CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment · Pediatrics · 22nd Edition by Hay, William -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Title Page Copyright Page Contents Authors Preface 1. Advancing the Quality and Safety of Care

Daniel Hyman, MD, MMM

Current Context Strategies and Models for Quality Improvement (QI) Principles of Patient Safety (Incident Reporting, Just Culture, Disclosure, FMEA, RCA, Reliability, Checklists)

2. The Newborn Infant

Adam A. Rosenberg, MD Theresa Grover, MD The Neonatal History

Assessment of Growth Gestational Age Examination at Birth Examination in the Nursery

Care of the Well Neonate

Feeding the Well Neonate Early Discharge of the Newborn Infant Circumcision Hearing Screening

Common Problems in the Term Newborn

Neonatal Jaundice Hypoglycemia Respiratory Distress in the term Newborn Infant Heart Murmurs Birth Trauma Infants of Mothers Who Abuse Drugs Multiple Births

Neonatal Intensive Care

Perinatal Resuscitation The Preterm Infant The Late Preterm Infant

Cardiac Problems in the Newborn Infant

Structural Heart Disease Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension Arrhythmias

Gastrointestinal Abdominal Surgical Conditions in the Newborn Infant

Esophageal Atresia Tracheoesophageal Fistula Intestinal Obstruction Abdominal Wall Defects Diaphragmatic Hernia Gastrointestinal Bleeding Gastroesophageal Reflux

Infections in the Newborn Infant

Bacterial Infections Fungal Sepsis Congenital Infections Perinatally Acquired Infections

Hematologic Disorders in the Newborn Infant

Bleeding Disorders Anemia Polycythemia

Renal Disorders in the Newborn Infant

Renal Failure Urinary Tract Anomalies Renal Vein Thrombosis

Neurologic Problems in the Newborn Infant

Seizures Hypotonia Intracranial Hemorrhage

Metabolic Disorders in the Newborn Infant

Hyperglycemia Hypocalcemia Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Quality Assessment and Improvement in the Newborn Nursery and Nicu

3. Child Development Behavior

Edward Goldson, MD Ann Reynolds, MD Normal Development

The First 2 Years Ages 2–4 Years Early School Years: Ages 5–7 Years Middle Childhood: Ages 7–11 Years

Behavioral Developmental Variations

Normality Temperament

Enuresis Encopresis

Common Developmental Concerns

Colic Feeding Disorders in Infants Young Children Sleep Disorders Temper Tantrums Breath-Holding Spells

Well-Child Surveillance Screening

Developmental Disorders Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorders Intellectual Disability Specific Forms of Intellectual Disability Associated Treatment Issues

4. Adolescence

Amy E. Sass, MD, MPH David W. Kaplan, MD, MPH

Demography Mortality Data Morbidity Data Delivery of Health Services

Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services

Relating to the Adolescent Patient The Setting Confidentiality The Structure of the Visit

Growth Development

Puberty Physical Growth Sexual Maturation Psychosocial Development

Behavior Psychological Health

Psychophysiologic Symptoms Conversion Reactions Depression Adolescent Suicide Substance Abuse Eating Disorders Overweight Obesity School Avoidance School Failure

Breast Disorders

Breast Masses Nipple Discharge Galactorrhea Gynecomastia

Gynecologic Disorders in Adolescence

Physiology of Menstruation Pelvic Examination Menstrual Disorders

Contraception

Pregnancy

5. Adolescent Substance Abuse

Paritosh Kaul, MD

Scope of the Problem Morbidity Data Predicting the Progression From Use to Abuse Evaluation of Substance Abuse Treatment Referral Prevention

6. Eating Disorders

Eric J. Sigel, MD

Etiology Incidence Predisposing Factors Clinical Profiles Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge-Eating Disorder Eating Disorders Not Meeting Criteria for Categorization Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Prognosis Resources for Practioners and Families

7. Child Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders Psychosocial Aspects of Pediatrics

Adam Burstein, DO Ayelet Talmi, PhD Brian Stafford, MD, MPH Kimberly Kelsay, MD

Models of Care Encompassing Mental Health in the Primary Care Setting Early Identification Prevention of Developmental Socioemotional Problems Identification Assessment During Health Maintenance Visits Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry The Chronically Ill Child The Terminally Ill Child

Psychiatric Disorders of Childhood Adolescence Pediatric Primary Care Behavioral Health Services

Anxiety Disorders Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Mood Disorders Suicide in Children Adolescents Conduct Disorders High-Risk Patients and Homicide Somatoform Disorders Adjustment Disorders Psychotic Disorders Other Psychiatric Conditions

8. Child Abuse Neglect

Antonia Chiesa, MD Andrew P. Sirotnak, MD

Prevention Clinical Findings Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis

9. Ambulatory Office Pediatrics

Meghan Treitz, MD Maya Bunik, MD, MSPH David Fox, MD Pediatric History Pediatric Physical Examination Health Supervision Visits

