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Index
Notes on contributors
Acknowledgments
List of abbreviations
1 Introduction
PART I J. R. R. Tolkien as a medieval scholar: modern contexts
2 "An industrious little devil": E. V. Gordon as friend and collaborator with Tolkien
3 "There would always be a fairy-tale": J. R. R. Tolkien and the folklore controversy
4 A kind of mid-wife: J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis – sharing influence
5 "I wish to speak": Tolkien's voice in his Beowulf essay
6 Middle-earth, the Middle Ages, and the Aryan nation: myth and history in World War II
PART II J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and medieval literary and mythological texts/contexts
7 Tolkien's Wild Men: from medieval to modern
8 The valkyrie reflex in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings : Galadriel, Shelob, Éowyn, and Arwen
9 Exilic imagining in The Seafarer and The Lord of the Rings
10 "Oathbreakers, why have ye come?": Tolkien's "Passing of the Grey Company" and the twelfth-century Exercitus mortuorum
PART III J. R. R. Tolkien: The texts/contexts of medieval patristics, theology, and iconography
11 Augustine in the cottage of lost play: the Ainulindalë as asterisk cosmogony
12 The "music of the spheres": relationships between Tolkien's The Silmarillion and medieval cosmological and religious theory
13 The anthropology of Arda: creation, theology, and the race of Men
14 "A land without stain": medieval images of Mary and their use in the characterization of Galadriel
PART IV J. R. R. Tolkien's Silmarillion mythology: medievalized retextualization and theory
15 The great chain of reading: (inter-)textual relations and the technique of mythopoesis in the Túrin story
16 Real-world myth in a secondary world: mythological aspects in the story of Beren and Lúthien
References
Index
1
2
3
4
5
chapter 3
chapter 4
chapter 5
Chapter 6
chapter 7
chapter 8
Chapter 9
chapter 10
chapter 11
chapter 12
chapter 13
Chapter 14
chapter 16
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
chapter 1
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
chapter 5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
chapter 14
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
chapter 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
chapter 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
part 3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
118–19
133
144
172
206
216
68
69–71
172
180
171
180
217–18
250
66–67
68
205
208–10
211
8–9
171–72
177–80
208–9
177
185–86
172
177–80
183
185–86
193
198
205
208
211
266
172
59
64
85
225
172–74
134–35
135–36
45
48
135
2
27
48
87
173–75
232
134
167
175–77
178
179
180
205–6
207
183
185
193
55
59
83
265
266
194–224
195–200
85
124–25
126
261
262
155–68
166–67
160
100–101
62
182
183
185–86
194–224
59
173
183
187
191
106
82
47–49
23
189
261
262
109
110–11
112
127–30
6–7
29–30
32–33
74
195
196
197
198
9
171
223
171
192
28
66
154
171
172–80
181
197
54
59–61
62
196
223
84–86
64
86–87
71
231–32
104–5
196
31
37
45–6
197
254
25
253
62
173–75
5
19
21–22
76–77
19
172
173
180
80
89
52–53
62
195
198
222
223
21
22
45
7
99–100
132
220
53
54–57
60
44–45
239–40
242
243
244
247
252
51
57
58
95
111
119
120
132
61–62
133
120
123
258
58–59
112
114
115–16
118
124
125
115–16
19
35
44
50–62
239
135
218
220
112
5–6
50–62
11
187–89
190
259–67
264
265
265–66
263
262
187–89
263
263
265
263–65
265
11
88
188
259
260
261
262
266
54
225
226
232
95–96
98
99
171–80
266
205
206
216
83
95
221–2
