus, Traité, 128.
82 Zedler, Grosses Universal Lexicon,
83 Redwood, Reason, Ridicule and
84 Sullivan, John Toland, 193;
85 Sullivan, John Toland, 193.
86 Winstanley, Law of Freedom,
87 Leland, A View, i,
88 Torrey, Voltaire, 18–19.
89 Klopp, Correspondance de Leibniz,
90 Ibid., 362, 364–5.
91 Ibid., 365, 371.
92 Ibid., 372.
93 Ibid., 380–1, 384.
94 [Des Maizeaux], A Collection,
95 JRL MS 3 f
96 JRL MS 3 f
97 Ibid., fo.
98 De la Faye, Defensio
99 JRL MS 3 f
100 Naigeon, Philosophie ancienne et
101 Brown, ‘Theological Politics’, 189.
102 Toland, Letters to Serena,
103 Ibid., 133, 135; Naigeon,
104 Wotton, Letter to Eusebia,
105 Toland, Letters to Serena,
106 Pocock, Virtue, Commerce, 233;
107 Nicéron, Mémoires, i, 249;
108 PBN MS NA 21799
109 Harrison, ‘Religion’ and the
110 Naigeon, Philosophie ancienne et
111 BL Add.
112 Naigeon, Philosophie ancienne et
113 Champion, Pillars of Priestcraft,
114 Champion, ‘Politics of Pantheism’,
115 Cragg, Church, 78; Sullivan,
116 Genovesi, Elementa Metaphysicae, i,
117 O’Higgins, Anthony Collins, 77,
118 BL Add.
119 Torrey, Voltaire, 25.
120 See p.
121 ‘Der erste und grösste
122 Thorschmid, Critische Lebensgeschichte, 76–7,
123 O’Higgins, Anthony Collins, 36–8;
124 Collins stressed the rarity
125 Albert-Henri de Sallengre (1694–1723),
126 Thorschmid, Critische Lebensgeschichte, 76–7,
127 Histoire d’un voyage, 148.
128 Almagor, Pierre des Maizeaux,
129 BL Add.
130 Ibid., fo.
131 BL Add.
132 Thorschmid, Critische Lebensgeschichte, 77.
133 Walber, Charles Blount, 253;
134 [Collins], An Answer, 53–5.
135 Ibid., 56–7; Naigeon, Philosophie
136 Berman, ‘Determinism’, 252.
137 Whiston, Astronomical Principles, 114–15.
138 Collected Works of Spinoza,
139 [Collins], An Answer, 77–8,
140 Ibid., 83.
141 Collins, A Philosophical Enquiry,
142 [Collins], An Answer, 89.
143 Ibid., 83–5.
144 Ibid., 90; Berman, History
145 [Collins], An Answer, 92.
146 Ibid.
147 Ibid.
148 [Collins], An Answer, 92.
149 Ibid., 58.
150 Collins, A Philosophical Inquiry,
151 Ibid., 59; Miller, ‘Freethinking’,
152 Collins, A Philosophical Inquiry,
153 O’Higgins, Anthony Collins, 201.
154 Ibid.; Torrey, Voltaire, 15,
155 Naigeon, Philosophie ancienne et
156 [Collins], A Discourse, 5;
157 [Collins], A Discourse, 24–5.
158 Quoted in Torrey, Voltaire,
159 Berkeley, Alciphron, i, 313.
160 The Religious, Rational and
161 Ibid., 19.
162 Memoirs of the Life
163 Memoirs of the Life
164 The Religious, Rational and
165 Memoirs of the Life
166 The Religious, Rational and
167 Ibid., 31; according to
168 Craven, Jonathan Swift, 68.
169 Cassirer, Philosophy, 173–4; Hazard,
170 Hickes, A Preliminary Discourse,
171 Hickes, A Preliminary Discourse,
172 [Tindal], Christianity as Old
173 Ibid., 309: ‘in short
174 Ibid., 39, 127, 203,
175 [Tindal], Christianity as Old
176 Hickes, Preliminary Discourse, 7–8.
177 [Carroll], Spinoza Reviv’d, 9.