Developmental Behavioral Assessment Growth Parameters Blood Pressure Vision Hearing Screening Screening Anticipatory Guidance Nutrition Counseling Counseling About Television Other Media Immunizations Acute-Care Visits Prenatal Visits Sports Physicals Chronic Disease Management Medical Home

Mental Behavioral Health

Consultations Telephone Management Web-Based Information Advocacy Community Pediatrics

Common General Pediatric Issues

Fever Growth Deficiency

10. Immunization

Matthew F. Daley, MD Sean T. O’Leary, MD, MPH Ann-Christine Nyquist, MD, MSPH Standards for Pediatric Immunization Practices Routine Childhood Adolescent Immunization Schedules

Vaccine Safety Vaccination in Special Circumstances Hepatitis B Vaccination Rotavirus Vaccination Diphtheria-Tetanus-Acellular Pertussis Vaccination Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Vaccination Pneumococcal Vaccination Poliomyelitis Vaccination Influenza Vaccination Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccination Varicella Vaccination Hepatitis A Vaccination Meningococcal Vaccination Tetanus-Reduced Diphtheria-Acellular Pertussis Vaccination (Adolescents Adults) Human Papillomavirus Vaccination

Vaccinations for Special Situations

Rabies Vaccination Typhoid Fever Vaccination Japanese Encephalitis Vaccination Tuberculosis Vaccination Yellow Fever Vaccination Passive Prophylaxis

11. Normal Childhood Nutrition Its Disorders

Matthew A. Haemer, MD MPH Laura E. Primak, RD, CNSD, CSP Nancy F. Krebs, MD, MS Nutritional Requirements

Nutrition Growth Energy Protein Lipids Carbohydrates Major Minerals Trace Elements Vitamins

Infant Feeding

Breast-Feeding Special Dietary Products for Infants

Nutrition for Children 2 Years Older

Pediatric Undernutrition Pediatric Overweight Obesity

Nutrition Support

1. Enteral 2. Parenteral Nutrition Nutrient Requirements Delivery

12. Emergencies Injuries

Maria J. Mandt, MD Joseph A. Grubenhoff, MD Assessment Management of the Acutely Ill Infant or Child

The ABCs of Resuscitation Management of Shock Summary of Resuscitating the Acutely Ill Infant or Child Emergency Pediatric Drugs

Approach to the Acutely Ill Infant or Child

Preparation for Emergency Management Reception Assessment

Approach to the Pediatric Trauma Patient

Mechanism of Injury Initial Assessment Management Primary Survey Secondary Survey

Head Injury Burns

Thermal Burns Electrical Burns

Disorders Due to Extremes of Environment

Heat-Related Illnesses Heat Stroke Hypothermia

Submersion Injuries Animal Human Bites

Dog Bites Cat Bites Human Bites

Procedural Sedation Analgesia

13. Poisoning

George Sam Wang, MD Barry H. Rumack, MD Richard C. Dart, MD, PhD Pharmacologic Principles of Toxicology Preventing Childhood Poisonings General Treatment of Poisoning

Initial Telephone Contact Initial Emergency Department Contact Definitive Therapy of Poisoning

Management of specific common poisonings

Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) Alcohol, Ethyl (Ethanol) Amphetamines Related Drugs (Methamphetamine, Mdma) Anesthetics, Local Antihistamines Cough Cold Preparations Arsenic Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Belladonna Alkaloids (Atropine, Jimsonweed, Potato Leaves, Scopolamine, Stramonium) β-Blockers Calcium Channel Blockers Carbon Monoxide Caustics Central Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonist Cocaine Contraceptive Pills Cosmetics Related Products Cyclic Antidepressants Digitalis Other Cardiac Glycosides Diphenoxylate with Atropine (Lomotil) Loperamide (Imodium) Disinfectants Deodorizers Disk-Shaped “Button” Batteries Ethylene Glycol Methanol γ-Hydroxybutyrate, γ-Butyrolactone, Butanediol Hydrocarbons (Benzene, Charcoal Lighter Fluid, Gasoline, Kerosene, Petroleum Distillates, Turpentine) Ibuprofen Insect Stings (Bee, Wasp, Hornet) Insecticides Iron Lead Magnets Mushrooms Nitrites, Nitrates, Aniline, Pentachlorophenol, Dinitrophenol Opioids Opiates Oral Hypoglycemics (Sulfonylureas, Metformin) Antipsychotics (Typical Atypical) Plants Psychotropic Drugs Salicylates Scorpion Stings Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Snakebite Soaps Detergents Spider Bites Thyroid Preparations (Thyroid Desiccated, Sodium Levothyroxine) Vitamins Warfarin (Coumadin) and Other Oral Anticoagulants

14. Critical Care

Todd C. Carpenter, MD, Angela S. Czaja, MD, MSc, Jennifer Exo, DO, Eva N. Grayck, MD, Cameron F. Gunville, DO, Carleen Zebuhr, MD