215
145
2
183
184–85
186
187
190
240
251
200–203
249
250
251
260
165
212–14
54–55
59
98
182
121
39
45
81
19
50
59
66
254
255
255
108
113
116
117
118
121
122
127
128
131
108
28
28
226
227
47,48
2–3
38
59
87–88
219
15
24
59
60
70
63
3
184
98
72
4
62
90
51–52
58
212
213
115
126
119
214
21
240
253
255
61
222
28
48
96–97
264
91
98
197
266
41
184
181
72
89
90
91
138
143
151
225
72
138
188
206
215
226–36
266
206
39
40–41
44
45
46
48–49
1
44
46
51
54–55
37
222
28
29–30
31–32
264
171–2
180
200–202
110
171–72
177–80
208–9
171–80
209–10
180–1
204
185–7
204
216–17
53
54–57
60
63
28
106
264
265
106
28
30–31
111
118
120
131
22
121
28
32–33
74
20
165
166
171
172–80
181
266
239–58
241–43
244
245
244
248
251
252
241
243–44
245–53
247–49
251
252
99
111
116–17
132
204
210
27
30
32
211–12
59
51
68
191–92
51
57
58–59
59
83
21
264
37
42
205
225
67
204
209–10
229
41
219
37
266
249
251
260
260
184
22
134
116
250
189
254
66
86
199
81
204
144–47
152
228
197–98
254
189
261–2
141–43
151
189
148–49
7–8
138–54
140
67
74
95
161
124–25
125
126–27
125–6
109
110–11
112
121–27
129–30
171
180
203
200–202
215
201
217–18
251
219–20
172
177–78
179
183
185–87
193
199
208
209
210
21
35
129
250
51
108
184
191–92
172
206
233
8
155–68
136
137–54
173
266
44
43
27
28–31
34
263–64
27–28
31–35
200
203–4
205–6
207
205
206
216
212–14
214
216–17
208–9
211
215
200
203–4
205
206–7
211–12
215–17
218
220
207–8
23
61
106–7
131
107
108
119
29
34
4
120
132
215
216
90
92
181
182
201
217–18
143
262
263
45
46
49
38
66
130
221
29
62
115–16
231
233
114–15
116
230
92
150
107
231
107
9–10
107
225–36
228–30
114–15
228
116–17
114
114–15
89
160–61
231
233
117–18
109
110–11
112–18
129–30
230
171
172–80
181
205
206
216
98
244
164
167–68
100
95
228
229
231
228
230
161
162
163
164
167
20
72
110
251
78
82–84
77–78
82–3
86
103–4
5
15–25
15
5
15–16
17–20
133
134
135–36
19–20
21–22
22
18
23
20–21
22–23
18
20
20
19
21
21
135
136
138
148
154
24
107
199
48
75
184
250
265
266
87
226
39
95
28–29
75
263
75
132
76
88
25
1–2
87
61–62
121
131
114
115
123
111
120
132
114
115
117
118
122
123
128
156–57
159
164
89
91
264
183
28
159–60
168
160
123
131
1
4
23
27
260
63
66
72
85
88
91
75
76–77
78
81
7
22
45
99–100
77–78
133
21
23–24
189
59
83
86
21
106
58
59
191
193
1–2
78
59
79
225
214
214
46
5
21–22
45–46
107
250
106–7
91
22
113
111
120
132
22
98
22
89
196–97
264
265
223–24
17
18
20
22–23
20
29–30
32
29
195–97
2
16
31
37
38
39
41
54
2
5
17
18
20
21
110
265
1
1
44
46
51
45
46
47
92
221
3–4
99
111
114
131
114
107
29
34
29
34
254
263
101
28
134–35
151
91
235
58–59
89
91
37
202
22–23
251
220–21
200
203
30
48
98–99
26
28
29
30–31
199
67–68
198
195–97
132
198–200
249
251
260
48
46
260
261
262
248–49
260
63
67
69
89
135
221
15
17
18
22
23
18
144–47
162
167
168
28
4
5
36–49
47–49
44–45
36–37
38
48
41
42–43
41
42–43
219
16
18–19
42
43
36
37
38–40
48
49
45–46
64
40
45
41
75–76
43–44
18–19
38
46–47
49
31
48
39
40–41
39
46
47
75
260–61
228
229
85
91
265
200
220
28
29
34
70
27
67
134
178
167
261
262
260
261–62
266
212–14
76
40
43
83
10
241
242
86–7
201
84–86
64
86–87
71
225
100
110
24
64
69
78–79
80
85
86
87
88
8
110
132
144–7
110
131
17–18
227
228
133
191
192
193
1–2
155–68
73
79–80
78
82–84
110
231–2
260
1
6–7
64
71
79–80
81
83–85
86
7
137–54
118
141–43
6–7
64
88
66–67
7
100–101
103–5
7
106–32
1
2
62
90
126
213
214
226
226–36
118
133
136
137
142
217
260
90
91
264
130
49
181
168
24
66
25
135
90
18
47
98–99
244
253
240
245
252
253
255
258
200
200
203–4
205
206–7
211–12
215–17
218
220
199
201
206
197
204–5
18
20
172
180
159–60
164
167
168
223