178 Ibid., 72.
179 Ibid., 103–4, 112, 120.
180 [Carroll], Spinoza Reviv’d, 92,
181 [Tindal], Rights of the
182 [Tindal], Christianity as Old
183 Memoirs of the Life
184 [Tindal], Christianity as Old
185 Ibid., 152.
186 Ibid.
187 Geissler, ‘Littérature clandestine’, 484;
188 The Religious, Rational and
189 Ibid., 57.
190 Anthony Ashley Cooper, third
191 Wielema, Filosofen, 69–70; Redwood,
192 Mandeville, Disputatio philosophica, 1.
193 Ibid., 4.
194 See, for example, Pocock,
195 Cook, ‘Bernard Mandeville’, 111–19.
196 Mandeville, Free Thoughts, 356–7.
197 Ibid., 164, 168.
198 Mandeville, The Virgin Unmask’d,
199 Ibid., 164–5; Mandeville, Fable
200 Mandeville, The Virgin Unmask’d,
201 Hundert, Enlightenment’s Fable, 24–9;
202 Mandeville, Fable of the
203 Mandeville, Fable of the
204 Mandeville, Fable of the
205 Ibid., 191.
206 Hundert, The Enlightenment’s Fable,
207 Law, Remarks, 2; Law
208 Quoted in Law, Remarks,
209 Gurdon, The Pretended Difficulties,
210 Mortensen, ‘Shaftesbury’, 631–2, 648–9;
211 Quoted in McNaughton, ‘British
212 McNaughton, ‘British Moralists’, 203–4;
213 Klein, Shaftesbury, 61.
214 Hundert, The Enlightenment’s Fable,
215 [Mandeville], Fable of the
216 Ibid., 32–4.
217 [Mandeville], Free Thoughts on
218 Schröder, Ursprünge, 473.
219 Hundert, The Enlightenment’s Fable,
220 Trinius, Freydenker-Lexicon, 345.
221 Fabian, ‘Reception’, 695; Fabian
222 Fabian, ‘Reception’, 695.
1 Subsequently published under the
2 Rappolt, Opera Theologica, 2162–3;
3 Rappolt, Opera Theologica, 1404–5;
4 Rappolt, Opera Theoligica, 1390–1.
5 Freudenthal, Lebensgeschichte, 193.
6 This is the same
7 Müller, Atheismus Devictus, preface
8 Müller, Atheismus Devictus, 30;
9 Müller, Atheismus Devictus, preface.
10 Ibid.; extremely rare and
11 Musaeus, Ableinung, 1–2; Grossmann,
12 Knutzen, ‘Schriften’, 38, 48,
13 Knutzen, ‘Schriften’, 36–7; Musaeus,
14 Knutzen, ‘Schriften’, 38; Wagner,