Introduction

Respiratory Critical Care

Acute Respiratory Failure Conventional Mechanical Ventilation

Major Respiratory Diseases in the Pediatric ICU

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Status Asthmaticus

Cardiovascular Critical Care

Shock Sepsis

Neurocritical Care

Traumatic Brain Injury Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Additional Therapeutic Considerations in the Pediatric ICU

Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Replacement Therapy Fluid Management and Nutritional Support of the Critically Ill Child Sedation Analgesia in the Pediatric ICU End-of-Life Care and Death in the PICU

Quality Improvement Initiatives in the PICU

15. Skin

Joseph G. Morelli, MD Lori D. Prok, MD General Principles

Diagnosis of Skin Disorders Treatment of Skin Disorders

Disorders of the Skin in Newborns

Transient Diseases in Newborns Pigment Cell Birthmarks, Nevi, Melanoma Melanocytic Nevi Vascular Birthmarks Epidermal Birthmarks Connective Tissue Birthmarks (Juvenile Elastoma, Collagenoma) Hereditary Skin Disorders

Common Skin Diseases in Infants, Children, Adolescents

Acne Bacterial Infections of the Skin Fungal Infections of the Skin Viral Infections of the Skin Virus-Induced Tumors Insect Infestations Dermatitis (Eczema) Common Skin Tumors Papulosquamous Eruptions Hair Loss (Alopecia) Reactive Erythemas Miscellaneous Skin Disorders Seen in Pediatric Practice

16. Eye

Rebecca Sands Braverman, MD Common Nonspecific Signs Symptoms

Red Eye Tearing Discharge Pain Foreign Body Sensation Photophobia Leukocoria

Refractive Errors

Myopia (Nearsightedness) Hyperopia (Farsightedness) Astigmatism

Ophthalmic Examination

History Visual Acuity External Examination Pupils Alignment Motility Evaluation Ophthalmoscopic Examination

Ocular Trauma

Ocular Foreign Bodies Corneal Abrasion Intraocular Foreign Bodies Perforating Ocular Injuries Blunt Orbital Trauma Lacerations Burns Hyphema Abusive Head Trauma Nonaccidental Trauma Prevention of Ocular Injuries

Disorders of the Ocular Structures

Diseases of the Eyelids Viral Eyelid Disease Miscellaneous Eyelid Infections Eyelid Ptosis Horner Syndrome Eyelid Tics

Disorders of the Nasolacrimal System

Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction Congenital Dacryocystocele Dacryocystitis

Diseases of the Conjunctiva

Ophthalmia Neonatorum Bacterial Conjunctivitis Viral Conjunctivitis Allergic Conjunctivitis Mucocutaneous Diseases

Disorders of the Iris

Iris Coloboma Aniridia Albinism Miscellaneous Iris Conditions

Glaucoma Uveitis

Anterior Uveitis/Iridocyclitis/Iritis Posterior Uveitis Intermediate Uveitis

Ocular Manifestations of AIDS Disorders of the Cornea

Cloudy Cornea Viral Keratitis Corneal Ulcers

Disorders of the Lens

Cataracts Dislocated Lenses/Ectopia Lentis

Disorders of the Retina

Retinal Hemorrhages in the Newborn Retinopathy of Prematurity Retinoblastoma Retinal Detachment Diabetic Retinopathy

Diseases of the Optic Nerve

Optic Neuropathy Optic Nerve Hypoplasia Papilledema Optic Neuritis Optic Atrophy Periorbital Orbital Cellulitis Craniofacial Anomalies Orbital Tumors Nystagmus Amblyopia

Strabismus Unexplained Decreased Vision in Infants Children Learning Disabilities Dyslexia

17. Oral Medicine Dentistry

Ulrich Klein, DMD, DDS, MS

Issues in Pediatric Oral Health Dental Caries Oral Examination of the Newborn Infant Eruption of the Teeth Periodontal Disease Dental Emergencies Antibiotics in Pediatric Dentistry Special Patient Populations Orthodontic Referral

18. Ear, Nose, Throat

Norman R. Friedman, MD Melissa A. Scholes, MD Patricia J. Yoon, MD The Ear Infections of the Ear

Acute Trauma to the Middle Ear Cerumen Impaction and Ear Canal Foreign Body Auricular Hematoma Congenital Ear Malformations Identification Management of Hearing Loss

The Nose Paranasal Sinuses

Acute Viral Rhinitis Rhinosinusitis Choanal Atresia Recurrent Rhinitis Epistaxis Nasal Infection Nasal Trauma Foreign Bodies in the Nose

The Throat Oral Cavity

Acute Stomatitis Pharyngitis Peritonsillar Cellulitis or Abscess (Quinsy) Retropharyngeal Abscess Ludwig Angina Acute Cervical Adenitis Snoring, Mouth Breathing, Upper Airway Obstruction Tonsillectomy Adenoidectomy Disorders of the Lips Disorders of the Tongue Halitosis Salivary Gland Disorders Congenital Oral Malformations