225–26
232
235
236
226–36
9–10
107
225–36
16
18
177
207
208–9
210
211
215
18
98
19
16
22
205–8
215–16
217
220
44
50
61
2
28
4
67–68
108
227–8
235–36
18
4
28
29–30
31–32
172
183–84
177–79
208–9
210
191
187–89
190–91
263
188
183
184–87
191–93
185–86
186–87
210–11
220
89
239
3
184
180–81
65
254
29–30
31–32
184
32
41
30–31
80
251–52
31–35
63
65
71–72
80
86
3
26
5
37
41–42
46
69
179
218–20
68
210–11
220
239
181
239–58
263
195–97
243
245–48
249
29
33
65
72–75
63
71–72
80
86
66
75–8
90
114
172
180–81
182
87
76
75
264
90
142–43
144
19
32
41
133
137
217
46
4
23
5
6
26
27–35
43
46
63
67
180
89
68
74
41
16
18
22
156–58
159
164
166
184
189
265
82
31
110
132
16
22
35
196
60
4
54
15
54
59
60
61
15
16
18
20
21
36
55
197
205–8
215–16
217
172
173
5
17
18
20
134
251
28
31
43
89
29–30
180
90
173
183
191
264
171
172
172
173
176
180
183
18
23
75
132
64
68
44
59
2
82
244
248
251
252
83
249
251
186–91
249
251
260
200
203–4
205–7
195–97
197–224
263
107
119
2
10–11
241
243–44
245–53
28
212–14
79
6–7
64
71
79–80
81
83–85
86
75–77
82
114
114
77
4
22
71
89
92
171
199
205
254
239
240
99
264
132
66
80
89
91
135
215
259
261
46
89
91
72–75
76
80
84
86
89
4
60
141
251
83
110
131
22
98
22
26
27
108
128
242
254
42–3
118
29–30
177
179
207–8
215
216
19
47
156
158
165
134
25
69–71
221
133–54
144–47
152
7–8
137–54
147–49
21
135
136
138
148
154
147
154
131
141–3
134–35
136
153
149–51
5
19
136–37
63
67
2
265
260
107
107
241
243
109
110
111
112
118–21
129–30
150
121–22
171
21
45
239
240
201
49
108
199
46
221
205–6
71
221
21
25
77–78
98
116
128
131
114
115
117
118
122
123
128
66
89
172
177–80
183
185–86
193
198
205
208
194–224
182
183
185–86
194–224
209–10
249
254–55
47
76
4
211–12
199–200
178
186
266
172
177–78
179
183
185–87
193
199
208
209
210
200
205–8
198–200
177
207
208–9
210
211
215
199
201
206
9
172
177–79
183–93
198
87
211
212
81–82
141
142–43
187
3
87
136
186
15
5
15
18
20–21
46
47
97–98
134
50
46
265–66
15
16–17
20
61
232
249
117
264
159
205
217
17
19
23
46
63
87
88–89
221
134
154
23
54
66
135
46
182
106
176
180–81
77
82
42–43
135
179
180
187
188
191
208
203
204
209
107
114
128
135–36
260
261
262
263
264
197
196
48
205
181
222
223
225
123
32
76
181
139
142
143
150
1
46
51
47
263
200–202
203
224
1
4
21–22
199
201
239
182
245–46
255
256
202
203
260
137
202
50
40
258
66
109
202
235
11
88
188
259
260
261
262
266
66–67
82
2–3
4
64
85
135
225
64
89
15
16
17
18
21
72
138
188
206
215
226–36
266
54
59–61
205–8
215–16
217
220
69
22
67–68
239–58
88
266
49
84
63–92
15
16
43
203–4
90
36–49
63
72
17
16
46–47
107–9
75–76
46
67–68
198
87–88
42–3
11
88
188
259
260
261
262
266
90
23
26
69–71
76
83
200–201
221
260–61
263
74
19–20
92
15–25
16–17
89
42–43
135
179
180
187
188
191
208
203
204
209
197–98
153
65–66
72
76
235
4
51–52
58
90
1
55
59
264
99
21
253
255
249
250
10
239–58
245
244
243
245–48
245
243–44
245–53
248
101–3
264
265
197
4
81
245
23
250
251
251
201–202
106–32
112
109
110–11
112
127–30
124
110–11
112
115
124–25
109
110–11
112
121–27
129–30
121
111
109
110–11
112–18
129–30
116
127–28
109
110–11
112–18
129–30
121–27
111
112
111–12
114
117–18
128–29
116
120–21
127
113
113–14
123–24
127
165
15,
20
16
18
48
52–53
56–58
59
60
62
82
98
127
254
265
26
46
75–78
80
81
82
87
90–91
2–3
26
197–98
203
214
262
48
5
19
21
131
133
135
141
55
202
184
98
254
255
47
50
135
254–55
256
160
167
7
95–105
36–37
38
48
67
263
61
106–7
131
265
121
26
27
34
67
73
84
259
6–7
34–35
63–92
64
69
78–79
80
85
86
87
88
66
66
17
259
261
17
18
17
96–97
99
264
256
258
265
48
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