15 Knutzen, ‘Schriften’, 54; Grossmann,
16 Knutzen, ‘Schriften’, 38, 72,
17 Knutzen, ‘Schriften’, 37–8; Zedler,
18 Buddeus, Traité, 95–6; Grossmann,
19 Knutzen, ‘Schriften’, 51, 72;
20 Knutzen, ‘Schriften’, 50, 73–4.
21 Schröder, ‘Spinozam tota armenta’,
22 La Veyssière, Dissertation sur
23 Two south German Lutheran
24 Colerus, Vie de B.
25 Musaeus, Tractatus, preface; Rambach,
26 Musaeus, Tractatus, 1–2.
27 Ibid., 2–4, 54–5.
28 Ibid., 5–6.
29 Ibid., 21–7, 84–92; Colerus,
30 Musaeus, Tractatus, 87; Walther,
31 Falck, De Daemonologia, 2–5.
32 Ibid., 5–6.
33 Ibid., 58–9.
34 Ibid., 73–6.
35 Grapius, Systema, ii, 14,
36 Ibid., ii, 52–5.
37 Ibid., ii, 64–9.
38 Raabe, ‘Gelehrtenbibliotheken’, 113; Jöcher,
39 Loescher, Praenotiones, 58, 146,
40 Ibid., 26–36, 48–54, 146–50,
41 Ibid., 222; Philipps, Dissertatio,
42 Otto, Studien, 122.
43 Kors, Atheism in France,
44 Capasso, Historiae Philosophiae Synopsis,
45 Buddeus, Traité, 78–9; or
46 Buddeus, De Atheismo, 214,
47 Buddeus, Traité, pp.
48 Buddeus, Lehr-Sätze, 152–3; Buddeus,
49 Buddeus, Traité, 84–6.
50 Ibid., 36, 72–7, 116,
51 Ibid., 135–9, 277; Buddeus,
52 Otto, Studien, 28; Walther,
53 Jaeger, Spinocismus, preface, p.
54 Ibid., 7–11.
55 Ibid., 10, 14–15.
56 Ibid., 15; several key
57 Carpow, Animadversiones, 37–9.
58 Gottfried Arnold (1666–1714) was
59 Otto, Studien, 115, 129–31;
60 Herslov, De Vera Notione
61 Wurtz, ‘Tschirnhaus’, 62.
62 Spinoza, Letters, 280–9, 301–2,
63 Oldenburg, Correspondence, xi, 324
64 Spinoza, Letters, 297; Pätzold,
65 Spinoza, Letters, 325.
66 Quoted in Totaro, ‘Niels
67 Winter, ‘Der Bahnbrecher’, 17,
68 Under the title Geneesmiddel
69 [Tschirnhaus], Medicina Mentis, 50–1.
70 Verweyen, Ehrenfried Walther von
71 Spinoza, Letters, 281.
72 Ibid.; Wurtz, ‘L’éthique’, 233.
73 [Tschirnhaus], Medicina mentis, 47;
74 Wurtz, ‘Théorie de la
75 [Tschirnhaus], Medicina Mentis, 52;