19. Respiratory Tract Mediastinum

Monica J. Federico, MD, Christopher D. Baker, MD Vivek Balasubramaniam, MD, Emily M. Deboer, MD Robin R. Deterding, MD, Ann Halbower, MD Oren Kupfer, MD, Stacey L. Martiniano, MD Scott D. Sagel, MD, Paul Stillwell, MD Edith T. Zemanick, MD Respiratory Tract Growth Development Diagnostic AIDS

Physical Examination of the Respiratory Tract Pulmonary Function Tests Assessment of Oxygenation Ventilation Diagnosis of Respiratory Tract Infections Imaging of the Respiratory Tract Laryngoscopy Bronchoscopy

General Therapy of Pediatric Lung Diseases

Oxygen Therapy Inhalation of Medications Airway Clearance Therapy Avoidance of Environmental Hazards Disorders of the Conducting Airways

Laryngomalacia Congenital Disorders of the Extrathoracic Airway

Laryngomalacia Other Causes of Congenital Extrathoracic Obstruction

Acquired Disorders of the Extrathoracic Airway

Foreign Body Aspiration in the Extrathoracic Airway Croup Syndromes Vocal Cord Paralysis Subglottic Stenosis

Congenital Causes of Intrathoracic Airway Obstruction

Malacia of Airways Vascular Rings and Slings Bronchogenic Cysts

Acquired Causes of Intrathoracic Airway Obstruction

Foreign Body Aspiration in the Intrathoracic Airway

Disorders of Mucociliary Clearance

Cystic Fibrosis Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Bronchiolitis Obliterans Bronchiectasis

Congenital Malformations of the Lung Parenchyma

Pulmonary Agenesis Hypoplasia Pulmonary Sequestration Congenital Lobar Emphysema Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation)

Acquired Abnormalities of the Lung Parenchyma

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia Parapneumonic Effusion Empyema

Atypical Pneumonias

Viral Pneumonia Bronchiolitis Mycoplasma Pneumonia Tuberculosis Aspiration Pneumonia Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised Host Lung Abscess Children’s Interstitial Lung Disease Syndrome Hypersensitivitiy Pneumonitis

Diseases of the Pulmonary Circulation

Pulmonary Hemorrhage Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Edema Congenital Pulmonary Lymphangiectasia

Disorders of the Chest Wall Diaphragm

Scoliosis Pectus Carinatum Pectus Excavatum

Neuromuscular Disorders

Eventration of the Diaphragm

Disorders of the Pleura Pleural Cavity

Hemothorax Chylothorax Pneumothorax Related Air Leak Syndromes

Mediastinum

Mediastinal Masses

Sleep-Disordered Breathing

Obstructive Central Sleep Apnea

Apparent Life-Threatening Events

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

20. Cardiovascular Diseases

Jeffrey R. Darst, MD Kathryn K. Collins, MD Shelley D. Miyamoto, MD Diagnostic Evaluation

History Physical Examination Electrocardiography Chest Radiograph Echocardiography Nuclear Cardiology Magnetic Resonance Imaging Cardiopulmonary Stress Testing Arterial Blood Gases Cardiac Catheterization Angiocardiography

Perinatal Neonatal Circulation Heart Failure Genetic Basis of Congenital Heart Disease Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

Defects in Septation Patent (Persistent) Ductus Arteriosus Right-Sided Obstructive Lesions Left-Sided Lesions Diseases of the Aorta Coronary Artery Abnormalities

Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

Tetralogy of Fallot Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum Tricuspid Atresia Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Transposition of the Great Arteries Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return Truncus Arteriosus

Quality Improvement in Congenital Heart Disease Acquired Heart Disease

Rheumatic Fever Kawasaki Disease Infective Endocarditis Pericarditis Cardiomyopathy Myocarditis

Preventive Cardiology

Hypertension Atherosclerosis Dyslipidemias Chest Pain Cardiac Transplantation

Quality Improvement for Pediatric Heart Transplantation

Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Disorders of Rate Rhythm

Disorders of the Sinus Node

Sinus Arrhythmia Sinus Bradycardia Sinus Tachycardia Sinus Node Dysfunction Premature Beats Supraventricular Tachycardia Ventricular Tachycardia Long QT Syndrome Sudden Death

Disorders of Atrioventricular Conduction

Syncope (Fainting)

21. Gastrointestinal Tract

Edward Hoffenberg, MD David Brumbaugh, MD Glenn T. Furuta, MD Gregg Kobak, MD Edwin Liu, MD Jason Soden, MD Robert Kramer, MD Disorders of the Esophagus

Gastroesophageal Reflux GERD Eosinophilic Esophagitis Achalasia of the Esophagus Caustic Burns of the Esophagus Foreign Bodies in the Alimentary Tract

Disorders of the Stomach Duodenum

Hiatal Hernia Pyloric Stenosis Gastric Duodenal Ulcer Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Congenital Duodenal Obstruction

Disorders of the Small Intestine

Intestinal Atresia Stenosis Intestinal Malrotation Short Bowel Syndrome Intussusception Inguinal Hernia Umbilical Hernia Patent Omphalomesenteric Duct Meckel Diverticulum Acute Appendicitis Duplications of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Disorders of the Colon

Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon (Hirschsprung Disease) Constipation Anal Fissure Congenital Anorectal Anomalies Clostridium difficile Infection in Children

Disorders of the Peritoneal Cavity

Peritonitis Chylous Ascites

Gastrointestinal Tumors Malignancies

Juvenile Polyps Cancers of the Esophagus, Small Bowel, Colon Mesenteric Cysts Intestinal Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations

Major Gastrointestinal Symptoms Signs

Acute Diarrhea Chronic Diarrhea Gastrointestinal Bleeding Vomiting Recurrent Abdominal Pain Acute Abdomen Malabsorption Syndromes Inflammatory Bowel Disease

22. Liver Pancreas

Ronald J. Sokol, MD Michael R. Narkewicz, MD Shikha S. Sundaram, MD MSCI Cara L. Mack, MD Liver Disorders

Prolonged Neonatal Cholestatic Jaundice Intrahepatic Cholestasis Extrahepatic Neonatal Cholestasis Other Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemic Conditions (Noncholestatic Nonhemolytic) Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D (Delta Agent) Hepatitis E Other Hepatitis Viruses Acute Liver Failure Autoimmune Hepatitis Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Liver Disease Wilson Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration) Drug-Induced Liver Disease Cirrhosis Portal Hypertension Biliary Tract Disease Pyogenic Amebic Liver Abscess Liver Tumors Liver Transplantation

Pancreatic Disorders Acute Pancreatitis

Chronic Pancreatitis Gastrointestinal Hepatobiliary Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis Syndromes with Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency Isolated Exocrine Pancreatic Enzyme Defect Pancreatic Tumors

23. Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Disorders Therapy

Douglas M. Ford, MD

Regulation of Body Fluids, Electrolytes, Tonicity Acid-Base Balance

Fluid Electrolyte Management

Dehydration Hyponatremia Hypernatremia Potassium Disorders

Acid-Base Disturbances

Metabolic Acidosis Metabolic Alkalosis Respiratory Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis

24. Kidney Urinary Tract

Gary M. Lum, MD Evaluation of the Kidney Urinary Tract

History Physical Examination Laboratory Evaluation of Renal Function Laboratory Evaluation of Immunologic Function Radiographic Evaluation Renal Biopsy

Congenital Anomalies of the Urinary Tract

Renal Parenchymal Anomalies Distal Urinary Tract Anomalies

Hematuria Glomerular Disease

Microhematuria Glomerulonephritis Acute Interstitial Nephritis

Proteinuria Renal Disease

Congenital Nephrosis Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome of Childhood (Minimal Change Disease) Focal Glomerular Sclerosis Mesangial Nephropathy (Mesangial Glomerulonephritis) Membranous Nephropathy (Membranous Glomerulonephritis)

Diseases of the Renal Vessels

Renal Vein Thrombosis Renal Arterial Disease Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome

Renal Failure

Acute Renal Failure Chronic Renal Failure Hypertension

Inherited or Developmental Defects of the Kidneys

Disorders of the Renal Tubules Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome (Lowe Syndrome) Hypokalemic Alkalosis (Bartter Syndrome, Gitelman Syndrome, Liddle Syndrome) Cystinosis Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Nephrolithiasis

Urinary Tract Infections

25. Neurologic Muscular Disorders

Sita Kedia, MD, Kelly Knupp, MD Teri Schreiner, MD, MPH, Michele L. Yang, MD Paul M. Levisohn, MD, Paul G. Moe, MD Neurological Assessment Neurodiagnostics

History Examination Diagnostic Testing Pediatric Neuroradiologic Procedures

Disorders Affecting the Nervous System in Infants Children

Altered States of Consciousness Seizure Disorders (Epilepsies) Sleep Disorders Headaches Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension) Cerebrovascular Disease Congenital Malformations of the Nervous System Abnormal Head Size Neurocutaneous Dysplasias Central Nervous System Degenerative Disorders of Infancy Childhood Ataxias of Childhood Acute Ataxias of Childhood Congenital Causes of Chronic Episodic Ataxias Intermittent/Episodic Ataxias Progressive Ataxias Extrapyramidal Disorders Cerebral Palsy

Infections Inflammatory Disorders of the Central Nervous System

Bacterial Meningitis Brain Abscess Viral Infections

Encephalopathy of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Other Infections Noninfectious Inflammatory Disorders of the Central Nervous System Other Parainfectious Encephalopathies Multiple Sclerosis Syndromes Presenting as Acute Flaccid Weakness Disorders of Childhood Affecting Muscles Benign Acute Childhood Myositis Myasthenic Syndromes Peripheral Nerve Palsies Chronic Polyneuropathy