76 ‘Est autem delectatia haec
77 Klever, Mannen rond Spinoza,
78 Winter, ‘Der Bahnbrecher’, 29–30;
79 Thomasius, Monatsgespräche 1688, i,
80 Thomasius, Monatsgespräche 1688, i,
81 Wurtz, ‘Tschirnhaus.
82 Wurtz, ‘Tschirnhaus’, 235.
83 Wurtz, ‘L’Éthique’, 235, 237.
84 Walther, ‘Machina Civilis’, 210.
85 Ibid.; Schröder, Spinoza, 32.
86 Ibid.
87 Mylius, Bibliotheca, 205; Küster,
88 Stosch, Concordia, 35–6, 81;
89 Stosch, Concordia, 77–8, 82–3,
90 Stosch, Concordia, 7–8, 38,
91 ‘Quae de angelis et
92 Ibid., 97–8.
93 Ibid., 104–5.
94 Schröder, Spinoza, 35–7, 41–3;
95 Stosch, Concordia, 110–11.
96 Ibid., 83–4.
97 Ibid., 64–5.
98 ‘virtus in genere, est
99 Acta Stoschiana, 640, 664.
100 Reimann, Historia, 512; Schröder,
101 Küster, Marchiae Litteratae Specimen,
102 [Tentzel], Monatliche Unterredungen 1694,
103 Wild, ‘Freidenker’, 96; Schröder,
104 Acta Stoschiana, 245–54; [Tentzel],
105 Schröder, Spinoza, 36–7; Otto,
106 Acta Stoschiana, 641, 649–50;
107 Acta Stoschiana, 699–700.
108 Schröder, Spinoza, 35–6; Otto,
109 Acta Stoschiana, 686.
110 Ibid., 695–6.
111 Loescher, Praenotiones, 146–7; Lange,
112 Buddeus, Analecta Historiae Philosophicae,
113 Reimann, Historia, 512–14; Lilienthal,
114 Vogt, Catalogus historico-criticus, i,
115 Häseler, Wanderer zwischen den
116 Benítez, Face cachée, 27.
117 See MS note by
118 Küster, Marchiae Litteratae Specimen,
119 Schröder, Freidenker, part i,
120 Schoeps, Barocke Juden, 83–91;
121 Schröder, ‘Einleitung’ (1994), 14–15.
122 Wachter, Spinozismus, i, 30–1,
123 Buddeus, Introdvctio, 320–32.
124 Leibniz, Theodicy, 79.
125 Ibid.; Altmann, Moses Mendelssohn,
126 Alvarez de Toledo, Historia,
127 Wachter, Spinozismus, i, 65.
128 Schröder, ‘Einleitung’ (1995), 26–7.
129 Wachter, Spinozismus, i, 57.
130 Ibid.
131 Ibid.; Lilienthal, Theologische Bibliothec,
132 Wachter, Spinozismus, i, 63–4.
133 Ibid., 69.
134 Ibid., 22–3, 69, 71,
135 Wachter, Spinozismus, i, 14–15,
136 Ibid., 15.
137 Schröder, Spinoza, 65.
138 Wachter, Spinozismus, iii, 60.
139 Ibid., 61–2.
140 Lilienthal, Theologische Bibliothec, 1127–8;
141 Grapius, Systema, i, 54,
142 Lilienthal, Theologische Bibliothec, 1127.
143 Buddeus, Introductio, 398–9, 320–32;
144 Grapius, Systema, i, 54;
145 Schröder, Freidenker, part i,
146 Schröder, ‘Einleitung’ (1995), 25.
147 Reimann, Historia, 514–22.
148 Grapius, Systema, i, 58–9;
149 Leibniz, Animadversiones, 3.
150 Wachter, Elucidarius Cabalisticus, 7.
151 Ibid., 8, 13, 39;
152 Wachter, Elucidarius Cabalisticus, 13.
153 ‘Hoc quidam Hebraeorum’, quotes
154 Wachter, Elucidarius Cabalisticus, 77–8;
155 Wachter, De Primordiis, 114.
156 Schröder, ‘Einleitung’ (1995), 12.
157 Among those in possession
158 Wachter, De Primordiis, 74.
159 Ibid., 80.
160 Ibid., 74, 80–1, 83.
161 ‘Jesus était proprement un
162 Staalkopf, De Atheismo, 4–5,