Miscellaneous Neuromuscular Disorders

Floppy Infant Syndrome Web Resources

26. Orthopedics

Mark A. Erickson, MD, MMM Brendan Caprio, BS Disturbances of Prenatal Origin

Congenital Amputations Limb Deficiencies Deformities of the Extremities Generalized Disorders of Skeletal or Mesodermal Tissues

Growth Disturbances of the Musculoskeletal System

Scoliosis Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Genu Varum Genu Valgum Tibial Torsion Femoral Anteversion Common Foot Problems

Degenerative Problems (Arthritis, Bursitis, Tenosynovitis) Trauma

Soft Tissue Trauma (Sprains, Strains, Contusions) Traumatic Subluxations Dislocations Fractures

Infections of the Bones Joints

Osteomyelitis Tuberculous Arthritis Diskitis Transient (Toxic) Synovitis Septic Arthritis of the Hip

Vascular Lesions Avascular Necrosis (Osteochondroses)

Avascular Necrosis of the Proximal Femur (Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease) Osteochondritis Dissecans

Neurologic Disorders Involving the Musculoskeletal System

Orthopedic Aspects of Cerebral Palsy Orthopedic Aspects of Myelodysplasia

Neoplasia of the Musculoskeletal System

Osteochondroma Osteoid Osteoma Enchondroma Chondroblastoma Nonossifying Fibroma Osteosarcoma Ewing Sarcoma

Miscellaneous Diseases of Bone and Joint

Fibrous Dysplasia Unicameral Bone Cyst Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis (Caffey Syndrome) Ganglion Baker Cyst

National QI/QA Initiatives in Orthopedics

27. Sports Medicine

Rachel A. Coel, MD, PhD, FAAP, CAQSM Quynh B. Hoang, MD, FAAP, CAQSM Armando Vidal, MD Basic Principles

Fitness Conditioning Sports Nutrition Preparticipation Physical Evaluation Rehabilitation of Sports Injuries

Common Sports Medicine Issues Injuries

Infectious Diseases Head Neck Injuries Spine Injuries Shoulder Injuries Elbow Injuries Hand Wrist Injuries Hip Injuries Knee Injuries Foot Ankle Injuries

Prevention

28. Rehabilitation Medicine

Pamela E. Wilson, MD Gerald H. Clayton, PhD

Pediatric Brain Injury Spinal Cord Injury Brachial Plexus Lesions Common Rehabilitation Problems Quality Assurance/Improvement Initiatives in Rehabilitation Medicine

29. Rheumatic Diseases

Jennifer B. Soep, MD

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Dermatomyositis Vasculitis Raynaud Phenomenon Noninflammatory Pain Syndromes

30. Hematologic Disorders

Daniel R. Ambruso, MD Rachelle Nuss, MD Michael Wang, MD Normal Hematologic Values Bone Marrow Failure

Constitutional Aplastic Anemia (Fanconi Anemia) Acquired Aplastic Anemia

Anemias

Approach to the Child with Anemia Pure Red Cell Aplasia Nutritional Anemias Anemia of Chronic Disorders Congenital Hemolytic Anemias: Red Cell Membrane Defects Congenital Hemolytic Anemias: Hemoglobinopathies Congenital Hemolytic Anemias: Disorders of Red Cell Metabolism Acquired Hemolytic Anemia

Polycythemia Methemoglobinemia

Congenital Erythrocytosis (Familial Polycythemia) Secondary Polycythemia Methemoglobinemia

Disorders of Leukocytes

Neutropenia Neutrophilia Disorders of Neutrophil Function Lymphocytosis Eosinophilia

Bleeding Disorders

Abnormalities of Platelet Number or Function Inherited Bleeding Disorders Von Willebrand Disease Acquired Bleeding Disorders Vascular Abnormalities Associated with Bleeding

Thrombotic Disorders Splenic Abnormalities

Splenomegaly Hypersplenism Asplenia Splenectomy

Transfusion Medicine

Donor Screening Blood Processing: Risk Management Storage Preservation of Blood Blood Components Pretransfusion Testing Transfusion Practice

31. Neoplastic Disease

Doug K. Graham, MD, PhD, John A. Craddock, MD Ralph R. Quinones, MD, Amy K. Keating, MD Kelly Maloney, MD, Nicholas K. Foreman, MD, MRCP Roger H. Giller, MD, Brian S. Greffe, MD Major Pediatric Neoplastic Diseases

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Acute Myeloid Leukemia Myeloproliferative Diseases Brain Tumors Lymphomas Lymphoproliferative Disorders Neuroblastoma Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma) Bone Tumors Rhabdomyosarcoma Retinoblastoma Hepatic Tumors Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

General Considerations HSCT Complications

Late Effects of Pediatric Cancer Therapy

Growth Complications Endocrine Complications Cardiopulmonary Complications Renal Complications Neuropsychological Complications Second Malignancies