163 Trinius, Freydenker-Lexicon, 333–5; Lilienthal,
164 Schröder, Spinoza, 124.
165 Pontoppidan, Sandhed’s kraft, 120.
166 See MS additional note
167 Pott, ‘Einleitung’, 21–2.
168 Thomasius, Elender Zustand, 241,
169 Thomasius, Elender Zustand, 278,
170 Lau, Meditationes, Theses, Dubia,
171 Schröder, Spinoza, 129; Otto,
172 Lau, ‘Original-Rede’, 19–21; Pontoppidan,
173 Lau, Meditationes, 9; Otto,
174 Lau, Meditationes, 10.
175 Ibid.
176 Ibid., 42–5.
177 Ibid., 19, 28–9; of
178 Thomasius, Elender Zustand, 264.
179 Schröder, Spinoza, 128–9.
180 Thomasius, Elender Zustand, 273.
181 Jöcher, Allgemeines Gelehrten Lexicon,
182 Zedler, Grosses Universal Lexicon,
183 Kobuch, Zensur und Aufklärung,
184 Thorschmid, Critische Lebensgeschichte, 44;
185 Jöcher, Allgemeines Gelehrten Lexicon,
186 Goldenbaum, ‘Erste deutsche Übersetzung’,
187 Ibid., 113; [Schmidt], Vorrede,
188 [Schmidt], ‘Vorrede’, 5; Walther,
189 Häseler, Ein Wanderer, 40,
190 Altmann, Moses Mendelssohn, 35–6.
191 Goldenbaum, ‘Erste deutsche Übersetzung’,
192 Entitled Cogitationes Rationales and
193 Altmann, Moses Mendelssohn, 31–5.
194 Mendelssohn, Philosophical Writings, 7,
195 Ibid., 103; Collected Works
196 Mendelssohn, Philosophical Writings, 104.
197 Ibid., 106.
198 Ibid., 107.
199 Ibid.
200 Ibid.
201 Edelmann, Unschuldigen Wahrheiten, 426.
202 Pratje Historische Nachrichten, 138,
203 Rosenstand-Goiske, Billige Frie-Tanker, 1,
204 Grossmann, Johann Christian Edelmann,
205 Pratje, Historische Nachrichten, 127.
206 Wagner, Johann Christian Edelmanns
207 Edelmann, Göttlichkeit der Vernunft,
208 Grossmann, Johann Christian Edelmann,
209 Ibid., 111–15; Kobuch, Zensur
210 Edelmann, Glaubens-Bekentniss, 171–81.
211 Edelmann, Moses, ii, 54,
212 Edelmann, Moses, ii, 34.
213 Ibid., ii, 60–1; Grossmann,
214 Pratje, Historische Nachrichten, 96,
215 Wagner, Johann Christian Edelmanns
216 Grossmann, Johann Christian Edelmann,
217 Edelmann, Moses, i, 131
218 Edelmann, Moses, i, 131
219 Edelmann, Moses, ii, 118.
220 Edelmann, Moses, 120–1; Wagner,
221 Edelmann, Moses, iii, 160–1;
222 Pratje, Historische Nachrichten, 2;
223 Grossmann, Johann Christian Edelmann,
224 Süssmilch, Unvernunft und Bosheit,
225 Grossmann, Johann Christian Edelmann,
226 Ibid., 149, 165; Kobuch,
227 Altmann, Moses Mendelssohn, 565.
1 Vico, On the Most
2 Croce, Filosofia, 129, 222.
3 Vico, The New Science,
4 Lilla, G.
5 Morrison, ‘Vico and Spinoza’,
6 Vico, Autobiography, 139, 146,
7 See, for instance, Stone,
8 Pompa, Vico, 51–3, 197–201;
9 Croce, Filosofia, 286.
10 Pompa, Vico, 51–2, 60;
11 Vico, Autobiography, 187–8.
12 Chaix-Ruy, J.
13 Reusch, Systema metaphysicum, 743–59;
14 Lilla, G.
15 Vico, The New Science,
16 Vico, The New Science,
17 Ibid., 70.
18 Ibid.
19 Morrison, ‘Vico and Spinoza’,
20 Vico, The New Science,
21 Ibid., 426.
22 Vico, The New Science,
23 Morrison, ‘Vico and Spinoza’,
24 Vico, The New Science,
25 Vico, The New Science
26 Vico, The New science.,
27 Vico, The New Science,
28 Ibid., 422.
29 Ibid., 412.
30 Vico, The New Science,
31 Ibid., 379.
32 Lilla, G.
33 Vico, The New Science,
34 Remaud, ‘Conflits’, 54.
35 Ibid., 55–6; see also
36 Zambelli, ‘Il rogo postumo’,
37 Doria, Filosofia, ii, 305–6;
38 Doria, Difesa della metafisica,
39 Ibid., 30–1; Doria, Risposte,
40 Doria, Difesa della metafisica,
41 Doria, Discorsi Critici filosofici,
42 Spinelli, Riflessioni, 2.
43 Ibid., 5.
44 Zambelli, ‘Il rogo postumo’,
45 Doria, Discorsi critici filosofici,
46 Spinelli, Riflessioni, 130, 150,
47 Doria, Risposte, 88; on
48 Doria, Risposte, 88.
49 Doria, Filosofia, i, 185.
50 Ibid., 146–7, 172, 184–8;
51 Doria, Filosofia, ii, 122–7.
52 Ibid., i, 237–9, 242;
53 Doria, Discorsi critici filosofici,
54 Ibid., 184.
55 Doria, Lettere e ragionamenti,
56 Doria, Lettere e ragionamenti,
57 Ibid., ii, 121.
58 Doria, Discorsi critici filosofici,
59 Doria, Lettere e ragionamenti,
60 Doria, La Vita Civile,
61 Doria, La Vita Civile,
62 Zambelli, ‘Il rogo postumo’,
63 Ricuperati, ‘Giannone’, 62–3.
64 Ricuperati, ‘Libertinismo’, 637, 654–7;
65 Venturi, ‘Gli anni’ 30,
66 Giannone, Opere, 214–221.
67 Marini, ‘Documenti’, 713–14.
68 Giannone, Opere, 593.
69 See Giuseppe Ricuperati’s remarks
70 Giannone, Opere, 624–48.
71 Ibid., 638.
72 See Giannone, Opere, 640
73 Mannarino, ‘Pietro Giannone’, 227–41;
74 Giannone, Il Triregno (full
75 Champion, Pillars of Priestcraft,
76 Giannone, Il Triregno, ii,
77 Giannone, Il Triregno, ii,
78 Giannone, Opere, 656–7.
79 Ibid., 659.
80 Bertelli, Giannoniana, 176.
81 Giannone, Opere, 261.
82 Ibid., 279, 282.
83 Ibid., 267, 280.
84 Ibid., 288.
85 Ibid., 326–8.
86 Giannone, Opere, 510.
87 Gronda, ‘Antonio Conti’, 353;
88 Ibid., 185.
89 Montesquieu, Oeuvres complètes, 225,
90 Ibid., 189.
91 Badaloni, Antonio Conti, 189.
92 Conti, Risposta, 120–3, 126;
93 Vernière, Spinoza, 390; Badaloni,
94 Badaloni, Antonio Conti, 118,
95 Ibid., 112–13, 149–50.
96 Ferrone, Intellectual Roots, 106–7.
97 Ibid., 110–11.
98 Ibid., 260; Giannone, Opere,
99 Giannone, Opere, 530; Gronda,
100 Giannone, Opere, 991; Badaloni,
101 Ferrone, Intellectual Roots, 106.
102 Fardella, Filosofia Cartesiana Impugnata,
103 Maffei, Arte magica dileguata,
104 Lucchi, Spinozismi Syntagma, 38;
105 Lucchi, Spinozismi Syntagma, 46–7.
106 Concina, Theologia Christiana, i,
107 Vecchi, Correnti religiose, 343–5;
108 Concina, Della religione rivelata,
109 Ibid., 229.
110 Ibid., p.
111 Ibid., 2–3.
112 Ibid., 7.
113 Ibid., 34, 51.
114 Ibid., 144–5, 159–62.
115 Ibid., 162.
116 Ibid., 8.
117 Concina, Della religione rivelata,
118 Ibid., 239, 243.
119 Ibid., 180.
120 Ibid., ii, 286–7, 288,
121 Ibid., i, 23–4.
122 Ibid., 336–7.
123 Ibid., ii, 151.