32. Pain Management Pediatric Palliative End-of-Life Care

Brian S. Greffe, MD Jeffrey L. Galinkin, MD, FAAP Nancy A. King, MSN, RN, CPNP

Pain Assessment Acute Pain Chronic Pain Management

Pediatric Palliative End-of-Life Care

Introduction Children Who May Benefit From Palliative Care Interventions Pain Management in Pediatric Palliative Care Quality-of-Life Adjuncts Symptom Management in Pediatric Palliative Care Psychosocial Aspects of Pediatric Palliative Care Children’s Concept of Death Spiritual Cultural Support Withdrawal of Medical Life Support Advance Care Planning

33. Immunodeficiency

Pia J. Hauk, MD Richard B. Johnston, Jr, MD Andrew H. Liu, MD

Immunodeficiency Evaluation: Primary Considerations Antibody Deficiency Syndromes Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases Other Combined Immunodeficiency Disorders Phagocyte Disorders Complement Deficiencies Other Well-Defined Immunodeficiency Syndromes Genetic Syndromes Associated with Immunodeficiency

34. Endocrine Disorders

Philip S. Zeitler, MD, PhD Sharon H. Travers, MD Kristen Nadeau, MD Jennifer M. Barker, MD Megan Moriarty Kelsey, MD Michael S. Kappy, MD, PhD General Concepts

Hormone Types Feedback Control of Hormone Secretion

Disturbances of Growth

Target Height Skeletal Maturation Short Stature Tall Stature

Disorders of the Posterior Pituitary Gland

Arginine Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone) Physiology Central Diabetes Insipidus

Thyroid Gland

Fetal Development of the Thyroid Physiology Hypothyroidism (Congenital Acquired) Thyroiditis Hyperthyroidism Thyroid Cancer

Disorders of Calcium Phosphorus Metabolism

Hypocalcemic Disorders Pseudohypoparathyroidism (Resistance to Parathyroid Hormone Action) Hypercalcemic States Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia (Familial Benign Hypercalcemia) Hypervitaminosis D Idiopathic Hypercalcemia of Infancy (Williams Syndrome) Immobilization Hypercalcemia Hypophosphatasia

Gonads (Ovaries Testes)

Development Physiology Disorders of Sexual Development

Abnormalities in Female Pubertal Development Ovarian Function

Abnormalities in Male Pubertal Development Testicular Function

Adrenal Cortex

Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Adrenal Crisis, Addison Disease) Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasias Adrenocortical Hyperfunction (Cushing Disease, Cushing Syndrome) Primary Hyperaldosteronism Uses of Glucocorticoids Adrenocorticotropic Hormone in Treatment of Nonendocrine Diseases Adrenal Medulla Pheochromocytoma

35. Diabetes Mellitus

Marian Rewers, MD, PhD H. Peter Chase, MD

General Considerations

36. Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Janet A. Thomas, MD Johan L.K. Van Hove, MD, PhD, MBA Diagnosis

Suspecting Inborn Errors Laboratory Studies Common Clinical Situations

Management of Metabolic Emergencies Newborn Screening Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Glycogen Storage Diseases Galactosemia Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Disorders of Energy Metabolism Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism

Disorders of the Urea Cycle Phenylketonuria The Hyperphenylalaninemias Hereditary Tyrosinemia Maple Syrup Urine Disease (Branched-Chain Ketoaciduria) Homocystinuria Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia

Organic Acidemias

Propionic Methylmalonic Acidemia (Ketotic Hyperglycinemias) Isovaleric Acidemia Carboxylase Deficiency Glutaric Acidemia Type I

Disorders of Fatty Acid Oxidation Carnitine

Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders Carnitine

Purine Metabolism Disorders Lysosomal Diseases Peroxisomal Diseases Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome Disorders of Cholesterol Synthesis Disorders of Neurotransmitter Metabolism Creatine Synthesis Disorders Quality Initiatives in the Field of Metabolic Disease

37. Genetics Dysmorphology

Margarita Saenz, MD Anne Chun-Hui Tsai, MD, MSc David K. Manchester, MD Ellen R. Elias, MD Foundations of Genetic Diagnosis

Cytogenetics Molecular Genetics

Principles of Inherited Human Disorders

Mendelian Inheritance Multifactorial Inheritance Nonmendelian Inheritance Family History Pedigree Dysmorphology Human Embryology Mechanisms Clinical Dysmorphology

Chromosomal Disorders: Abnormal Number

Trisomies Sex Chromosome Abnormalities Chromosomal Abnormalities: Abnormal Structure Chromosome Deletion Disorders Contiguous Gene Disorders

Mendelian Disorders

Autosomal Dominant Disorders Autosomal Recessive Disorders X-Linked Disorders

Nonmendelian Disorders

Disorders of Imprinting Disorders Associated with Anticipation Mitochondrial Disorders

Disorders of Multifactorial Inheritance

Cleft Lip Cleft Palate Neural Tube Defects

Common Recognizable Disorders with Variable or Unknown Cause Genetic Evaluation of the Child with Developmental Disabilities Perinatal Genetics