124 Ibid., i, 62–4 and
125 Concina, Della religione rivelata,
126 Ibid., 77–81.
127 Ibid., 80.
128 Ibid., 174–9.
129 Ibid., 336–7.
130 Ibid., ii, 213; Concina,
131 Concina, Della religione rivelata,
132 Ibid., ii, 229–34.
133 Ibid., 212–29, 363–77.
134 See pp.
135 Ibid., ii, 229; Concina,
136 Concina, Della religione rivelata,
137 Ibid., ii, 295–8.
1 PBA MS 2858, fo.
2 On this important publication,
3 See PBA MS 2239
4 McKenna, ‘Recherches’, 10.
5 Benítez, Face cachée, 1–8.
6 Ibid., 223–4, 230–2, 290.
7 Bibliotheca Hohendorfiana, iii, 261.
8 Benítez, Face cachée, 41,
9 HUB MS Misc.
10 Krieger, Friedrich der Grosse,
11 Landucci, ‘Introduction’, 7.
12 Maréchal, Dictionnaire, 73.
13 Mori, ‘Du Marsais philosophe
14 Maréchal, Dictionnaire, 180; Schröder,
15 Mori, ‘Note’, in La
16 Houtteville, La religion Chrétienne,
17 PBA MS 11616, fos.
18 PBA MS 11616, fos.
19 PBA MS 11616, fo.
20 Archives de la Bastille,
21 Benítez, ‘Orobio de Castro’,
22 This manuscript in some
23 Ibid., 243.
24 Benítez, Face cachée, 35.
25 Ibid., 35.
26 Marchand remarks on the
27 [Mirabaud], Sentimens, 90–7; the
28 Mori, ‘Du Marsais philosophe
29 ABM MS 63 (580),
30 MBM MS 338, pp.
31 Ibid., pp.
32 Ibid., 8–9, 80, 144;
33 MBM MS 338, pp.
34 Dunin Borkowski, Spinoza, i,
35 Schröder, ‘Das Symbolum Sapientiae’,
36 HUB MS Misc.
37 Ibid., fos.
38 BL MS Lansdowne 414
39 Ibid., p.
40 Ibid., p.
41 BL MS Lansdowne 414
42 [Lévesque de Burigny], De
43 BL MS Lansdowne 414,[Du
44 Ibid., p.
45 [Du Marsais], Le Philosophe,
46 Ibid., 177–80; BL MS
47 PBA MS.
48 Ibid., pp.
49 Thomson, ‘L’Examen’, 355; Mori,
50 [Du Marsais] ‘Saint-Evremond’, Examen,
51 [Du Marsais], ‘Saint-Evremond’, Examen,
52 BL MS Lansdowne 414
53 Ibid., 98–9, 106; [Du
54 Schwarzbach and Fairbairn, ‘The
55 Ibid., 121.
56 Thomson, ‘Introduction’, p.
57 Mori, ‘Du Marsais philosophe
58 See Anne Thomson’s note
59 Häseler, ‘Réfugiés français’, 378–9.
60 Ibid., 379.
61 Benítez, Face cachée, 51–2;
62 Mosheim, Ecclesiastical History, ii,
63 Benítez, ‘Histoire interminable’, 54;
64 Schröder, ‘Jean Bodin’s Colloquium’,
65 Ibid., 29–30.
66 Schwarzbach and Fairbairn, ‘History
67 Marchand, Dictionnaire, i, 324–5;
68 Charles-Daubert, ‘L’Esprit de Spinosa’,
69 One of the surviving
70 Marchand, Dictionnaire, i, 325;
71 BL MS 4295, fos.
72 Marchand, Dictionnaire, i, 325;
73 La Vie et l’Esprit,
74 See BL MS Stowe
75 Berti, ‘L’Esprit de Spinosa’,
76 La Vie et l’Esprit,
77 Ibid., 86.
78 Charles-Daubert, ‘L’Image de Spinoza’,
79 Hobbes, Leviathan, ch.
80 BL MS Stowe 47,
81 Ibid., fo.
82 Schwarzbach and Fairbairn, ‘History
83 Bibliotheca Lvbecensis, v, 145–64;
84 BL Add.
85 Mulsow, ‘Freethinking’, 218.
86 BL MS Stowe 47,
87 HHL MS Fr.
88 The Réponse has been
89 [Sallengre], Mémoires de littérature,
90 Barbier, Dictionnaire, iii, 211;
91 [Rousset de Missy?], Réponse;
92 Mulshow, ‘Freethinking’, 194–5.
93 Kobuch, Zensur und Aufklärung,
94 Ibid., 60–3; Schröder, Ursprünge,
95 Berti, ‘First Edition’, 196–9.
96 Ibid., 199; Berti, ‘L’Esprit
97 Marchand, Dictionnaire, i, 324.
98 Ibid.; Berti, ‘L’Esprit de
99 Marchand, Dictionnaire, i, 325.
100 La Vie et l’Esprit,
101 Ibid., 118.
102 Ibid., 188, 212.
103 Schröder, ‘Das “Symbolum Sapientiae”’,
104 HUB Misc.
105 ‘Hinc quo strictius est
106 ABM MS 62 (585),’Doutes
107 In 206 pages, see
108 PBM MS 1198/3, p.
109 Ibid., p.
110 Brogi, Cerchio, 119–36; Harrison,
111 Thomson, ‘L’Utilisation’, 251–2; Thomson,
112 Thomson, ‘L’Utilisation’, 250–1; Gunny,
113 Spinoza, Briefwisseling, 413; Spinoza,
114 Thomson, Barbary and Enlightenment,
115 D’Argens, Lettres juives, v,
116 HUB MS Misc.
117 La Vie et l’Esprit,
118 PBM MS 1198/3 [Boulanger],’Recherches’,
119 PBN MS Fr NA
1 Gay, The Enlightenment, i,
2 Thomson, ‘Introduction’, p.
3 Klever, ‘Herman Boerhaave’, 78–87.
4 Vartanian, La Mettrie’s l’Homme
5 La Mettrie, Histoire naturelle,
6 Ibid., 247.
7 Ibid., 248.
8 Thomson, ‘Introduction’, pp.
9 La Mettrie, Machine Man,
10 La Mettrie, Histoire naturelle
11 La Mettrie, Machine Man,
12 Ibid., 3, 23; Vartanian,
13 La Mettrie, Machine Man,
14 Maréchal, Dictionnaire, 96; Winter,
15 Berkvens-Stevelinck, Prosper Marchand, 158.
16 La Mettrie, Discours préliminaire,
17 Ibid.; La Mettrie, Anti-Seneca,
18 La Mettrie, Discours préliminaire,
19 Ibid., 48.
20 La Mettrie, Oeuvres philosophiques,
21 Vartanian, La Mettrie’s L’Homme
22 Glaziou, Hobbes en France,
23 Vernière, Spinoza, 385; Vartanian,
24 La Mettrie, Oeuvres philosophiques,
25 See Verbeek’s comment in
26 Ibid., 134, 144–5.
27 Hazard, European Thought, 137–8;
28 Comte-Sponville, ‘La Mettrie’, 138;
29 La Mettrie, Machine Man,
30 Ibid., 35–8; Hazard, European
31 La Mettrie, Discours préliminaire,
32 La Mettrie, Machine Man,
33 Comte-Sponville, ‘La Mettrie’, 139,
34 Proust, Diderot, 327–8; Thomson,
35 Venturi, Jeunesse de Diderot,
36 Diderot, Pensées philosophiques, 14.
37 Diderot, Pensées philosophiques, 14.
38 Ibid., 17; La Mettrie,
39 La Mettrie, Machine Man,
40 Wokler, Social Thought, 52.
41 Berkvens-Stevelinck and Vercruysse, Métier,
42 Vernière, Spinoza, 558.
43 Vartanian, ‘Diderot and Maupertuis’,
44 Diderot, Oeuvres philosophiques, 228–9;
45 Diderot, Oeuvres philosophiques, 228–9.
46 Maréchal, Dictionnaire, 121; Vartanian,
47 Diderot, Oeuvres philosophiques, 81.
48 D’Alembert, Discours préliminaire, p.
49 Proust, Diderot, 137, 260,
50 Maréchal, Dictionnaire, 81.
51 Encyclopédie, xv, 466.
52 Ibid., xv, 468.
53 Ibid., xv, 463.
54 Article ‘Spinosa’, Encyclopédie, xv,
55 Ibid., 473.
56 Vernière, Spinoza, 596–7; Proust,
57 Article ‘Spinosiste’, Encyclopédie, xv,
58 Ibid.; Vernière, Spinoza, 596;
1 Pieter Kaas, ‘Verhandeling over
2 Chartier, Cultural Origins, 5.
3 Ibid.
4 Schama, Citizens, 546.
5 Chartier, Cultural Origins, 63,
6 Vernière, Spinoza, 681–2.
7 Ibid., 682.
8 Schama, Citizens, 561–4; Chartier,
9 Talmon, Origins, 23–4, 34–7,
10 Maréchal, Dictionnaire, p.
11 Cobban, ‘Fundamental Ideas’, 140–3,
12 Schama, Citizens, 745–8.
13 Doyle, Oxford History of
14 Talmon, Origins, 40–2; Wokler,
15 Rousseau, Émile, 230, 232.
16 Ibid., 235.
17 Ibid., 239.
18 Ibid., 241.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid., 243.
22 Ibid., 246.
23 Vernière, Spinoza, 479.
24 Ibid.
25 Talmon, Origins, 40–1; Wokler,
26 [Diderot], Encyclopédie, v, 116.
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