Teratogens Assisted Reproduction Prenatal Diagnosis

38. Allergic Disorders

Ronina A. Covar, MD David M. Fleischer, MD Christine Cho, MD Mark Boguniewicz, MD

Asthma Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis Atopic Dermatitis Urticaria Angioedema Anaphylaxis Adverse Reactions to Drugs Biologicals Food Allergy Insect Allergy

39. Antimicrobial Therapy

John W. Ogle, MD

Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Alteration of Dose Measurement of Blood Levels The Use of New Antimicrobial Agents Prophylactic Antimicrobial Agents Initial Empiric Antimicrobial Choices for Selected Conditions

Specific Antimicrobial Agents

Penicillins Glycopeptide Agents Oxazolidinones Quinupristin-Dalfopristin Cephalosporins Aztreonam Carbapenems Macrolides Azalides Clindamycin Sulfonamides Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides Fluoroquinolones Metronidazole Daptomycin

40. Infections: Viral Rickettsial

Myron J. Levin, MD Adriana Weinberg, MD Viral Infections Respiratory Infections

Viruses Causing the Common Cold Infections Due to Adenoviruses Influenza Parainfluenza (Croup) Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Human Metapneumovirus Infection

Infections Due to Enteroviruses

Acute Febrile Illness Respiratory Tract Illnesses Rashes (Including Hand-Foot- and-Mouth Disease) Central Nervous System Illnesses

Infections Due to Herpesviruses

Herpes Simplex Infections Varicella Herpes Zoster Roseola Infantum (Exanthem Subitum) Cytomegalovirus Infections Infectious Mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr Virus)

Viral Infections Spread by Insect Vectors

Encephalitis Dengue Colorado Tick Fever

Other Major Viral Childhood Exanthems

Erythema Infectiosum Measles (Rubeola) Rubella

Infections Due to Other Viruses

Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome Mumps Rabies

Rickettsial Infections

Human Ehrlichiosis Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Endemic Typhus (Murine Typhus) Q Fever

41. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Elizabeth J. McFarland, MD

Perinatally HIV-Exposed Infant Acute Retroviral Syndrome Progressive HIV Disease Prevention

42. Infections: Bacterial Spirochetal

John W. Ogle, MD Marsha S. Anderson, MD Bacterial Infections

Group A Streptococcal Infections Group B Streptococcal Infections Streptococcal Infections with Organisms other than Group A or B Pneumococcal Infections Staphylococcal Infections Meningococcal Infections Gonococcal Infections Botulism Tetanus Gas Gangrene Diphtheria Infections Due to Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonas Infections Salmonella Gastroenteritis Typhoid Fever Paratyphoid Fever Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery) Cholera Campylobacter Infection Tularemia Plague Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Infections Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Listeriosis Tuberculosis Infections with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Legionella Infection Chlamydophila Infections (Psittacosis [Ornithosis], C Pneumoniae C Trachomatis) Cat-Scratch Disease

Spirochetal Infections

Syphilis Relapsing Fever Leptospirosis Lyme Disease

43. Infections: Parasitic Mycotic

Kevin Messacar, MD Samuel R. Dominguez, MD, PhD Myron J. Levin, MD Parasitic Infections Protozoal Infections

Systemic Infections Gastrointestinal Infections Trichomoniasis

Metazoal Infections

Nematode Infections Cestode Infections (Flukes) Trematode Infections Pneumocystis and Other Opportunistic Fungal Infections Pneumocystis Jiroveci Infection

44. Sexually Transmitted Infections

Daniel H. Reirden, MD Ann-Christine Nyquist, MD, MSPH

Adolescent Sexuality Risk Factors Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections Screening For Sexually Transmitted Infections Signs Symptoms

The Most Common Antibiotic-responsive Sexually Transmitted Infections

Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection

The Spectrum of Signs Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Infections

Cervicitis Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Urethritis Epididymitis Proctitis, Proctocolitis, Enteritis Vaginal Discharge Genital Ulcerations Genital Warts Human Papillomavirus Other Viral Infections Ectoparasitic Infections

45. Travel Medicine

Suchitra Rao, MBBS Sarah K. Parker, MD

Introduction Preparing Children and Infants for Travel Vaccinations—Routine Childhood Vaccines Modified for Travel Vaccinations—Travel-Specific Traveler’s Diarrhea Malaria Prophylaxis Prevention Visits to Friends Relatives (VFR) in High-Risk Areas HIV Sexually Transmitted Diseases Fever in the Returned Traveler

46. Chemistry Hematology Reference Intervals

Georgette Siparsky, PhD Frank J. Accurso, MD

Challenges in Determining Interpreting Pediatric Reference Intervals Guidelines for Use of Data in a Reference Range Study Statistical Computation of Reference Intervals Why Reference Intervals Vary Sensitivity Specificity Pediatric Reference Intervals

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